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RuBee in Underground Coal Mines
This document discusses the potential use of RuBee technology in underground coal mines. RuBee is a low-frequency magnetic wireless communication protocol that can transmit data over longer distances through solid materials than traditional RFID. It has a longer battery life and higher security than RFID. The document outlines how RuBee tags could be used to detect buried mining equipment after cave-ins, track trapped miners, and detect misfired explosives. However, challenges include designing compatible low-frequency antennas and dealing with slow read rates and shorter ranges. Overall, RuBee shows promise for underground mining applications due to its low power and safety in explosive environments.
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RuBee in Underground Coal Mines
- 1. RUBEE IN UNDERGROUNDCOAL MINES by: Subhash Kumar*, P. K. Mishra, P. K. Mandal and A. Kushwaha CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research Barwa Road, Dhanbad, Jharkhand -826015
- 2. WHAT IS RUBEE? RuBeeor P1902.1 is an on-demand, Bidirectional, peerto-peer network protocol that uses long wavelength (under 450 kHz) transceiver mode. The protocol is similar to WiFi (IEEE 802.11), ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4) and Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15). It relies on low-frequency magnetic waves to track products and transfer information, therefore, also called LFID. It excels in situation where RFID has limitations.
- 3. RUBEE VS RFID RFID(IEEE 802.15.4) RuBee (IEEE P 1902.1) Signal Type RF (EM) type Magnetic type Frequency High and Ultra High Low Frequency(<450kHz) Read Speed (tags per sec) 100-200 6-10 Battery Life 1-4 years More than 10 years Range 1-100 m 1-20 m Bandwidth 20-150 Kbps Small Data Storage Capacity 4 -32KB 5KB Network Size (Nodes) 64,000 8 Security Low High Node Cost $0.05-$4 $0.1-$10 Base Station Cost $500-$1,500 $1 - $200
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- 5. IMPLEMENTATION IN UGMINES… Buried objects detection Trapped miners tracing Detection of misfire.
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- 7. BURIED OBJECTS DETECTION Incase of ROOF FALL, the mine machinery goes underneath the coal. To detect their location is a challenge. This problem can be mitigated by attaching these equipments with RuBee tags.
- 8. BURIED OBJECTS DETECTION BaseStation Receive RX LF Magnetic Wave Transmit TX
- 9. BURIED OBJECTS DETECTION BaseStation Transmit TX LF Magnetic Wave Receive RX
- 10. TRAPPED MINERS TRACING ARuBee tag can be installed in the miner’s caplamp; in case of accidents such as STRATA FAILURE/FLOODING the miner’s position can be easily traced.
- 11. TRAPPED MINERS TRACING Obstacle BaseStation LF Magnetic Wave Receive RX Transmit TX Hi Base! I m here...
- 12. TRAPPED MINERS TRACING Obstacle BaseStation LF Magnetic Wave Transmit TX Receive RX Hello Tag! Where r u???
- 13. DETECTION OF MISFIRE Incase of BLASTING, some explosives may remain misfired. If prior to BLASTING, RuBee tags are attached with the explosives, the misfired can be detected.
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- 15. DETECTION OF MISFIRE BaseStation Receive RX Transmit TX
- 16. DETECTION OF MISFIRE BaseStation Transmit TX Receive RX
- 17. MAJOR CONCERNS OFRUBEE TO IMPLEMENT IN UG MINES… Design of a feasible and compatible antenna for low frequency. Microstrip Patch Antenna
- 18. MAJOR CONCERNS OFRUBEE TO IMPLEMENT IN UG MINES… Design of feasible and compatible antenna for low frequency. The readability of RuBee can be affected by the relative position and orientation of the tag and the reader antenna RuBee protocol have to use anti-collision mechanism Slow read rate (6-10 per second) Shorter range
- 19. CONCLUDING REMARKS… RuBee isnot a replacement of RFID; it is actually an alternative. RuBee tag radiates very low power ( 40 nW) which is within the safety limit of power rating for explosives. The RuBee tags also satisfy the safety rules of IEC 60079-0.
- 20. REFERENCES… Accenture White Paper,2001. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), White Paper. August, J., Waterhouse, P., Stevens, J. K., Vandenberg, M. L., Truong, K., 2007. Low frequency tag and system, US Patent Application: 20070063895. Bandyopadhyay, L. K., Chaulya, S. K. and Mishra, P. K., 2010. Wireless Communication in Underground Mines: RFID–based Sensor Networking, Springer. Bolic, Miodrag (Editor), Simplot-Ryl, David (CoEditor), Stojmenovic, Ivan (Co-Editor), 2010. RFID Systems: Research Trends and Challenges, Wiley.
- 21. CONTD… Brown, W. C.,1984. The history of power transmission by radio waves, IEEE on Microwave theory and Technique, Vol. 32, No. 9, pp. 1230-1242. Finkenzeller, K., 2003. RFID Handbook—Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and Identification, second ed. Wiley, New York. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuBee#RuBee_tag_details. Accessed on 01-01-2013. Landt, J., 2005. The history of RFID, IEEE potentials, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 8-11. Mishra, P. K., Bolic M., Yagoub, M. C. E. and Stewart, R. F., 2012. RFID Technology for Tracking and Tracing Explosives and Detonators in Mining Services Applications, Journal of Applied Geophysics, Vol. 76, pp.-33-43.
- 22. CONTD… Nogee, A., 2004.RFID Tags and Chip: Changing the World for Less than the Price of a Cup of Coffee. InStat/MDR. Oracle & Visible Assets Inc., 2010. An introduction to RuBee Technology, White Paper. http://www.rubee.com/Partners/Oracle/RuBee%20White %20Paper%20-%20v3.pdf. accessed on March 24, 2010. Schuman, E., 2006. RuBee Offers an Alternative to RFID. Waterhouse, P., Verge, C. W., Vandenberg, M. L., Truong, K. , Stevens, J. K., August, J., 2006. Networked RF tag for tracking freight, US Patent no.: 7049963. Wyld, D. C., 2005. RFID: The right frequency for Government, IBM Center for the Business of
- 24. FINDINGS… RuBee is nota replacement of RFID; it is actually an alternative. Because RuBee uses such a low frequency it does not consume much power and has a 5-years to 15-years battery life using simple Lithium coin-size batteries with a range of 1″ to 50 feet. RuBee tags overcome many of the technological problems seen with RF near steel and water. RuBee is safe and cost effective as the power consumption is very less.
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- 28. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS… Director, CSIR-Central Instituteof Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad Ministry of Coal, Govt of India, New Delhi CMPDI, Ranchi
Editor's Notes
- #6 Due to low frequency, penetration of obstructing materials (specially coal seams, metals, water) is relatively high. From wave theory, δ ∝ 1/f ; where δ=depth of penetration, f=frequency of wave Due to Inductive Coupling in RuBee technology i.e. energy transmission between tags and reader is in form of Magnetic Field, the chances of misfire become too low… with an added advantage of low frequency it becomes too secure.The explosive can be attached with RuBee tags. when the blasting takes place, most of the detonators will burstbut some of the detonators, which remains unfired, send the signal to the RuBee reader by acknowledging the operators about their locations.
- #18 As RuBee works at Low Frequency, and from wave theory length of antenna=λ/4 where λ= Wavelength of signal used This problem can be mitigated using micro strip patch antenna; in which an array of antennas are used, to over electric field problem LC oscillator is used. length of patch antenna L=λ/2(є)^(1/2)Advantages of Microstrip AntennasLow profile (can even be “conformal”).Easy to fabricate (use etching and phototlithography).Easy to feed (coaxial cable, microstrip line, etc.) .Easy to use in an array or incorporate with other microstrip circuit elements.Patterns are somewhat hemispherical, with a moderate directivity (about 6-8 dB is typical).Disadvantages of Microstrip AntennasLow bandwidth (but can be improved by a variety of techniques). Bandwidths of a few percent are typical. Bandwidth is roughly proportional to the substrate thickness. Efficiency may be lower than with other antennas. Efficiency is limited by conductor and dielectric losses*, and by surface-wave loss**.* Conductor and dielectric losses become more severe for thinner substrates.** Surface-wave losses become more severe for thicker substrates (unless air or foam is used).
- #19 Because antenna orientation affects power pattern of the signal.To prevent the collision interference of the signals coming from different tags simultaneously.
- #20 From wave theory, energy of wave, E ∝ f where f=frequency of signal usedIEC : International Electrotechnical Commission, HQ - GenevaIEC 60079 Parts 1–14 Electrical Installations in Hazardous AreasIEC 60079-0:2011 specifies the general requirements for construction, testing and marking of electrical equipment and Ex Components intended for use in explosive atmospheres.The standard atmospheric conditions (relating to the explosion characteristics of the atmosphere) under which it may be assumed that electrical equipment can be operated are:- temperature -20 °C to +60 °C;- pressure 80 kPa (0,8 bar) to 110 kPa (1,1 bar); and- air with normal oxygen content, typically 21 % v/v.