Running Head PHILOSOPHICAL WORLDVIEW1PHILOSOPHICAL WORLDVIEW.docx

Running Head: PHILOSOPHICAL WORLDVIEW 1
PHILOSOPHICAL WORLDVIEW 2
Philosophical Worldview
Kathy Greggs
Liberty University
05/27/2020
1. Which philosophical worldview most closely aligns with your
perspective and the way that you view problems in the world?
How so?
The approach in which we view greatly affects the approach in
which we take for research purposes. I did not have that idea
until I read the philosophical worldview and gained a detailed
comprehension of that it involves. From this knowledge, I have
found out that from the four philosophical worldview one that
closely aligns with my perspective and my view of problems in
the world is the pragmatic technique. This is because my
approach of viewing and handling issues is based on the
experience of the vice theory. Based on pragmatic view, reality
exist as physical realities, psychological and social realities that
involve subjective experience and perception, language, and

culture. Knowledge is based on reality of the world and our
experiences (Petersen, & Gencel, 2013).
2. How does understanding the connection between
philosophical worldview and research methodology assist in
your research approach?
The capability to associate philosophical world views to various
research methodologies is essential to me. It aids in making it
easier to focus on main issue of research thus making the right
decision on the type of data collection methods to be used and
the type of data analysis to be used. It is essential to note that
the connection between the philosophical worldview and the
research approach available since it will aid in defining if I
implement the quantitative method or the qualitative approach.
Based on the research carried out by Robson and McCarran
(2016), the quantitative approach is basically focuses on the
natural sciences and numerical data; as the qualitative approach
is based majorly on non-numerical data and believed to be
better suited for social research on individuals. Nevertheless, as
pragmatist both approaches could be implemented based on my
perspective or basic consensus.
3. Compare/contrast research philosophical worldview with that
of a Christian worldview. Are there any areas that are
problematic, or do most philosophical worldviews appear to be
congruent with a Christian worldview?
A world view is a way in which we comprehend life and the
world as well as the reality. The Christian worldview is a great
conceptualization of the world based on a Christian view. Based
on the philosophical worldviews, positivism according to me of
the only one that is problematic to a Christian word view since
it disclaims invisible theoretical concepts (Robson & McCarran,
2016). Post-positivism is a new worldview that tends to replace
positivism and it is in line to the Christian worldview since it
takes into consideration the uncertainties that positivism rejects.
The other approaches are inline to the Christian world view
since they are more open to the social norms and experiences of
individuals that theory and numerical.

References
Keller, T., & Alsdorf, K. L. (2014). Every good endeavor:
Connecting your work to God’s work. Petersen, K., & Gencel,
C. (2013). Worldviews, Research Methods, and their
Relationship to Validity in Empirical Software Engineering
Research. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257439331_Worldvie
ws_Research_Methods_and_their_Relationship_to_Validity_in_
Empirical_Software_Engineering_Research
Robson, C., & McCartan, K. (2016). Real world research. John
Wiley & Sons.
Running Ahead: KEEPING UP E-COMMERCE GROWTH
Running head: KEEPING UP E-COMMERCE GROWTH.

Kathy A. Greggs
Liberty University
05/23/2020
Keeping Up E-Commerce Growth
Amazon is arguably the largest E-commerce company in the
world, and in recent times the company has seen enormous
growth, e-commerce growth. Meaning that the market is
expanding and if the company will not adapt to the expansion, it
might fail. What does this mean, it needs to adapt to the
environment. Therefore, the general problem to be addressed is
keeping up with e-commerce growth. On the other hand, the
specific problem to be addressed is how to keep up the
operating segment (online stores) which makes up more than
half of Amazon's Revenue. There are a few points that need to
be focused upon, the shifting business mix of the company,

whereby a significant and relevant growth indicator and the
general health of business has been illustrated by the pace of the
gross profit growth. According to Anthony Diclemnte (2017),
"gross profit model buoys his 12-month price target on the e-
commerce giant to $1,965 from $1,800.” But another important
and intricate aspect to understand is the growth challenge that
international rather than domestic, mainly because the company
has been handling the domestic market efficiently holding
almost half of the retail market.
Based on the Financial Reports of the retail Giant, the
Fluctuations of the foreign exchange played an important role.
This is because it cost the company almost $1.3 billion to hit
the “international revenues.” Ignoring the impact of the
movement of the foreign exchange, amazon would have
continued to grow more slowly. This pattern of growth has been
the norm of the day for some time, and it is what will affect the
company if it is not taken care of, but it is a challenge that
affects the company, a sit invests in the business and captures
margins at cost of growth while losing money at the same time.
The company has positive operating margins in every quarter,
and the reverse is similar for the international segment of the
company. Meaning that the international growth segment comes
at a cost that might affect the other markets of the company.
Therefore, it is important to acknowledge that the business is
small internationally and in addition to that it has a slow growth
curve, combining these two aspects; lower profits and slower
growth create a concern.
One of the key strategies of the company has been getting closer
and closer to the customer, it creates more competitive features.
Currently, the business has differentiated its services based on
different geographical areas, many new features, and exclusive
services are only in specific geographical areas, and even within
the home market in the United States. Some of these services
depend on coming up with accompanying infrastructure,

specifically in the fulfillment and distribution centers of the
company. Whereby the main purpose of such initiatives is
mainly accomplished by partners (who contribute over half of
its revenue) like the retailers (Amazon Locker and/or the Postal
Service that help to accomplish same-day deliveries or delivery
on Sundays. Whereby these services cannot be established
outside the country easily, and specifically in new countries
whereby they may lack such structures and the partners might
completely not be there, whereby it puts the fulfillment of the
company on a tight spot.
In the United States, there are more than sixty distribution and
fulfillment centers that have approximately 50 million square
feet of space, which is way bigger than any centers in foreign
countries with Amazon operations. In the sense that Germany
and China have less than 10 million square feet respectively.
This creates an imbalance as the e-commerce market in the three
countries is almost on the same magnitude. Which becomes a
problem, because before the company mainly focused
differentiation that was solely created by low prices and its
massive online selection, but the differentiation at the moment
focuses on customer personal fulfillment, and it can only be
feasible in the local market, which enables the kind of
innovation that has been discussed before. On the other hand,
the company cannot just decide to invest in the international
market, which has been established costs the company instead
of making profits meaning that additional investments will make
losses for the company. This is because the company lacks
market shares and lack scale in the foreign countries, which
creates a vicious circle that prevents Amazon form being able to
create the same services that are in the local market and extend
the services to the international market.
Therefore, what does this mean, the revenue of the company
comes majorly from a few countries. The country details are not
provided but the North American Region that consists of the
United States, Canada, the U.K., Japan, German, and Mexico,

but dominated by the U.S. Market, make up almost 95% of the
revenue that the company receives annually (Dawson, 2015).
Therefore, it is possible that these countries that company is
looking forward to achieving the scale and density that it has
achieved in the U.S. market in the other markets. This can only
be fulfilled by focusing on building the density and scale rather
than spreading thinly all over the international market. Looking
at the company currently, the investment is mainly and
particularly focused on the Chinese market and to some extent
in the Indian market (Wu & Park, 2019). Whereby these regions
are a challenge because of the presence of the local competitors
in these regions and the tough regulations put in place in these
markets. This makes it almost impossible to succeed in these
markets. The investments being made in these regions are
essential all the cash and profits established in these regions
and in addition to the current expansion plans, which showing
any signs of paying off. Therefore, the company thinly spreads
itself, meaning that the more it continues with this technique of
thinly spreading it is the likelihood that it will not succeed in
any market of the international countries outside the U.S.
making its current strategy counterproductive.
Research Questions.
How has technology impacted e-commerce?
What percentage of company performance has been affected by
e-commerce?
To what extent has e-commerce affected job security?
How has e-commerce affected the expenditure of organizations?
Problem Statement.
E-commerce came to its existence due to technology.
Before that, most of the companies relied on traditional ways of
conducting commerce and businesses. However, after the
evolution of technology, there has been continued innovation of
new advancements in technology. Therefore, these new
advancements of technology are being invented today.
Therefore, this has continued to impact the whole idea of e-

commerce. The new technologies however affect e-commerce
positively. Therefore, it has promoted the efficiency of the
business. This is because companies can do their work faster
and in an easier way.
Before the evolution of e-commerce, companies and businesses
performed poorly due to low productivity. E-commerce involves
conducting business electronically. Therefore, this has
improved how companies conduct business. Therefore, it has
improved its productivity and hence overall performance is
improved. This is because e-commerce is because of technology
which makes work easier and faster. Moreover, the work is
accurate hence improving the quality of productivity in a
company. Nevertheless, ever the evolution of e-commerce has
negatively impacted the job security of many employees. This is
because most of the organizations prefer doing their operations
electronically. As a result, the need for labor force has been
decreasing from time to time. Therefore, most of the employees
have lost their jobs. However, companies nowadays have a few
numbers of employees. However, these employees are required
to had skills in the field of technologies. They should be
computer literate for them to qualify for the job position.
Therefore, employees who are computer illiterate lose their
jobs.
Since the companies are conducting their business
operations electronically with few employees, this has been
cost-effective so far. This is because it has helped companies
utilizing e-commerce to reduce the cost of paying salaries to a
large number of employees. As a result, the money has been
reallocated to various departments. Some of these departments
include the marketing department. This has increased the
marketing strategies within the organization's marketing
department to increase its customers. With an increased
customer base, companies have been in a position to increase
their sales and revenues. Consequently, the company has been
able to maximize its profits. The marketing department can as

well market its products through social media platforms. This
has saved the company the cost of paying salesmen to conduct
marketing strategies.
Quantitative Study.
A quantitative study can be defined as a research design
that involves measuring variables using numerical models,
analyzing the measurements using statistical procedures, and
then evaluating the relationship that exists between the involved
variables. Therefore, a quantitative study has data collection
methods that will be explained in detail below. This study
method also has ways of analyzing data collected including a
target population.
Data Collection.
Data collection can, therefore, be defined as the procedure
of gathering the info and data as well as gauging it based on
involved variables of interest. Data collection is usually done
through systematic and well-known methods and procedures
that allow researchers to get answers to their research questions.
Nevertheless, data collection allows researchers to do a
hypothesis. After the hypothesis has been done, researchers will
then be able to evaluate the outcomes of the entire research
study. Moreover, data collection is important to researchers
because it helps them acquire some form of quality evidence
that leads to the analysis and interpretation of rich data.
Through this, researchers will be able to come up with reliable
and viable conclusions of the entire research answers to the
research questions (Flick, 2017). Therefore, the systematic
process of data collection starts with outlining the type of data
required for the research. The researcher will then be expected
to select a sample from the target population through a process
known as sampling. Once that is done, the researcher will then
utilize various data collection instruments that apply to the
entire process (Paradis et al. 2016).
A quantitative study can be divided into four categories. They
include descriptive, experimental, correlation, and quasi-

experimental research designs. However, the research will use a
descriptive research design. This is because descriptive research
involves data collection that leads to testing the hypothesis. It
also collects data that help answer research designs outlined
above. It will also cover most of the areas of study. This helps
improve the reliability and validity of the data collected.
Nevertheless, a descriptive research design allows researchers
to conduct problem-structuring models. These models will then
help the research team have a clear understanding. Most of the
researchers use this category of quantitative study because it
reports on things as they are, without any addition or
subtraction. This is uncommon to the other research design
categories. The research team will employ a descriptive
research design that will be useful in outlining the features of
the involved variables such as technology, job security, overall
performance, and the cost involved and its relationship with e-
commerce. The design is suitable for obtaining data about the
current trends of the occurrence, which is e-commerce
(Dewaele, 2018). The following section will outline the data
collection techniques employed in the research.
Data Collection Methods.
There are various ways of collecting data. The common methods
of collecting data in the quantitative study include
questionnaires, interviews, tracking, experiments, observations,
and surveys. However, the research will use questionnaires and
observations to collect data. The reason behind this selection is
that it is easier and cost-effective unlike the other methods of
data collection. However, these methods have various
challenges especially from the participation side of the
respondents. This is because most people perceive it as a waste
of time since it is one-on-one. However, for the researchers, this
is considered reliable information.
Surveys.
The surveys primarily embrace the use of questionnaires. These
methods of data collection save a lot of time since the research
team will gather information directly from the participants

concerning the subject matter, e-commerce. That is in the case
of surveys and interviews. Most of the surveys utilize
questionnaires to collect data (Brannen, 2017). The
questionnaires will be, therefore, used during surveys. The
questions in the questionnaires are mostly close-ended. Hence
respondents will not have to waste their time explaining
themselves. The survey questionnaires can either be web-based
or paper-based. The web-based will involve surveying a target
area of study that is far from reach. Therefore, respondents will
be given questionnaires to fill them out online. As for the
paper-based, the survey will be conducted manually where the
research team issues out questionnaires to the target population
in person.
Experiments.
This is where the researchers conduct experiments that involve
variables of the research. The experiments aim to evaluate the
relationship that could exist between the variables of interest
(Kazdin, 2016). For example, the research team could do an
experiment on the technology variable and manipulate it with
the job security variable and then see if there is any change.
This method of data collection is very important in the
qualitative study as it helps in understanding the relationship
between the involved variables. Therefore, they are reliable and
give valid findings. However, they are quite expensive but
worth it.
Interviews.
This is the most common method used by researchers trying to
tell what society thinks about their research topic, such as e-
commerce. The research team conducts interviews that are often
structured to avoid wastage of time. Therefore, structured
interviews encompass a group of questions formulated by the
research team. These questions had already been done and a
pilot test carried out on them. Therefore, the questions meet the
needs of the research, that is it focuses on answering the

research questions. Structured interviews are the opposite of
open-ended interviews whereby the participants are expected to
elaborate their answers in detail (Dikko, 2016). Therefore, when
coming up with open-ended interview questions, researchers do
not subject the questions to pilot tests. Therefore, with open-
ended interviews, the research team pick up on some few ideas
and risk leaving out the most important ideas related to their
study. Therefore, structured interviews are appropriate in any
case since all the information will be gathered because the
responses are precise and on point. The research team will
therefor use structured interviews will involve asking questions
face to face to the respondents.
Literature Sources.
The literature resources could involve gathering information
from textbooks, magazines, and newspapers. The literature
resources will be very useful to the team since the resources
help clarify any doubts. Therefore, literature sources are usually
perceived as secondary data collection method (Walliman,
2017). The literature resources are also most common in most
researches since they are less expensive and less time-
consuming. Overall, the questions asked in all the data
collection methods will involve the research questions.
Hypothesis.
In any quantitative research, there must be a corresponding
hypothesis relating to the research questions. However, there
are two main types of hypotheses in a quantitative study. The
main purpose of the hypothesis in research is to bring clarity.
Therefore, there is a null and alternate hypothesis. The null
hypothesis establishes the fact that there is no relationship
between the involved variables. The alternate hypothesis, on the
other hand, clarifies that there is a relationship between the
variables. The research, therefore, had alternate hypotheses
alone. One is that technology has a positive impact on e-
commerce. The second hypothesis is that e-commerce has risked
the job security of many employees and will continue risking is
as long as it exists. E-commerce has helped companies cut down

on their expenditure. Lastly, e-commerce has improved the
overall performance of a company. Therefore, e-commerce is a
good thing since the positive side outweighs the negative side.
Works Cited
AMAZON.COM, INC Report by Anthony DiClemente & Lee
Horowitz, December 5, 2017. Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/36436755/Initiating_Coverage_Initia
te_on_AMZN_with_Outperform_Rating_and_1_350_Target_Pri
ce_Fearing_the_Mammoth_Disruptor
Amazon's International Growth Challenge by Jan Dawson, May
11, 2015. Retrieved from
https://www.vox.com/2015/5/11/11562518/amazons-
international-growth-challenge
Brannen, J. (Ed.). (2017). Mixing methods: Qualitative and
quantitative research. Routledge.
Dikko, M. (2016). Establishing Construct Validity and
Reliability: Pilot Testing of a Qualitative Interview for
Research in Takaful (Islamic Insurance). Qualitative
Report, 21(3).
Flick, U. (Ed.). (2017). The Sage handbook of qualitative data
collection. Sage.
Kazdin, A. E. (2016). Single-case experimental research
designs.
Paradis, E., O'Brien, B., Nimmon, L., Bandiera, G., &
Martimianakis, M. A. T. (2016). Design: the selection of data
collection methods. Journal of graduate medical education, 8(2),
263.
Walliman, N. (2017). Research methods: The basics. Routledge.
Wu, J., & Park, S. H. (2019). The role of international
institutional complexity on emerging market multinational
companies’ innovation. Global Strategy Journal, 9(2), 333-353.
10

Kathy A. Greggs
Liberty University
06/03/2020
Keeping Up E-Commerce Growth
Amazon is arguably the largest E-commerce company in the
world, and in recent times the company has seen enormous
growth, e-commerce growth. Meaning that the market is

expanding and if the company will not adapt to the expansion, it
might fail. What does this mean, it needs to adapt to the
environment. Therefore, the general problem to be addressed is
keeping up with the e-commerce growth. On the other hand, the
specific problem to be addressed is how to keep up the
operating segment (online stores) which makes up more than
half of Amazon’s Revenue. There are a few points that needs to
be focused upon, the shifting business mix of the company,
whereby a significant and relevant growth indicator and the
general health of business has been illustrated by the pace of the
gross profit growth. According to Anthony Diclemnte (2017),
“gross profit model buoys his 12-month price target on the e-
commerce giant to $1,965 from $1,800.” But another important
and intricate aspect to understand is the growth challenge that
international rather than domestic, mainly because the company
has been handling the domestic market efficiently holding
almost a half of the retail market.
Based on the Financial Reports of the retail Giant, the
Fluctuations of the foreign exchange played an important role.
This is because it cost the company almost $1.3 billion to hit
the “international revenues.” Ignoring the impact of the
movement of the foreign exchange, amazon would have
continued to grow more slowly. This pattern of growth has been
the norm of the day for some time, and it is what will affect the
company if it is not taken care of, but it is a challenge that
affects the company, a sit invests in the business and captures
margins at cost of growth while losing money at the same time.
The company has positive operating margins in every quarter,
and the reverse is similar for the international segment of the
company. Meaning that the international growth segment comes
at a cost that might affect the other markets of the company.
Therefore it is important to acknowledge that the business is
small internationally and in addition to that it has a slow growth
curve, combining these two aspects; lower profits and slower
growth creates a concern.
One of the key strategies of the company has been getting closer

and closer to the customer, t creates more competitive features.
Currently the business has differentiated its services based on
different geographical areas, many new features and exclusive
services are only in specific geographical areas, and even within
the home market the United States. Some of these services
depend on coming up with accompanying infrastructure,
specifically in the fulfillment and distribution centers of the
company. Whereby the main purpose for such initiatives is
mainly accomplished by partners (who contribute over half of
its revenue) like the retailers (Amazon Locker and/or the Postal
Service that help to accomplish same day deliveries or delivery
on Sundays. Whereby these services cannot be established
outside the country easily, and specifically in new countries
whereby they may lack such structures and the partners might
completely not be there, whereby it puts the fulfillment of the
company on a tight spot.
In the United States, there are more than sixty distribution and
fulfillment centers that have approximately 50 million of square
feet of space, which is way bigger than any centers in foreign
countries with Amazon operations. In the sense that Germany
and China have less than 10 million of square feet respectively.
This creates an imbalance as the ecommerce market in the three
countries is almost on the same magnitude. Which becomes a
problem, because before the company mainly focused
differentiation that was solely created by low prices and its
massive online selection, but the differentiation ta the moment
focuses on customer personal fulfillment, and it can only be
feasible in the local market, which enables the kind of
innovation that has been discussed before. On the other hand the
company cannot just decide to invest in the international
market, which has been established actually costs the company
instead of making profits meaning that additional investments
will make losses for the company. This is because the company
lacks market share and lack scale in the foreign countries,
which creates a vicious circle that prevents Amazon form being
able to create the same services that are in the local market and

extend the services to the international market.
Therefore, what does this mean, the revenue of the company
comes majorly form a few countries. The country details are not
provided but the North American Region that consists of United
States, Canada, U.K., Japan, German and Mexico, but
dominated by the U.S. Market, make up almost 95% of the
revenue that the company receives annually (Dawson, 2015).
Therefore I is possible that these countries that company is
looking forward to achieve the scale and density that it has
achieved in the U.S. market in the other markets. This can only
be fulfilled through focusing on building the density and scale
rather than spreading thinly all over the international market.
Looking at the company currently, the investment is mainly and
particularly focused on the Chinese market and to some extent
in the Indian market (Wu & Park, 2019). Whereby these regions
are a challenge because of the presence of the local competitors
in these regions and the tough regulations put in place in these
markets. This makes it almost impossible to succeed in these
markets. The investments being made in these regions are
essentially all the cash and profits established in these regions
and the in addition to the current expansion plans, which
showing any signs of paying off. Therefore, the company thinly
spreads itself, meaning that the more it continues with this
technique of thinly spreading it is the likely that it will not
succeed in any market of the international countries outside the
U.S. making their current strategy counterproductive.

Works Cited
Amazon's International Growth Challenge by Jan Dawson, May
11, 2015. Retrieved from
https://www.vox.com/2015/5/11/11562518/amazons-
international-growth-challenge
AMAZON.COM, INC Report by Anthony DiClemente & Lee
Horowitz, December 5, 2017. Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/36436755/Initiating_Coverage_Initia
te_on_AMZN_with_Outperform_Rating_and_1_350_Target_Pri
ce_Fearing_the_Mammoth_Disruptor
Wu, J., & Park, S. H. (2019). The role of international
institutional complexity on emerging market multinational
companies’ innovation. Global Strategy Journal, 9(2), 333-353.
2
Running Head: RESEARCH DESIGN
1
RESEARCH DESIGN 2
Kathy Greggs
06/08/2020

There are many forms of research design that are important
during research. In this case study, the main focus will be on
the mixed, flexible, and fixed design by looking at when it is
appropriate to use every design, how they are similar, different,
and the various methods related to each design.
Designs
The fixed design is a design that is mainly used before the
primary stage of collection of data has taken place. It is mainly
used when the research is theory-driven, and the data used is
numerical. The flexible design is a design that provides room
for interim feedback, which may change the trial course while
data is not numerical. It is mainly used when the research
requires statistical tools (Creswell, 2017). The mixed design is
a design that is mainly used in both qualitative and quantitative
research. It is mainly used when answering research questions.
Differences and similarities
The three designs have got their differences. The fixed design
is mainly suited for researches that are theory-driven. On the
other hand, the flexible design is mainly suited for statistical
research, while the mixed design mainly uses both qualitative
and qualitative types of research and does allow for the
triangulation of various datasets (Kapoor, 2016). The fixed
method is used in the evaluation of impacts, while the flexible
method is used in the evaluation of processes. One similarity
between the three is that the three designs are all used in the
analysis of data that has been collected in order to come up with
research inferences.

Methods related to the designs
One of the methods used under the fixed design is the Quasi-
experimental and case controls, as well as cross-sectional
surveys. For the flexible design, some of the methods that are
applicable include ethnography, case studies, and the use of
Qualitative interviews. For the mixed method, it is crucial to
make use of multilevel modeling.
References
Kapoor, M. C. (2016). Types of studies and research design.
Indian journal of anesthesia, 60(9), 626.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design:
Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach. Sage
publications.
Discussion Board Forum 1 Instructions
Discussion Board Forum 1 – Part A

Research can take many forms. The two primary types of
research that will be conducted in the DBA program is that of a
case study and that of consulting. After reviewing the Reading
and Study material for this module and considering the two
different types of research that will be done, please respond to
the following two questions:
1. What makes a good problem if it is for a case study?
1. What makes a good problem if it is for consulting?
Your response to these two questions should be a minimum of
300 words. After you have answered these questions, please
provide an annotated bibliography on all sources that were used.
You must use your text plus two outside scholarly resources, for
a minimum of three resources.

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