This document provides an overview of the historical development of art from prehistoric times through the classical and medieval periods. It begins with cave paintings from the Paleolithic period and discusses sites in Spain and the Philippines. Neolithic art incorporated designs from plants and animals. Classical Greek art emphasized idealism and naturalism in sculptures. Roman art was influenced by the Greeks and focused on realistic portraits. In the medieval period, most art was religious and commissioned by the church, including Romanesque and Gothic architectural styles that used thick walls, rounded arches, and pointed arches respectively.

1. Historical
Development of Art

2. Prehistoric art (cave art)
Prehistoric refers to all artworks produce by ancient men before any
preconceived culture and known methods of writing and record keeping
ever existed.
Art before history.

3. Cave paintings / petrograph
Refers to any parietal art, which involves the application of color pigments
on the walls, floors or ceilings or ancient rock dwellings inhabited by
prehistoric man.

4. Cave drawings / petroglyps
Refers to an engraved drawing that is etched or done by cutting lines on
the rock surface with a sharp object probably a flint or stone tool, rather
than one made by drawing lines with charcoal or manganese.

5. Cave art
Most are figurative and 99% were animals
Stone Age – painted both predator and game animals like Bison and
reindeer; pictures of human are rare; abstract images like signs, symbols
and geometric markings were common.
There was no clear idea when the cave painting first began

6. Altamira cave in Spain

7. El Castillo cave in Spain

8. Perforated seashells and beads at Cueva de los Aviones in
Spain (at least 115,000 years old)

9. Paleolithic period
Was the time when primitive cave artworks were created with the use of
primitive stone tools by primitive men.
Commonly represented by the naturalistic images of prey animals and the
men that hunted them.
Caves were heavily decorated with painted hand-stenciled rock art.

10. polychrome cave painting of a bison head and big head rhino

11. Neolithic period
The shift from Old Stone Age (Paleolithic) to New Stone Age (Neolithic)
Happened when man began to develop the culture and change his lifestyle
Neolithic farmers started the civilization
Man became civilized when he stopped being nomadic and settled down
and created communities that grew crops and tamed the animals.
Designs used on clay pots were commonly derived from plants and animal
forms

12. Philippine primitive art: cave paintings
• Angono Petrolgyps Site Museum in Binangonan Rizal – discovered by
National artist Carlos “Botong” Francisco with a troop of boys scouts during a
field trip in 1965
• Archaelogist Alfredo Evangelista – leader of the interdisciplinary research
team of the National Museum and recovered four stone tools from the site
• 1998 – the National Museum established a museum showing the cultural and
artistic heritage of the province of Rizal.
• The Angono Petroglyps were dated back to circa late Neolithic.

13. Philippine primitive art: cave paintings
Presidential Decree No. 260 – declared the Angono Petroglyps a National
Cultural Treasure.
Other sites: Alab, Mountain Province carved on boulders on top of cliffs dated
not earlier than 1500 B.C or even later.
Two kinds of petrographs: 1. charcoal drawings on cave walls in Penablanca,
Cagayan Province and Singnapan Caves in Southern Palawan; 2. red hematite
prints in Anda Peninsula, Bohol Province (dates are still undetermined)

14. Angono petroglyps

15. Bohol ancient cave art in red hematite

16. Burial jars
Manungul Cave, Lipuun Point Palawan in early 1960’s – secondary burial
jar
Perceived as a work of a great craftsman, a master potter.
The image on top of the jar cover is a boat with two human figure
representing two souls on a voyage to the afterlife.
Shows the belief of early Filipinos in life after death

17. Manungul jar

18. Maitum jar (earthenware pots)
Found in Ayub Cave in Pinol, Maitum Sarangani Province
Used as secondary burial jars dated to the Metal Age about 5 B.C – 225
A.D
Portrays human figures and faces that indicates high level of
craftsmanship

19. Maitum jar

20. Classical period
Classical art – refers to the art from Greece and Rome
General term describing the long period of time in the cultural history
when the Mediterranean Sea was the center
Started with the earliest-recorded Greek poetry of Homer and continued
through the rise of Rome and Christianity, up to the fall of the Western
Roman Empire and the start of the Early Middle Ages.

21. Classical period: Greek arts
Greek Arts – held as the standard or measure by which all later art will be
judged; shaped our minds of what perfection should look like.
Greek Golden Age – Greeks achieved new heights in art, architecture, theater
and philosophy.
Evident is statues and stone figures called Kouroi.
Began after the Greek victory over the Persians – democracy was improved
under the leadership of Pericles

22. Classical period: Greek arts
Most wonderful accomplishment – rebuilding of the Parthenon (temple
devoted to Athena on the Acropolis)
Pheidias – created a statue for Athena, sculpted in ivory and gold.
Phythagoras - famous mathematician
Socrates – Father of Philosophy
Greatest known works – Massive Statue of Zeus at Olympia and the Statue of
Athena Pathernos in Parthenon (made of gold and ivory, chrysus, elephantine)

23. Parthenon

24. Statue of Zeus at Olympia

25. Statue of Athena Parthenos

26. Classical period: Greek arts
Greek art influenced Roman art
Greeks – idealistic, imaginative and spiritual while Romans are bounded to
what they saw to the world.
Subjects – snake-haired Medusas, centaurs, dancing girls, Olympic athletes
and Gods.
Master sculptors and more highly skilled than the Egyptians
Adorned their warships with pigments mixed with hot wax
Made use of paints made from precious stones, earth and plants
No Greek paintings survived the ages until 20th century

27. Classical period: Roman arts
Most powerful nation on earth defeating all others at military organization and
warfare, engineering and architecture.
Invention of dome and the groin vault, the development of concrete and
European-wide network of roads and bridges
Emperor Trajan (98-117 C.E) and Emperor Hadrian (117-138 C.E) – Rome
reached the peak of its architectural glory, attained numerous building programs
of monuments, baths, aqueducts, palaces, temples and mausoleums.
Practical people; art forms were influenced by the ancient Greeks and Etruscans

28. Romans as practical people:
Wanted their art and architecture to be useful
Planned their cities and built bridges, aqueducts, public baths and market
places, apartment houses and harbors
Every ordered sculpture for public square was meant to tell the future
generations of how great of Rome

29. Romans: 1st Century
Improved the use of concrete
Showed the skill and originality by portraying their generals, emperors and
senators with a degree of realism unknown to Greeks
Achieved a high degree of naturalism in painting through the artist’s
understanding of perspective and the use of light and shade.
Subjects: nature, portrait of children and beautiful young men and women,
religion
Most popular colors were red, black and cream-white

30. Temple of Fortune at Praeneste

31. Aquadect of Segovia Spain

32. The Colosseum

33. Bust of the Emperor

34. Famous Names
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) – designer of iconic dome of the
cathedral in Florence
Donato Bramante and Michelangelo (1444-1514) – designers of St. Peter’s
Basilica

35. Classical period: Medieval period
Covered ten centuries between the Sack of Rome (c.450 C.E) and the Early
Italian Renaissance (1400)
The only institution that survived: The Christian Church - centered in Rome
and Constantinople.
The Church – the main sponsor of architecture and the other types of arts
Beginning – works of art were commissioned by religious authorities
(churches/monasteries) or secular leaders (for public edification) and most
were made by monks.

36. Classical period: Medieval period
Not only were most artists were laymen, but a number of artworks were
commissioned by wealthy middle class patrons for personal enjoyment.

37. Medieval Architecture
Refers to architectural styles in medieval Europe during the Middle Ages
Predominantly related to the building of sacred buildings such as churches –
primary structure signifying Christian faith.
Churches- channels of creative energy; large amounts of money for
beautification and the creation; granted indulgences (pardon) for those who
desired to help build the churches and cathedral structures
Roman Basilica – primary model of medieval religious architecture
Latin cross- most common among the religious buildings

38. Romanesque architecture
Romanesque – all European architecture by classification, except Byzantine
structures, roughly 500 to 1150
Earlier period (Carolingian architecture) – North European style of the
Carolingian Renaissance of the late 8th and 9th centuries during the reign of
Charlemagne.
Later period (Ottonian architecture) – developed under the reign of Emperor
Otto the Great (936-975)
German style – mid-10th century to mid-11th century

39. Romanesque architecture
Name given to the style of architecture used in very early Middle Ages when
much of these developments were pioneered by the Normans (North men or
the Vikings who settled in Normandy, France) and their prolific castle
building,
Was known by its massive quality, thick walls, round arches, sturdy pillars,
barrel vaults, large towers and decorative arcading.
Was the first major style of architecture to be developed after the collapsed of
the Roman empire
Was defined by important churches and monastic buildings
Succeeded by Gothic and Perpendicular style of architecture of the later
Middle Ages (1066-1485)

40. Romanesque architecture
LESSAY ABBEY,
NORMANDY FRANCE
MARIA LAACH ABBEY,
GERMANY

41. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
Started in 12th century in France
New style in architecture and design referred to as French Style and was later
called the Gothic style (Renaissance period)
Was light, graceful and mostly spacious in nature.
Inspirations came from the Arabs, copied during the time of the Crusades
Changes includes the use of pointed arch, ribbed vaults and buttress, piers
were replaced by clustered slender ones while window dimensions became
larger as vaults and spires increased in height

42. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
NOTRE DAME DE PARIS,
FRANCE
REIMS CATHEDRAL,
FRANCE

43. REFERENCES
Panisan, W.K., Bongabong, M.C.L., Boongaling, C.C. G., Trinidad, M.A.B.
(2018). Art appreciation. Philippine copyright 2018. Mutya Publishing House,
Inc. ISBN 978-971-821-797-9

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