This document is a seminar report on radio frequency identification (RFID) technology submitted by Anjani Kumari for her Bachelor of Technology degree. The report includes an introduction to RFID technology, its components, types of tags, applications and advantages/disadvantages. It provides a high-level overview of the history and basic workings of RFID systems and discusses current and potential future uses in areas like supply chain management, manufacturing, and retail.
Radio Frequency identification (RFID) technology has become emerging
technique for tracking and items identification. Depend upon the function; various RFID
technologies could be used. Drawback of passive RFID technology, associated to the range
of reading tags and assurance in difficult environmental condition, puts boundaries on
performance in the real life situation [1]. To improve the range of reading tags and
assurance, we consider implementing active backscattering tag technology. For making
mobiles of multiple radio standards in 4G network; the Software Defined Radio (SDR)
technology is used. Restrictions in Existing RFID technologies and SDR technology, can be
eliminated by the development and implementation of the Software Defined Radio (SDR)
active backscattering tag compatible with the EPC global UHF Class 1 Generation 2 (Gen2)
RFID standard. Such technology can be used for many of applications and services.
A Survey: SMS Sending Through RFID SensorsEditor IJMTER
This paper throws light on combined working of RFID sensors along with SMS sending
technique. Paper is based how RFID sensors can sense data. Generally these data needs to be send
through some wired or wireless medium, But sometime we need to send such data in groupings or
indications directly from Sensors.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a design and simulation of a backscatter control logic component for RFID tags using VHDL on an FPGA device. It describes the concept of RFID systems and backscattering communication. It discusses the basic components of RFID systems including tags, readers, and communication mechanisms. It also covers tag architectures and modulation schemes used for communication between tags and readers, specifically focusing on backscatter modulation. The paper then presents the design of the backscatter control logic component using VHDL and simulations to verify its functionality.
Implementation of radio frequency identification technology in accessing info...eSAT Journals
Abstract In today’s fast paced world with an enhancement of technology and innovation, healthcare systems have become so advanced with their technologies to monitor health variations. The prominent issue common man faces today is the number hours we spend in queues. This problem is not just for hospitals, but applies to every sector such as education, restaurants, malls, etc. Besides the issue mentioned above, there is another concern that we face with traditional filing system that are followed in many organizations. Loss of information has come into the radar of research, with the advancement of technologies and various ways to access them. Preservation and security of confidential information and data is expensive and requires skill to maintain them. Technology enhancement has made RFID technology more affordable over the years and is still a secure way to control the information and the usage of this technology hasn’t been explored enough. This system can be implemented as a module in any management system or security based system to allow or restrict access to any information. In order to resolve the above issues we integrated a database to secure confidential information with an easy and user friendly interface to be used by the hospital staff. RFID cards can control the access and manipulation of data. The application software for desktops integrates a RFID reader to enable easier access of information from the database, in this case the medical records and patient data. In this paper we describe the successful implementation and integration of the RFID reader with the application and the methodology that has been implemented to achieve a successful outcome. Keywords: Health Care, Radio Frequency Identification Tags (RFID), Passive and Active Tags, Low Frequency Tags, High Frequency Tags, Ultra High Frequency Tags
Analysis of UHF ISO/IEC 14443 Gen 2 RFID Technologyijceronline
ISO/IEC 14443 is an International Standard for identification cards, contactless integrated circuit chips. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an ISO/IEC 14443 proximity card; integrating Radio Frequency (RF) power and signal interface. RFID is a wireless communication which is used to record the presence of an article using radio waves. Analysis of RFID technology elaborates on the concepts evolving RFID, components of the RF network, understanding the fundamentals of how the data travels in waves into the framework. The exploration of the system such as architecture, characteristics, the classes of RF tags and the diversity of low- , high- , ultra high- , microwave frequency ranges are deliberated. Pros and cons of electromagnetic field identification – near field and far field communication are also identified. Applications of Ultra High Frequency (UHF) ISO/IEC 14443 RFID technology are analyzed
Spatially Selective Antenna For Very Close Proximitybtsirline
This multi-part article
provides background on
RFID antenna-transponder
interactions, and presents
an antenna technique that
achieves greater discrimination
when reading
multiple transponders
The document provides an overview of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. It discusses the key components of RFID devices including the chip, antenna, reader, and database. The chip contains information about the tagged item. The antenna transmits information from the chip to the reader using radio waves. The reader communicates with tags via radio waves without needing line-of-sight. It then passes the data to a database for storage and interpretation. The frequency used affects the read range and speed. Low frequencies allow for short reads while ultra-high frequencies permit longer reads but are more impacted by environmental factors.
This Masterclass is divided in two parts. The first one presents a brief outline of the UHF passive RFID technology (air interface, protocol and new Gen2V2 features). The second one, devoted to Privacy Impact Assessment, presents the European Recommendation and the recently published EN 16571 standard.
Radio Frequency identification (RFID) technology has become emerging
technique for tracking and items identification. Depend upon the function; various RFID
technologies could be used. Drawback of passive RFID technology, associated to the range
of reading tags and assurance in difficult environmental condition, puts boundaries on
performance in the real life situation [1]. To improve the range of reading tags and
assurance, we consider implementing active backscattering tag technology. For making
mobiles of multiple radio standards in 4G network; the Software Defined Radio (SDR)
technology is used. Restrictions in Existing RFID technologies and SDR technology, can be
eliminated by the development and implementation of the Software Defined Radio (SDR)
active backscattering tag compatible with the EPC global UHF Class 1 Generation 2 (Gen2)
RFID standard. Such technology can be used for many of applications and services.
A Survey: SMS Sending Through RFID SensorsEditor IJMTER
This paper throws light on combined working of RFID sensors along with SMS sending
technique. Paper is based how RFID sensors can sense data. Generally these data needs to be send
through some wired or wireless medium, But sometime we need to send such data in groupings or
indications directly from Sensors.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a design and simulation of a backscatter control logic component for RFID tags using VHDL on an FPGA device. It describes the concept of RFID systems and backscattering communication. It discusses the basic components of RFID systems including tags, readers, and communication mechanisms. It also covers tag architectures and modulation schemes used for communication between tags and readers, specifically focusing on backscatter modulation. The paper then presents the design of the backscatter control logic component using VHDL and simulations to verify its functionality.
Implementation of radio frequency identification technology in accessing info...eSAT Journals
Abstract In today’s fast paced world with an enhancement of technology and innovation, healthcare systems have become so advanced with their technologies to monitor health variations. The prominent issue common man faces today is the number hours we spend in queues. This problem is not just for hospitals, but applies to every sector such as education, restaurants, malls, etc. Besides the issue mentioned above, there is another concern that we face with traditional filing system that are followed in many organizations. Loss of information has come into the radar of research, with the advancement of technologies and various ways to access them. Preservation and security of confidential information and data is expensive and requires skill to maintain them. Technology enhancement has made RFID technology more affordable over the years and is still a secure way to control the information and the usage of this technology hasn’t been explored enough. This system can be implemented as a module in any management system or security based system to allow or restrict access to any information. In order to resolve the above issues we integrated a database to secure confidential information with an easy and user friendly interface to be used by the hospital staff. RFID cards can control the access and manipulation of data. The application software for desktops integrates a RFID reader to enable easier access of information from the database, in this case the medical records and patient data. In this paper we describe the successful implementation and integration of the RFID reader with the application and the methodology that has been implemented to achieve a successful outcome. Keywords: Health Care, Radio Frequency Identification Tags (RFID), Passive and Active Tags, Low Frequency Tags, High Frequency Tags, Ultra High Frequency Tags
Analysis of UHF ISO/IEC 14443 Gen 2 RFID Technologyijceronline
ISO/IEC 14443 is an International Standard for identification cards, contactless integrated circuit chips. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an ISO/IEC 14443 proximity card; integrating Radio Frequency (RF) power and signal interface. RFID is a wireless communication which is used to record the presence of an article using radio waves. Analysis of RFID technology elaborates on the concepts evolving RFID, components of the RF network, understanding the fundamentals of how the data travels in waves into the framework. The exploration of the system such as architecture, characteristics, the classes of RF tags and the diversity of low- , high- , ultra high- , microwave frequency ranges are deliberated. Pros and cons of electromagnetic field identification – near field and far field communication are also identified. Applications of Ultra High Frequency (UHF) ISO/IEC 14443 RFID technology are analyzed
Spatially Selective Antenna For Very Close Proximitybtsirline
This multi-part article
provides background on
RFID antenna-transponder
interactions, and presents
an antenna technique that
achieves greater discrimination
when reading
multiple transponders
The document provides an overview of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. It discusses the key components of RFID devices including the chip, antenna, reader, and database. The chip contains information about the tagged item. The antenna transmits information from the chip to the reader using radio waves. The reader communicates with tags via radio waves without needing line-of-sight. It then passes the data to a database for storage and interpretation. The frequency used affects the read range and speed. Low frequencies allow for short reads while ultra-high frequencies permit longer reads but are more impacted by environmental factors.
This Masterclass is divided in two parts. The first one presents a brief outline of the UHF passive RFID technology (air interface, protocol and new Gen2V2 features). The second one, devoted to Privacy Impact Assessment, presents the European Recommendation and the recently published EN 16571 standard.
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses radio waves to automatically identify objects. RFID tags can be passive, active, or semi-passive, and are used across various industries for applications like supply chain management, asset tracking, and people monitoring. The basic RFID system includes tags attached to objects, readers that can read and sometimes write to tags, antennas, and software. Tags communicate with readers via backscatter modulation, reflecting radio waves to transmit their data. While RFID provides benefits like contactless tracking, its capabilities raise privacy and surveillance concerns that require consideration.
This document provides an overview of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, including its history, components, frequency ranges used, standards and adoption challenges. Key points include:
1) RFID uses radio waves to automatically identify objects using tags attached to or embedded in them. Major retailers like Walmart now require RFID tagging of pallets and cases.
2) An RFID system consists of a microchip tag and antenna that can be read by a scanner. Tags can be passive (drawing power from the reader) or active (with an internal power source).
3) Different frequency ranges including low, high and ultra-high are used depending on read range and material penetration needs. Standardization has helped
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Review on Microstrip Patch Antenna for UHF RFID Tag Applications mounted on...IJEEE
In this paper, we discuss different designs of microstrip patch antennas for UHF RFID Tag applications mounted on metallic surface. We discuss the various requirements of such designs like size, bandwidth, circular polarization. Out of UHF band 860MHz to 960MHz is assigned for RFID applications.
INTEGRATION OF AN RFID READER TO A WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK AND ITS USE TO IDE...ijasuc
The objective of this research is to integrate an RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) reader into a
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) to authorize or keep track of people carrying RFID tags. The objective
was accomplished by integrating hardware and software. The hardware consisted of two WSN nodes –
the RFID node connected to one of the WSN nodes, and a computer connected to the other WSN node.
For the RFID equipment, we used the SM130-EK kit, which included the RFID reader and the RFID tags;
and for the WSN, we used the Synapse Network Evaluation kit, which included the two sensor nodes. The
software consisted of a program module developed in Python to control the microprocessors of the
nodes; and a database controlled by a simple program to manage the tag IDs of people wearing them.
The WSN and RFID nodes were connected through I2C interfacing. Also, the work of sending commands
to the RFID node, to make it read a tag and send it back to the computer, was accomplished by the
Python code developed which also controls the data signals. At the computer, the received tag ID is
evaluated with other existing tag IDs on the database, to check if that tag has authorization or not to be
in the covered area. Our research has the potential of being adapted for use with secure real-time access
control applications involving WSN and RFID technologies.
This document discusses Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. It begins with an introduction to RFID, describing it as an automatic data capture technology that uses radio waves to identify and track items without requiring line of sight. It then discusses the main components of an RFID system - RFID tags, readers, and reader antennas. It describes different types of tags including active, passive, and semi-passive tags. It also covers electronic product codes, tag antennas, readers, reader antennas, and middleware software. Finally, it discusses advantages and disadvantages of RFID as well as some applications.
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses radio waves to automatically identify objects. RFID tags contain antennas that receive and respond to an interrogator's signals. RFID tags can be classified as active, passive, or semi-passive. An RFID system consists of tags, a reader with an antenna, and backend software. RFID is used for applications like supply chain management, asset tracking, and access control. While offering advantages like contactless identification, RFID also raises privacy and security concerns that require consideration.
This document discusses building a software defined radio (SDR) simulation environment for radio frequency identification (RFID) applications. It first introduces RFID technology and SDR. It then describes the methodology, which includes generating test data, transmitting the data using quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) over an additive white Gaussian noise channel to simulate a RFID reader-tag communication, and comparing the bit error rate (BER) performance at different signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) and carrier frequencies. The results show that 128 kHz achieved the lowest BER of 0.105% compared to higher BERs at 32 kHz and 64 kHz. Therefore, 128 kHz is preferable for QAM modulation in this RFID SDR simulation environment
This document describes an RFID system project completed by students at An-Najah National University. It is organized into 5 chapters that cover the design and implementation of the transmitting, receiving, and data processing components of the RFID system. The transmitting section generates a 125 kHz carrier signal that is amplified and transmitted via a tuned antenna coil. Tags utilize backscatter modulation to transmit data to the reader by altering the amplitude of the reflected carrier signal. The receiving section demodulates the backscattered signal and filters it before sending it to a microcontroller for decoding. The students faced challenges during the project but gained hands-on experience applying their technical knowledge to a research topic.
RFID (radio-frequency identification) uses radio waves to automatically identify objects. RFID tags can be classified as passive, active, or semi-active tags depending on their power source. The RFID system consists of tags which store and transmit data to readers via radio waves. Readers then send the data to a host system over communication channels. While RFID provides advantages like contactless identification without line of sight, there are also disadvantages like interference and limitations on reads that must be addressed.
Diapositivas presentadas para el grado de Magister en Ciencias de la Computacion en University of Queensland.
Titulo de la Tesis: A RFID Collision Avoidance Framework based on SDR
Diapositivas presentado para el grado de Magister en Ciencias de la Computacion en University of Queensland.
Titulo de la Tesis: A RFID Collision Avoidance Framework based on SDR
Tesis de Maestria - A RFID Collision Avoidance Framework based on SDRBruno Espinoza
Tesis presentada para obtener el grado de Magister en Ciencias de la Computacion en University of Queensland.
Titulo de la Tesis: A RFID Collision Avoidance Framework based on SDR
Zigbee Based Indoor Campus Inventory Tracking Using Rfid ModuleIJERA Editor
This document summarizes an RFID and Zigbee-based indoor campus inventory tracking system. It describes how RFID tags attached to objects can be identified and tracked using RFID readers. Zigbee modules are used to wirelessly transmit inventory data from the readers to a central server. The system uses passive RFID tags powered by electromagnetic fields from readers. When a tagged object enters the read range, its data is transmitted via Zigbee to allow centralized tracking of inventory across a campus.
IRJET - Range Enhancement of IoT Devices using LoRaIRJET Journal
This document describes a project to enhance the range of IoT devices using LoRa technology. The project involves developing a prototype with a transmitting and receiving end to send data from the transmitter to receiver over long ranges without internet, WiFi, Bluetooth, or other technologies, using only LoRa. The objective is to demonstrate long-range communication and connectivity in rural areas without internet. LoRa uses chirp spread spectrum modulation and can trade off data rate for sensitivity by varying the spreading factor. The project aims to prove data can be transmitted over distances of kilometers with low power consumption using LoRa.
This document provides an agenda for an RFID security workshop. The agenda includes topics such as RFID hardware operating frequencies, active vs passive tags, LibNFC software, low and high frequency tags, Mifare classic memory organization and security, and real world examples of RFID usage. The workshop aims to educate attendees on RFID technology fundamentals and security aspects.
This document analyzes security aspects of Near Field Communication (NFC). It discusses NFC communication modes, applications, and potential threats. The main threats discussed are:
1. Eavesdropping, as NFC uses wireless communication and an attacker can receive signals from up to 10 meters away when devices are in active mode and 1 meter away in passive mode.
2. Data modification, which is possible for some bits when 100% amplitude shift keying is used, and for all bits when 10% amplitude shift keying is used.
3. Man-in-the-middle attacks, where an attacker can intercept communications between two devices and establish separate key agreements with each.
This chapter provides an introduction to RFID technology, including its history and key components. RFID originated from identification friend or foe (IFF) systems used during World War II to identify aircraft. Early RFID systems were developed in the 1970s and the first commercial use was a building entry system. The key elements of an RFID system are tags, readers, antennas, and a connecting computer network. Tags can be passive, active, or semi-passive. Passive tags have no battery but a shorter read range, while active tags have a battery and longer read range. RFID tags come in various shapes and sizes, from very small implantable tags to larger tags.
The document discusses an electronic toll collection system that uses radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. It describes the key components of RFID tags and readers that allow the system to automatically identify vehicles and deduct toll fares electronically. The system uses RFID tags attached to vehicles that are read by roadside readers to identify vehicles and classify them for toll processing without needing to stop. Violation enforcement is also discussed to handle cases where vehicles do not have proper tags installed.
RFID is a technology that uses radio waves to transfer data between a reader and RFID tags attached to objects to identify them. RFID tags come in three types - active, passive, and semi-passive - depending on their power source. A basic RFID system consists of RFID tags, antennas, interrogators/readers, and host computers. RFID provides benefits over barcodes like non-line-of-sight identification and ability to track moving items, but also has limitations like higher costs and potential for signal interference from liquids and metals.
This document provides an overview of RFID technology, including its components, applications, and protocols. It discusses the key elements of an RFID system, such as tags, readers, antennas, and middleware. It then covers common RFID applications in various industries. The document also examines different RFID frequencies and standards. Finally, it analyzes several anti-collision protocols used in RFID systems, such as Aloha-based, tree-based, and hybrid protocols, that help manage collisions between multiple tags.
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic data capture technology that uses radio waves to electronically identify objects. RFID systems consist of RFID tags attached to objects, RFID readers to interrogate the tags, and a host computer system to process the data collected. RFID tags can be either passive, active, or semi-passive. Passive tags have no internal power source and must derive power from the reader, while active tags have an internal power source to transmit signals to the reader. RFID is used for applications such as tracking inventory and assets, cashless payments, and electronic access control because it allows for contactless identification of multiple tags simultaneously.
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses radio waves to automatically identify objects. RFID tags can be passive, active, or semi-passive, and are used across various industries for applications like supply chain management, asset tracking, and people monitoring. The basic RFID system includes tags attached to objects, readers that can read and sometimes write to tags, antennas, and software. Tags communicate with readers via backscatter modulation, reflecting radio waves to transmit their data. While RFID provides benefits like contactless tracking, its capabilities raise privacy and surveillance concerns that require consideration.
This document provides an overview of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, including its history, components, frequency ranges used, standards and adoption challenges. Key points include:
1) RFID uses radio waves to automatically identify objects using tags attached to or embedded in them. Major retailers like Walmart now require RFID tagging of pallets and cases.
2) An RFID system consists of a microchip tag and antenna that can be read by a scanner. Tags can be passive (drawing power from the reader) or active (with an internal power source).
3) Different frequency ranges including low, high and ultra-high are used depending on read range and material penetration needs. Standardization has helped
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Review on Microstrip Patch Antenna for UHF RFID Tag Applications mounted on...IJEEE
In this paper, we discuss different designs of microstrip patch antennas for UHF RFID Tag applications mounted on metallic surface. We discuss the various requirements of such designs like size, bandwidth, circular polarization. Out of UHF band 860MHz to 960MHz is assigned for RFID applications.
INTEGRATION OF AN RFID READER TO A WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK AND ITS USE TO IDE...ijasuc
The objective of this research is to integrate an RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) reader into a
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) to authorize or keep track of people carrying RFID tags. The objective
was accomplished by integrating hardware and software. The hardware consisted of two WSN nodes –
the RFID node connected to one of the WSN nodes, and a computer connected to the other WSN node.
For the RFID equipment, we used the SM130-EK kit, which included the RFID reader and the RFID tags;
and for the WSN, we used the Synapse Network Evaluation kit, which included the two sensor nodes. The
software consisted of a program module developed in Python to control the microprocessors of the
nodes; and a database controlled by a simple program to manage the tag IDs of people wearing them.
The WSN and RFID nodes were connected through I2C interfacing. Also, the work of sending commands
to the RFID node, to make it read a tag and send it back to the computer, was accomplished by the
Python code developed which also controls the data signals. At the computer, the received tag ID is
evaluated with other existing tag IDs on the database, to check if that tag has authorization or not to be
in the covered area. Our research has the potential of being adapted for use with secure real-time access
control applications involving WSN and RFID technologies.
This document discusses Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. It begins with an introduction to RFID, describing it as an automatic data capture technology that uses radio waves to identify and track items without requiring line of sight. It then discusses the main components of an RFID system - RFID tags, readers, and reader antennas. It describes different types of tags including active, passive, and semi-passive tags. It also covers electronic product codes, tag antennas, readers, reader antennas, and middleware software. Finally, it discusses advantages and disadvantages of RFID as well as some applications.
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses radio waves to automatically identify objects. RFID tags contain antennas that receive and respond to an interrogator's signals. RFID tags can be classified as active, passive, or semi-passive. An RFID system consists of tags, a reader with an antenna, and backend software. RFID is used for applications like supply chain management, asset tracking, and access control. While offering advantages like contactless identification, RFID also raises privacy and security concerns that require consideration.
This document discusses building a software defined radio (SDR) simulation environment for radio frequency identification (RFID) applications. It first introduces RFID technology and SDR. It then describes the methodology, which includes generating test data, transmitting the data using quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) over an additive white Gaussian noise channel to simulate a RFID reader-tag communication, and comparing the bit error rate (BER) performance at different signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) and carrier frequencies. The results show that 128 kHz achieved the lowest BER of 0.105% compared to higher BERs at 32 kHz and 64 kHz. Therefore, 128 kHz is preferable for QAM modulation in this RFID SDR simulation environment
This document describes an RFID system project completed by students at An-Najah National University. It is organized into 5 chapters that cover the design and implementation of the transmitting, receiving, and data processing components of the RFID system. The transmitting section generates a 125 kHz carrier signal that is amplified and transmitted via a tuned antenna coil. Tags utilize backscatter modulation to transmit data to the reader by altering the amplitude of the reflected carrier signal. The receiving section demodulates the backscattered signal and filters it before sending it to a microcontroller for decoding. The students faced challenges during the project but gained hands-on experience applying their technical knowledge to a research topic.
RFID (radio-frequency identification) uses radio waves to automatically identify objects. RFID tags can be classified as passive, active, or semi-active tags depending on their power source. The RFID system consists of tags which store and transmit data to readers via radio waves. Readers then send the data to a host system over communication channels. While RFID provides advantages like contactless identification without line of sight, there are also disadvantages like interference and limitations on reads that must be addressed.
Diapositivas presentadas para el grado de Magister en Ciencias de la Computacion en University of Queensland.
Titulo de la Tesis: A RFID Collision Avoidance Framework based on SDR
Diapositivas presentado para el grado de Magister en Ciencias de la Computacion en University of Queensland.
Titulo de la Tesis: A RFID Collision Avoidance Framework based on SDR
Tesis de Maestria - A RFID Collision Avoidance Framework based on SDRBruno Espinoza
Tesis presentada para obtener el grado de Magister en Ciencias de la Computacion en University of Queensland.
Titulo de la Tesis: A RFID Collision Avoidance Framework based on SDR
Zigbee Based Indoor Campus Inventory Tracking Using Rfid ModuleIJERA Editor
This document summarizes an RFID and Zigbee-based indoor campus inventory tracking system. It describes how RFID tags attached to objects can be identified and tracked using RFID readers. Zigbee modules are used to wirelessly transmit inventory data from the readers to a central server. The system uses passive RFID tags powered by electromagnetic fields from readers. When a tagged object enters the read range, its data is transmitted via Zigbee to allow centralized tracking of inventory across a campus.
IRJET - Range Enhancement of IoT Devices using LoRaIRJET Journal
This document describes a project to enhance the range of IoT devices using LoRa technology. The project involves developing a prototype with a transmitting and receiving end to send data from the transmitter to receiver over long ranges without internet, WiFi, Bluetooth, or other technologies, using only LoRa. The objective is to demonstrate long-range communication and connectivity in rural areas without internet. LoRa uses chirp spread spectrum modulation and can trade off data rate for sensitivity by varying the spreading factor. The project aims to prove data can be transmitted over distances of kilometers with low power consumption using LoRa.
This document provides an agenda for an RFID security workshop. The agenda includes topics such as RFID hardware operating frequencies, active vs passive tags, LibNFC software, low and high frequency tags, Mifare classic memory organization and security, and real world examples of RFID usage. The workshop aims to educate attendees on RFID technology fundamentals and security aspects.
This document analyzes security aspects of Near Field Communication (NFC). It discusses NFC communication modes, applications, and potential threats. The main threats discussed are:
1. Eavesdropping, as NFC uses wireless communication and an attacker can receive signals from up to 10 meters away when devices are in active mode and 1 meter away in passive mode.
2. Data modification, which is possible for some bits when 100% amplitude shift keying is used, and for all bits when 10% amplitude shift keying is used.
3. Man-in-the-middle attacks, where an attacker can intercept communications between two devices and establish separate key agreements with each.
This chapter provides an introduction to RFID technology, including its history and key components. RFID originated from identification friend or foe (IFF) systems used during World War II to identify aircraft. Early RFID systems were developed in the 1970s and the first commercial use was a building entry system. The key elements of an RFID system are tags, readers, antennas, and a connecting computer network. Tags can be passive, active, or semi-passive. Passive tags have no battery but a shorter read range, while active tags have a battery and longer read range. RFID tags come in various shapes and sizes, from very small implantable tags to larger tags.
The document discusses an electronic toll collection system that uses radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. It describes the key components of RFID tags and readers that allow the system to automatically identify vehicles and deduct toll fares electronically. The system uses RFID tags attached to vehicles that are read by roadside readers to identify vehicles and classify them for toll processing without needing to stop. Violation enforcement is also discussed to handle cases where vehicles do not have proper tags installed.
RFID is a technology that uses radio waves to transfer data between a reader and RFID tags attached to objects to identify them. RFID tags come in three types - active, passive, and semi-passive - depending on their power source. A basic RFID system consists of RFID tags, antennas, interrogators/readers, and host computers. RFID provides benefits over barcodes like non-line-of-sight identification and ability to track moving items, but also has limitations like higher costs and potential for signal interference from liquids and metals.
This document provides an overview of RFID technology, including its components, applications, and protocols. It discusses the key elements of an RFID system, such as tags, readers, antennas, and middleware. It then covers common RFID applications in various industries. The document also examines different RFID frequencies and standards. Finally, it analyzes several anti-collision protocols used in RFID systems, such as Aloha-based, tree-based, and hybrid protocols, that help manage collisions between multiple tags.
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic data capture technology that uses radio waves to electronically identify objects. RFID systems consist of RFID tags attached to objects, RFID readers to interrogate the tags, and a host computer system to process the data collected. RFID tags can be either passive, active, or semi-passive. Passive tags have no internal power source and must derive power from the reader, while active tags have an internal power source to transmit signals to the reader. RFID is used for applications such as tracking inventory and assets, cashless payments, and electronic access control because it allows for contactless identification of multiple tags simultaneously.
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic data capture technology that uses radio waves to identify objects or people. RFID systems consist of RFID tags that can be attached to or embedded in objects, RFID readers that can identify and read tags, and an antenna and transceiver to transmit data back and forth. RFID tags contain electronically stored information that can be read from up to several meters away and without needing direct line-of-sight contact or contact with the tag. The technology provides benefits like automatic identification, tracking of assets, and collection of real-time data without human involvement.
The document proposes a new Progressing Scanning (PS) algorithm to improve the efficiency and data integrity of passive RFID systems with a high density of tags. The PS algorithm divides tags into smaller groups and allows the reader to communicate with one group at a time. The algorithm was evaluated using the parameters of a typical passive RFID system operating at 2.5 GHz. Results showed that the PS algorithm can improve system efficiency and provide reliable performance for cases with over 800 tags, addressing limitations of the standard Framed Slotted Aloha anticollision protocol.
Running Head RFID Transportation2RFID in Tr.docxtoltonkendal
Running Head: RFID Transportation 2
RFID in Transportation Executive Summary
Pravallika Dubbakula
Wilmington University
Executive Summary
A study has been done on the use of radio frequency Identification and its commercial use in commercial industries. The aim of the study was to understand how the technology can help in providing information to a centralized control unit when the commodity transport vehicle or the items are being transported from one place to another. The study also undertook a detailed examination of the process that is used in the technology and the benefits of the Radio frequency identification technology in commercial industries.
It was found that the use of the technology reduced the losses in transit and made it simpler to use and tag the items for purchase or sale. It also helped to lower mal – practices when vehicles with goods were in transit from region to another. The radio frequency identification technology is the latest available technology in tracking systems using sensors. It has an electromagnetic field which is activated and increases the strength of the sensors when it apses by a reader which has sensors that picks up the data that has been micro chipped into the items or vehicles. These signals are transmitted to a centralized unit where it is transformed into readable information providing the whereabouts of the vehicles and the items.
A tag is attached and this tag is then further attached to the items. It was also found that there are 2 types of RFID tags one is passive and the other is active. The passive tags collect their energy resources from the readers that are installed close by and the active tag have their own power resources built into the tags such as small batteries that are powerful enough to transit information to a reader.
The data about the vehicles or the reader is sent using radio wave transmissions. It has also been found from the study that the radio frequency identification is one of the forms of automatic- Identification and data capture from tags known in short as – A.I.D.C. The most common method of radio frequency identification is implanting it into livestock, individuals and items. The tags have worked per their mechanisms even when they have been embedded into:
The radio frequency identification standards have been laid out in the ISO-IEC – 18000 and the ISO-IEC-29167. The standards specify the details of the methods that can be used for cryptographic encryption and reader authentication. It also includes standards for in the air – privacy concerns of interception. The third standard for the technology is the ISO-IEC-20248 which provides the guidelines for the digital – signature and bar code requirements.
The tags are simply labels, and the readers are two way transmitters for radio wave signals which transmit the signal to the tag and read the response that is sent by the tag. The tags that are mainly used are the active tags since they have their own ...
My presentation explores how RFID system works and describes briefly about history of RFID, active & passive tags, modes of transmission of data and applications
RFID uses radio waves to automatically identify objects. It consists of a tag attached to the object and a reader that detects and reads the tag. The tag contains an antenna and microchip that stores information. The reader emits radio waves to power the tag and read its data from a distance without contact. Common applications include inventory tracking, transportation payments, and access control like passports. RFID tags come in passive and active types. EPC Gen 2 is the standard protocol that defines the physical and logical specifications for UHF RFID systems, including tag and reader communication methods and message formats.
This paper represents the RFID and GSM technology. The main objective of the system is to uniquely identify and to make security for a person. This requires a unique product,which has the capability of distinguishing different person. This is possible by the new emerging technology RFID (Radio Frequency Identification). The main parts of an RFID system ar e RFID tag (with unique ID number) and RFID reader (for reading the RFID tag). In this system,RFID ta g and RFID reader used are operating at 125 KHz. The microcontroller internal memory is used for storing the details.
Use of rfid in operations management operations management 3 introductionsaeed001
RFID uses radio waves to identify objects or people. An RFID tag attached to an object can be identified by an RFID reader from several meters away without direct line of sight. There are two main types of RFID tags - passive tags which generate power from radio waves and have a shorter reading range, and active tags which have their own power source like a battery and can be read from further away but are more expensive. RFID works by a reader emitting radio waves that power a passive tag or interrogate an active tag, which responds by transmitting its unique ID back to the reader to be processed by a computer system.
This document describes an RFID and IR based attendance system project. It includes the aim, block diagram, circuit diagram of RFID, working of the circuit, applications of RFID, and results and conclusions from developing and testing the system. An RFID reader module controlled by a microcontroller reads RFID tags when an IR sensor first detects a person's presence. The system allows for automated attendance tracking to reduce paper records and store data longer term. Future scopes involve enhancing the range and data transfer capabilities.
The document provides an overview of an upcoming presentation on RFID/NFC security. It begins with introducing the speaker and their background and experience. The presentation agenda is then outlined and will cover topics such as what is and isn't true about RFID, real-life examples of RFID/NFC usage, RFID hardware including tags and readers, software like LibNFC, and specific RFID protocols and formats like iClass and Mifare Classic. Motivation for the talk is cited as coming from a book on the hacker ethic and sharing skills with a technical community.
This document discusses Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. It describes the basic components of an RFID system including RFID tags, readers, and antennas. It explains different types of RFID tags and readers and how they communicate using various coupling techniques like backscatter, inductive and capacitive coupling. Frequency ranges used for RFID are also outlined along with typical read ranges and applications for each frequency range. Key aspects of RFID technology covered include tag and reader design, data encoding, and use of RFID for identification and tracking applications in various industries.
Monitoring and Centering a Remote Discrete Using Rfid through Sim Moduleinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a wireless technology that uses radio waves to identify objects. It consists of a tag, reader, and antenna. The tag contains data that can be read by the reader from a distance without line of sight. RFID is an alternative to barcodes and provides automatic identification of objects. It has various applications in supply chain management, retail, transportation, and more. The document discusses how RFID works, different types of tags, frequencies used, standards, security and privacy issues, and advantages over barcodes.
Need NFC RFID-Tomorrow Is Today in This Constant State of InnovationHamed M. Sanogo
This document discusses near-field communications (NFC) and radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. It proposes using the Maxim Integrated MAX66242 chip, a secure dual-interface passive tag, to easily add contactless NFC/RFID capabilities to embedded electronic products. The MAX66242 uses SHA-256 encryption and challenge-response authentication to securely transfer data between a reader and tag. It also allows for data protection and limiting tag usage through various memory protection modes. Overall, the document promotes using NFC/RFID technology and the MAX66242 chip to enable new wireless capabilities and applications for portable electronic devices.
Electronic Toll Collection System Using RFID seminar.pptxnirdeshmucha1
This presentation gives a brief explanation of the toll collection used by governments to collect toll tax all across the world. And also explains the usage of the RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) system. Demerits of the RFID toll collection system.
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
Volume URL: https://airccse.org/journal/ijc2022.html
Abstract URL:https://aircconline.com/abstract/ijcnc/v14n5/14522cnc05.html
Pdf URL: https://aircconline.com/ijcnc/V14N5/14522cnc05.pdf
#scopuspublication #scopusindexed #callforpapers #researchpapers #cfp #researchers #phdstudent #researchScholar #journalpaper #submission #journalsubmission #WBAN #requirements #tailoredtreatment #MACstrategy #enhancedefficiency #protrcal #computing #analysis #wirelessbodyareanetworks #wirelessnetworks
#adhocnetwork #VANETs #OLSRrouting #routing #MPR #nderesidualenergy #korea #cognitiveradionetworks #radionetworks #rendezvoussequence
Here's where you can reach us : ijcnc@airccse.org or ijcnc@aircconline.com
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024)GiselleginaGloria
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024) will act as a major forum for the presentation of innovative ideas, approaches, developments, and research projects in the area advanced Artificial Intelligence. It will also serve to facilitate the exchange of information between researchers and industry professionals to discuss the latest issues and advancement in the research area. Core areas of AI and advanced multi-disciplinary and its applications will be covered during the conferences.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF CEILING BOARD USING SAWDUST AND WASTE CARTON MATERI...
RFIID REPORT FILE
1. 1
Seminar Report
On
RADIOFREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION
Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electronics & Communication Engg.
Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology
Submitted by:
Anjani kumari
B.tech IIIrd
Year
ECE-B (VI SEM.)
Under the guidance of:
Mrs. Neetu goel
(Assistant Prof.)
Dept. of ECE
2. 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I avail this opportunity to convey my sincere thanks to my
seminar guide Mr. NEETU GEOL for playing a vital role in making
the presentation on “RADIOFREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION”,
through his able guidance and encouragement. Her valuable
suggestions have helped me a lot in improving this presentation.
Anjani kumari
B.tech IIIrd year
ECE-B (VI SEM)
Roll No. : 1003331902
3. 3
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ANJANI KUMARI of Electronics &
Communication engineering (6th
Semester) has worked hard under my
guidance on the seminar topic “RADIOFREQUENCY
IDENTIFICATION” that was assigned to her.
She has been honest and determined throughout the seminar
conducted.
Guided By:
Mrs. Neetu goel
(Assistant Professor
Dept. Of ECE)
4. 4
Contents
Name of Topics Page No
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………….5-7
2. History of RFID………………………………………………………….8
3. The ABCs of RFID……………………………………………………….9
4. Component…………………………………………………………..10-12
Transponder
Reader/interrogator
5. Classification of tags………………………………………………..13-15
Passive RFID tags
Semi-passive RFID tags
Active RFID tags
6. RFID system…………………………………………………………….16
7. System performance…………………………………………………….17
8. RFID today and tomorrow…………………………………………..18-26
Current use of RFID
RFID in the supply chain
Asset tracking
Manufacturing
Supply chain management
Retailing
Payment system
Security and access control
9. Applications for RFID……………………………………………….27-28
10.Advantages……………………………………………………………...29
11.Disadvantage……………………………………………………………30
12.Conclusion………………………………………………………………31
13.Reference...……………………………………………………………...32
5. 5
INTRODUCTION
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses communication
via radio waves to exchange data between a reader and an electronic tag
attached to an object, for the purpose of identification and tracking.
The main component of this technology is the transponder/tag, which in most
cases comprises of a chip and antenna mounted onto a substrate or an enclosure.
The chip consists of a processor, memory and radio transmitter. These
transponders communicate via radio frequency to a reader, which has its own
antennas. The readers can interface through wired or wireless medium to a main
computer. Transponders are also known as smart or radio tags. The memory
will vary, depending on the manufacturer, from just a few characters to
kilobytes.
The two most common types of RFID technologies are Active and Passive.
Active RFID transponders are self powered and tend to be more expensive than
Passive. Having power on board allows the tag to have greater communication
distance and usually larger memory capacity. The most common application for
Active RFID is for highway tolls.
As for Passive RFID transponders, which are available with chips and without
chips, they have no internal power source therefore require external power to
operate. The transponder is powered by an electromagnetic signal that is
transmitted from a reader. The signal received will charge an internal capacitor
on the transponder, which in turn will then supply the power required to
communicate with the reader.
6. 6
Whether we are talking about Active or Passive RFID, the features and benefits
are the same.
The following details some of the benefits:
Transponders can be read from a distance and from any orientation, thus
they do not require line of sight to be read.
Transponders have read and write capabilities, which allow for data to be
changed dynamically at any time.
Multiple transponders can be read at once and in bulk very quickly.
RF-Tags can easily be embedded into any non-metallic product. This
benefit allows the tag to work in harsh environments providing permanent
identification for the life of the product.
Today, most implementations involve passive technology. For this reason, this
document is based solely on passive RFID. There are different frequency bands
which passive technology operates within.
7. 7
Low and High RFID operate on the inductive coupling principle. That is, the
energy is transferred from the reader to the tag through shared magnetic field.
The amount of transferred energy is proportional to the size of the transmitting
And receiving antennas as well as the tag ability to operate at the resonance
frequency. The resonant frequency is a state in which the impedance is at its
minimum, allowing for maximum current flow in the circuit. The resonance
frequency is a function of the inductance and capacitance of the tag circuit. The
quality of a resonant circuit is measured by Q factor. The higher the Q factor,
the higher the amount of energy transfer. Although higher energy transfer is
desirable, the higher Q factor results in reduced bandwidth.
Of all the various frequency bands RFID operates within, there isn't one that can
address all applications. In essence, there is no super RFID frequency band in
other words "one frequency does not fit all". For this reason, the next three
sections will review the most common passive RFID frequencies.
8. 8
HISTORY OF RFID
The history of RFID can be directly related to a similar technology employed by
the Allies in World War 2 called IFF (Identification Friend or Foe). The
function of this technology was to identify whether an incoming plane was a
friend or foe by using coded radar signals. These signals would trigger the
aircrafts transponder, and a correct reply indicated a friendly military or civilian
aircraft. After the war, scientists and researchers began to explore the use of
RFID to store and relay information.
Radio Frequency Identification presented one major obstacle before it could
become a feasible technology; finding a suitable power source. It took roughly
thirty years for technology and research to produce internal power sources for
RFID tags and chips
9. 9
THE ABC’s OF RFID
Understanding what RFID devices are and how they work is critical to an
analysis of the policy issues surrounding this technology. Generic references to
“RFID technology” may be applied incorrectly to a wide range of devices or
capabilities. For example, RFID by itself is not a location-tracking technology.
At sites where readers are installed, RFID may be used to track tagged objects,
but this static readability differs from technology such as global positioning
systems, or GPS, which uses a network of satellites to pinpoint the location of a
receiver.
And RFID technology itself can be used for a variety of applications, from
contactless identification cards that can be scanned no farther than inches away
from a reader, to highway systems utilizing “active” RFID tags that can initiate
communication with a scanner 100 feet away.
10. 10
COMPONENT
TRANSPONDER
A tag is any device or label that identifies the host to which it is attached. It
typically does not hinder the operation of the host or adversely affect its
appearance.
The word transponder is derived from the words transmitter and responder. The
tag responds to a transmitted or communicated request for the data it carries.
The transponder memory may comprise of read-only (ROM), random access
(RAM), and non-volatile programmable memory for data storage depending on
the type and sophistication of the device. The ROM-based memory is used to
accommodate security data and the transponder operating system instructions
which in conjunction with the processor or processing logic deals with the
internal house-keeping, functions like response delay timing, data flow control
and supply switching. The RAM-based memory is used for temporary data
storage during transponder interrogation and response. The non-volatile
programmable memory may be of several types of which the electrically
11. 11
erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) is the most common. It
is used to store the transponder data and needs to be non-volatile to ensure that
the data is retained when the device is in its quiescent or power-saving sleep,
state.
Data buffers are further components of memory used to temporarily hold the
incoming data following demodulation and outgoing data for modulation and
interface with the transponder antenna. The interface circuitry provides the
facility to direct and accommodate the interrogation field energy for powering
purposes in passive transponders and triggering of the transponder response.
The transponder antenna senses the interrogating field and serves as the means
for transmitting the transponder response for interrogation.
12. 12
READER/INTERROGATOR
The reader/interrogators can differ considerably in complexity depending on the
type of tags being supported and functions to be fulfilled. The overall function
is to provide the means of communicating with the tag and facilitating data
transfer. Functions performed by readers include signal conditioning, parity
error checking and correction. Once the signal from a transponder has been
correctly received and decoded, algorithms can be applied to decide whether the
signal is a repeat transmission and may then instruct the transponder to stop
transmitting. This is known as Command Response Protocol and is used to
circumvent the problem of reading multiple tags in a short span of time. Using
interrogators in this way is also referred to as Hands Down Polling. A more
secure, but slower tag polling technique is called Hands up polling which
involves the interrogator looking for tags with specific identities and
interrogating them, in turn. A further approach uses multiple readers,
multiplexed into one interrogator but results in cost increase
13. 13
CLASSIFICATION OF TAGS
PASSIVE RFID TAGS
Transponders (tags) of passive RFID system don’t have power supply. This is
why they are called passive. Passive tags are powered from electromagnetic
field generated by reader antenna. Reader antenna has to transmit enough power
to provide enough energy to tag so it could to transmit back data. Because of
this reading distance is very limited – up to several centimetres.
Well some of implementations may reach several meters. Passive tags are most
common used because they are cheap, can last indefinitely long as there is no
need for power supply, and they are small size what allows them easy to
integrate almost in every environment starting wrists, necklaces, cards, stickers.
Passive tags simply consist of single IC and antenna coil which is usually flat.
Passive tags are operating below 100MHz frequencies (most common
frequencies are 125 kHz – 134.2 kHz and 13.56 MHz) and main transfer energy
is carried by magnetic field. Magnetic field generated voltage in the coil which
14. 14
is used as power supply also as data signal. There are also HF passive tags that
operate at 900MHz and 2.45GHz. These tags have dipole antenna (1/8 wave
length) construction. With these tags distance may reach more than 3 meters.
But high frequency tags require more expensive manufacturing processing with
more precise electronics, but they can support up to 2Mb/s data stream.
SEMI-PASSIVE RFID TAGS
Semi-Passive tags are more similar to passive transponders than active. These
tags are powered from battery or so called battery assisted tags, but radio
transmission depends on antena activity. As data processor had it own power, so
all received power can be used for transmitting back the signal which is stronger
than passive transducer. This allows to increase communication distance with
quit cheap solution.
Semi passive RFID tags augment the energy from reader antenna, but they are
not constantly beaming signals as active tags does. Semi-passive RFID tags use
a process to generate a tag response similar to that of passive tags. Semi-passive
tags differ from passive in that semi passive tags possess an internal battery for
the tag’s circuitry which allows the tag to complete other functions such as
monitoring of environmental conditions (temperature, shock) and which may
extend the tag signal range.
15. 15
ACTIVE RFID TAGS
Active RFID tags may provide all advantages of RFID system because tags are
fully powered transmitters. They don’t have to be activated by antenna reader.
Active RFID topic may be very wide because there are many areas where an
how they can be used. In some cases tags may not need a reader antenna
because tags in some particular cases can be configured to interact with each
other. Active transponders can communicate in very long ranges up to several
hundred kilometres. Main disadvantages of active tags may be relatively big
size and production price compared to passive ones.
16. 16
RFID System
RFID uses radio-frequency (RF) transmissions of bit streams to communicate with,
identify, classify, and/or track objects. Each object has its own RFID tag (also
known as a transponder). The overall system employs a tag reader, a subsystem
that receives RF energy from each tag. The reader has embedded software that
manages the interrogation, decoding, and processing of the received tag
information; and it communicates with a storage system that houses a tag database
and other relevant information. Figure 1 shows a conceptual diagram of an RFID
system.
Simplified representation of an RFID system.
17. 17
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
Reading distance: The actual reading distance depends on the transponder type,
electromagnetic noise, transponder orientation, antenna type. In general, a
32mm glass transponder can be read with a stationary reader and gate antenna
from a distance of about 1m.Larger transponders can achieve ranges up to 2m
with handheld readers offering lower ranges up to 250mm.
Data accuracy: A 16-bit cyclic redundancy check algorithm is used to ensure
that only valid data is sent from the reader to its associated controller.
Antenna selection: Of the antenna types, the one giving larger read ranges is
selected. Electromagnetic noise affects the readout pattern.
Transponder orientation: For maximum range, the antenna orientation with
respect to the transponder must be optimized for maximum coupling. The
orientation in line with a ferrite antenna produces the largest read ranges from
2mm glass transponder.
Reading speed: Many applications require that that transponder must remain in
the reading range. Since a standard stationary reader completes one cycle in
abut 120ms, transponders must remain in the boundaries of a readout pattern for
at least that amount of time.
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RFID Today and Tomorrow
The Workshop included a comprehensive discussion of RFID’s various current
and anticipated applications. Both private and public sector users of RFID
explained how they are applying this technology to improve their delivery of
goods and services. Privacy advocates also addressed the implications of these
initiatives, sounding a cautionary note about some of the emerging uses of
RFID and their consequences for consumer privacy.
Current Uses of RFID
Workshop participants described a number of RFID applications that consumers
may already be using. For example, some consumers are familiar with
employee identification cards that authenticate the pass-holder before permitting
access.
A related use of RFID is for event access – to amusement parks, ski areas, and
concerts, where tagged bracelets or tickets are used.
Panellists also explained how RFID is being used in a variety of transportation
related contexts. Many automobile models already use RFID tags in keys to
authenticate the user, adding another layer of security to starting a car.
Another example, the “Speed pass,” allows drivers to purchase gas and
convenience store goods from ExxonMobil stations.
RFID is also transforming highway travel, with the advent of E-Z Pass in North-
eastern and Mid-Atlantic states and similar programs in other regions of the
country that allow drivers to pass through tolls without stopping to pay. An
active tag on the vehicle’s windshield lets a reader installed at the tollbooth
know that a tagged vehicle is passing through; information flows from the tag,
to the reader, and then to a centralized database, where the prepaid or checking
account associated with that vehicle is charged.
RFID in the Supply Chain
To the extent that the much-touted “RFID revolution” is underway, it is
occurring somewhat out of public sight – in warehouses, distribution centres,
and other stages of the supply chain.
Workshop participants discussed how RFID’s impact on the flow of goods
through distribution channels has implications not just for manufacturers,
suppliers, and retailers, but also for consumers.
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Many panellists reported that as a result of more efficient distribution practices
generated by RFID use, consumers may find what they want on the store
shelves, when they want it, and perhaps at lower prices.
Workshop participants representing manufacturers and retailers described the
anticipated economic benefits of RFID. According to one panellist, the retail
industry suffers losses between $180 and $300 billion annually because of poor
supply chain visibility – the inability to track the location of products as they
make their way from manufacturer to retailer.
As a result, this panellist stated, retailers are not always able to keep high-
demand goods in stock, or they may have inventory that they can’t move.
Participants discussed how RFID may help prevent these lapses by improving
visibility at multiple stages of the supply chain. RFID readers can gather
information about the location of tagged goods as they make their way from the
manufacturer, to a warehouse or series of distribution centres, and to the final
destination, their store.
Also, as one workshop participant explained, RFID enhances the accuracy of
information currently obtained through bar code scanning, which is more
vulnerable to human error.
According to this panellist, access to more – and more accurate – information
about where products are in the distribution chain enables retailers to keep what
they need in stock and what they do not need off the shelf.
Workshop participants also touted the discipline that RFID imposes on the
supply chain by, for example, reducing “shrinkage,” or theft.
One panellist explained how RFID may lower costs by keeping shipping
volumes leaner and more accurate.
Other panellists described how RFID tags can be read much faster than bar
codes, citing tests indicating that RFID’s scanning capability can result in goods
moving through the supply chain ten times faster than they do when bar codes
are used.
According to another participant, RFID will facilitate quicker, more accurate
recalls by enabling the tracking of a product’s origin and its location in the
distribution chain.
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Further, this panellist asserted, RFID will enhance product freshness by
monitoring expiration dates of consumer goods, so retailers know when not to
offer items for sale.
RFID Use in the Public Sector
Panellists also discussed how RFID is being used or contemplated for use by
government entities to meet objectives similar to those their private-sector
counterparts hope to achieve. Workshop participants discussed a variety of
ongoing and proposed government RFID applications, from the U.S.
Department of Defence’s (“DOD”) October 2003 mandate Requiring its
suppliers to use RFID tags by January 2005 to local library systems deploying
this technology to track and trace their books. DOD’s initiative reportedly will
affect 43,000 military suppliers. And, according to panellists, public libraries in
California, Washington State, and elsewhere have implemented internal RFID
systems to facilitate patron usage and manage stock.
One Workshop panellist, representing the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
(“FDA”), highlighted that agency’s RFID initiative.
Although the FDA itself is not using this technology, it recently announced an
initiative to promote the use of RFID in the pharmaceutical supply chain by
2007.
For now, drug manufacturers will primarily tag “stock bottles” – those used by
pharmacists to fill individual prescriptions – but eventually consumers may be
purchasing packages labelled with RFID chips.
The core objective of this initiative is to fight drug counterfeiting by
establishing a reliable pedigree for each pharmaceutical.
The FDA believes that this goal can most effectively be accomplished by its
target date through the adoption of RFID, which offers distinct advantages over
other identification systems that require line-of-sight scanning and are not as
accurate or fast.
Another government entity turning to RFID is the U.S. Department of
Homeland Security (“DHS”). One program described by a DHS official at the
Workshop uses RFID for tracking and tracing travellers’ baggage.
Both individual airports
And airlines
Will use RFID technology to identify and track passenger luggage, from check-
in to destination. Another DHS initiative addressed at the Workshop involves
the agency’s “US-VISIT” (U.S. Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator
Technology) program. That initiative will test RFID at the country’s fifty
busiest border-crossing locations by using RFID to read biometric identifiers,
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such as digital photographs and fingerprint scans, embedded in U.S. work visas
issued to foreign nationals.
Asset Tracking
It's no surprise that asset tracking is one of the most common uses of RFID.
Companies can put RFID tags on assets that are lost or stolen often, that are
underutilized or that are just hard to locate at the time they are needed. Just
about every type of RFID system is used for asset management. NYK Logistics,
a third-party logistics provider based in Secaucus, N.J., needed to track
containers at its Long Beach, Calif., distribution centre. It chose a real-time
locating system that uses active RFID beacons to locate container to within 10
feet.
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Manufacturing
RFID has been used in manufacturing plants for mo re than a decade. It's used
to track parts and work in process and to reduce defects, increase throughput
and manage the production of different versions of the same product.
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Supply Chain Management
RFID technology has been used in closed loop supply chains or to automate
parts of the supply chain within a company's control for years.
As standards emerge, companies are increasingly turning to RFID to track
shipments among supply chain partners.
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Retailing
Retailers such as Best Buy, Metro, Target, Tesco and Wal-Mart are in the
forefront of RFID adoption. These retailers are currently focused on improving
supply chain efficiency and making sure product is on the shelf when customers
want to buy it.
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Payment Systems
RFID is all the rage in the supply chain world, but the technology is also
catching on as a convenient payment mechanism. One of the most popular uses
of RFID today is to pay for road tolls without stopping. These active systems
have caught on in many countries, and quick service restaurants are
experimenting with using the same active RFID tags to pay for meals at drive-
through windows.
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Security and Access Control
RFID has long been used as an electronic key to control who has access to
office buildings or areas within office buildings. The first access control
systems used low-frequency RFID tags. Recently, vendors have introduced
13.56 MHz systems that offer longer read range. The advantage of RFID is it is
convenient (an employee can hold up a badge to unlock a door, rather than
looking for a key or swiping a magnetic stripe card) and because there is no
contact between the card and reader, there is less wear and tear, and therefore
less maintenance.
As RFID technology evolves and becomes less expensive and more robust, it's
likely that companies and RFID vendors will develop many new applications to
solve common and unique business problems.
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Applications for RFID
Applications fall into two principal categories: short range applications in which
the reader and tag must be in close proximity (such as in access control), and
medium to long applications in which the distance may be greater (such as
reading across a distribution centre dock door). A sample of applications is
shown here:
Access control for people: There are many areas in which
RFID tags are carried by people to allow them to gain access to facilities
or services:
o Secure access to work place
o Safety access to dangerous/secure equipment
o Access to a computer or vehicle
o Access to travel on trains/buses
o Access to leisure facilities
Access control for vehicles:
o Secure access on site
o Road tolling
o Instant payment for fuel
Manufacturing automation:
o Control of flexible manufacturing processes by recognizing items
being built on a production line (mass customization enabler)
o Libelling key components for later recycling
Logistics and distribution:
o Tracking parcels from shipment to end customer
o Tracking goods from manufacture to retail
Retail:
o Supply chain management
o Stock taking
o Reducing loss through shrinkage
o Reverse logistics
o Product availability
Maintenance:
o Plant & Equipment
o Fixed assets
o Patients
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ADVANTAGES
RFID technology permits no line of sight reading.
Robustness and reliability under difficult environmental
conditions.
These tags can be read through water, snow, concrete, bricks,
plastics, wood, and most non-metallic materials
Available in a wide variety of physical forms, shapes, sizes and
protective housings.
RFID tags can be read at very high speeds.
In most cases the response time is less than 100ms.
Difficulty in duplicating, offers a high degree of security.
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DISADVANTAGES
Cost
RFID solutions cost much higher than the conventional barcodes. A large
fraction of its cost lies in the software infrastructure and the enterprise
application and integration
Lack of standardization.
Standardization has not been provided across many fronts, ranging from
the different data formats used to interoperatability between RFID readers
and tags from different vendors to interference between RFID products
from different manufacturers.
RFID will hurt privacy
RFID transponders are forever part of the product, and designed to
respond when a signal is received.
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CONCLUSION
RFID tags will soon be tracking millions of consumer products worldwide.
Manufacturers will know the exact location of each product they make from the
time it is made until it is used and tossed in the recycle bin or trash can. The
crypto transponders will be well suited for future generation vehicle entry
systems.
The RFID tagging will take off when the cost of the tags drops to one percent of
the cost of the product it is applied to, and that date is somewhere near.
2005 is the date that researchers say when radio frequency tagging becomes
viable and until then, we must wait and see.