Ruby_Basic.pptx
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Ruby is an imperative, object-oriented programming language that can be used on all platforms. It has an easy syntax with predefined blocks for loops and conditions. Variables do not require data types and keywords follow basic English. Ruby considers everything an object and makes object creation and inheritance simple. The language supports classes with methods, variables, and single inheritance. It has global, instance, class, block, and pseudo variables. Ranges provide a special feature to iterate over a range of continuous values.
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Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniques
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
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Ruby_Basic.pptx
- 1. RUBY - A PROGRAMMER’S FUN LANGUAGE -KHAN
- 2. Introduction: 1. An Imperative language 2. Object – oriented language 3. Can be used on all platforms 4. Programmer friendly
- 3. ▶ Easy syntaxes : Loops do not need blocks. Pre-defined blocks for loops and conditions. Accessing of elements is easy. No need to specify the data types of variables. Key words are easier to use that follow basic English language.
- 4. ▶ Variables can be easily classified into various types. ▶ Single statement without any class or method can also be executed. ▶ Many predefined methods for arithmetic operations.
- 5. ▶ Ruby considers every entity in it as an object. ▶ Object creation is very easy and it can access every variable and method in the class and also super class.
- 6. Classes in Ruby: ▶ Classes can be used in Ruby with methods and variables in it. ▶ Classes may contain Class, Global, Instance , Block variables. ▶ Object must be created to access a class created. The object of a class or any variable can also be created. ▶ Ruby supports Single Inheritance from parent class. Inheritance uses “<“ symbol to access super class elements.
- 7. Variables and Methods : ▶ Ruby has five types of variables : ▶ Global : These can be accessed along all the classes and the objects in the package or project. It is classified by “ $“ ▶ Instance : These can be accessed in the class in which it is declared . It is classified by “ @“ ▶ Class variables : These can be accessed in the class in which it is declared . It should be compulsory initialised before it is used in the further operations .It is classified by “ @@“ ▶ Block variables: These can be accessed only in the Block in which it is declared . The scope of the variables is only within the block. ▶ Ruby Pseudo-Variables: these are constants like ‘true’ ,’ false’, ‘self’ , ‘nil’ .
- 8. Ranges : ▶ Ruby has a special feature named Ranges. ▶ It is same as the ‘for’ loop in various programming languages . ▶ This iterates the continuous variables in the range. ▶ Example: ▶ (1..10) gives values from 1 to 10 . ▶ (‘a’..’g’) gives characters from a to g in alphabetical order.