This document discusses various histochemical stains used in surgical pathology and their applications. It begins with an outline and objectives. Various stains are then classified and described in detail, including stains for mucins, glycogen, lipids, proteins, connective tissue, pigments and microbiology. Specific stains are discussed for visualizing structures like collagen, elastic fibers, reticulin and amyloid. The principles, methods, and results of many common and specialized stains are explained, along with their diagnostic uses. Recent advances in histochemistry and references are also mentioned.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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cytology of urine tract - this slide contains the specimen collection method, preparation of specimen, types of fixatives, other preparation techniques, urinary tract histology, normal urinary tract cytology,
COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL PAPANICOLAOU STAIN WITH MODIFIED ULTRAFAST PAPANIC...SURAMYA BABU
• Body fluid cytology is vital in diagnosis of various neoplastic and non neoplastic lesions and conventional Pap stain is the staining method of choice for the same.
• MUFP is a quick and cheap staining technique which gives good interpretation of cytological features with easily available reagents.
• Preservation of cell morphology and nuclear staining are superior with conventional Papanicolaou technique whereas cytoplasmic staining is comparable with conventional pap and MUFP techniques.
• Though background of stained smears was slightly better with conventional Pap staining; MUFP was superior in case of hemorrhagic samples.
Pathology Special Stains for FFPE Tissue StainingBioGenex
Special stains refer to alternative staining techniques that are used when H&E stains do not provide all the cellular information required. These techniques use a variety of dyes and methods so that pathologists can visualize tissue morphology and detect the presence of particular cell types, structures or pathogens (e.g. bacteria).BioGenex offers broadest special stain menu anywhere (over 30 special stains), including:
Grocott’s Methenamine Silver (GMS) Stain
Reticulin Stains
Trichrome Stains
Giemsa Stain
Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) Stains
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
cytology of urine tract - this slide contains the specimen collection method, preparation of specimen, types of fixatives, other preparation techniques, urinary tract histology, normal urinary tract cytology,
COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL PAPANICOLAOU STAIN WITH MODIFIED ULTRAFAST PAPANIC...SURAMYA BABU
• Body fluid cytology is vital in diagnosis of various neoplastic and non neoplastic lesions and conventional Pap stain is the staining method of choice for the same.
• MUFP is a quick and cheap staining technique which gives good interpretation of cytological features with easily available reagents.
• Preservation of cell morphology and nuclear staining are superior with conventional Papanicolaou technique whereas cytoplasmic staining is comparable with conventional pap and MUFP techniques.
• Though background of stained smears was slightly better with conventional Pap staining; MUFP was superior in case of hemorrhagic samples.
Pathology Special Stains for FFPE Tissue StainingBioGenex
Special stains refer to alternative staining techniques that are used when H&E stains do not provide all the cellular information required. These techniques use a variety of dyes and methods so that pathologists can visualize tissue morphology and detect the presence of particular cell types, structures or pathogens (e.g. bacteria).BioGenex offers broadest special stain menu anywhere (over 30 special stains), including:
Grocott’s Methenamine Silver (GMS) Stain
Reticulin Stains
Trichrome Stains
Giemsa Stain
Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) Stains
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
3. OBJECTIVE
A) Describe the different types of special staining.
B) Learn the various methods of stain demonstration.
C) Learn the procedures and diagnostic tools for each stain.
3
4. INTRODUCTION
Stains used for identification of certain structures and
chemical substances by controlled specific chemical
reaction designed to give a final color or location of the
structure or substance in the cells or tissues.
4
5. a) To confirm the diagnosis suspected on routine stain.
b) For special purposes when indicated by the clinical
situation.
• Z-N stain is ordered for Mycobacteria, Congo red stain is
requested when amyloid is suspected.
• Staining occurs when chromogen of one charge attracts
bound tissue moiety of opposite charge.
USES OF SPECIAL STAINS
5
6. BASIS OF STAINING
ACIDIC DYES BASIC DYES
Eosin Hematoxylin /Methylene blue
Carry net negative charge Carry net positive charge
React/bind with cationic components
of the cell/tissue
With anionic components of cell/tissue
Less specific (as compared with basic
dyes)
Highly pH specific
Acidophilic / Eosinophilic (cytoplasmic
filaments, intracellular membranous
components, extracellular fibers)
Basophilic substances ( Po4 of
Nucleic acids, So4 of MPS, CO
proteins) 6
9. SPECIAL STAINS FOR MUCIN
• Mucicarmine: For Neutral and Acid Mucin
• Phenylhydrazine PAS Technique: For Neutral
Mucins.
• Alcian Blue: For Acid Mucins.
9
10. MUCICARMINE
(MAYER 1896, MODIFIED BY SOUTHGATE 1927 )
• Carmine
• Aluminium hydroxide
• 50% alcohol
• Aluminium salts form a chelate compound with carmine
Results:
Mucin ---- red
Nuclei ---- blue
Applications:
1. Demonstration of epithelial mucin
2. Demonstration of encapsulated fungi (Cryptococcus)
10
13. PAS
(MCMANUS 1946)
• Substances containing vinyl group or their amino or
alkylamino derivatives are oxidized by periodic acid
to form dialdehydes.
• This combines with Schiff’s reagent to form an
insoluble magenta colored compound.
Result:
PAS positive substances ----- magenta
Nuclei ------------------------- blue
Other tissues ----------------- yellow 13
19. ALCIAN BLUE
PRINCIPLE:
• Cationic dye forms electro-static bonds with certain
tissue with poly-anions bearing either carboxyl or
sulphate groups.
• Specific.
• Strong colour.
• Insoluble.
• Permanent.
19
20. METHOD:
• Dewax sections & wash with water.
• Alcian blue - 5mins & wash with water.
• Counterstain with 0.5% aqueous neutral red - 2-3
mins.
• Wash in water, rinse in alcohol.
• Clear and mount.
ALCIAN BLUE
20
21. RESULTS:
• Acid mucin ----- blue
• Nuclei ---------- red
• Alcian blue solutions of varying pH is used to
separate and identify the different acid mucins.
ALCIAN BLUE
21
25. COMBINED ALCIAN BLUE – PAS
Principle:
• Staining first with Alcian blue will stain all acid mucins including
those that are PAS +ve so that they don’t react with PAS only
neutral mucins.
Results:
Acid mucins : blue
Neutral mucins : magenta
Mixture : colour will depend on dominant entity Blue-purple-violet
or mauve
Note: Stain lightly with haematoxylin.
25
27. ALCIAN BLUE
The pH of this stain can be adjusted to give more specificity.
Alcian blue stains are simple, but have a lot of background
staining.
PAS
Stains glycogen as well as mucins, but tissue can be pre-
digested with diastase to remove glycogen.
The stain that is the most sensitive is PAS, but we must learn
how to interpret it in order to gain specificity.
MUCICARMINE
Very specific for epithelial mucins.
27
29. BEST’S CARMINE STAIN
PRINCIPLE:
• Staining is by hydrogen bond formation between
OH groups on the glycogen and hydrogen atoms
of the carminic acid.
• Method is highly selective rather than specific, as
fibrin and neutral mucin also stain weekly.
RESULTS:
Glycogen ---------------- deep red
Some mucin, fibrin ------ weak red
Nuclei--------------------- blue
29
33. DEMONSTRATION BY ENZYME METHOD
• Glycogen is destroyed by diastase obtained
by saliva and malt.
• Diastase reacts with glycogen present in the
section and removes it and subsequent
staining of this section shows loss of staining
when compared to untreated section.
33
35. IDENTIFICATION OF LIPIDS
• Solubility
• Lipids - colorless
• Examination by polarized light (Isotropic, anisotropic)
• Reduction of osmium tetra oxide
• Demonstration by fat soluble dyes
• Other methods
35
36. DEMONSTRATION WITH FAT SOLUBLE
DYES
• Based on the fact that the dyes are more soluble in fat than in
the solvent employed.
• Sudan III (Daddi 1896)
• Oil red O in tri-ethyl phosphate
Oil red O Sudan Black B
Fat -----brilliant red
Nuclei---blue
Unsaturated ester & triglycerides
-----------------blueblack
36
37. LIPIDS
Fats Oil red O, Sudan black
Lipofuschin Sudan black, Autofluroscence
Phospholipids Ferric Haematoxyline
Sphingomyelin Ferric Haematoxyline
Gangliosides PAS
Cerebrosides PAS
Cholesterol (free) Filipin
37
40. OSMIUM TETROXIDE PARAFFIN
PROCEDURE
• PRINCIPLE: osmium tetroxide chemically binds with
the fat to give black colour.
• This is the only method for demonstration of fat on
paraffin sections.
• Fat ------------------------ Black
• Other tissue elements --- According to method used.
40
48. USES
1. For showing ragged red fibres in mitochondria myopathy.
2. For inclusion in rod myopathy – dark red to purple
3. In the evaluation of the type and amount of extracellular
material.
4. Muscular dystrophies.
5. Differentiating muscle from connective tissue.
6. Demonstration of fibrin or young collagen fibres.
48
49. ELASTIC FIBERS
• Verhoeff’s iron hematoxylin as providing the greatest
contrast and orcein is the simplest.
Verhoeff’s iron hematoxylin
(hematoxylin-ferric chloride - iodine
solution )
Orcein
Elastic ---------------- black
Collagen-------------- red
Muscle --------------- yellow
Nuclei ----------------- black
Elastic ------dark brown
Copper associated protein,
elastic fibers,
hepatitis B surface antigen: dark
brown
49
51. MOVAT’S PENTACHROME
STAIN
• Demonstration of mucin, fibrin, elastic fibers, muscle,
and collagen.
• Five different stains.
• Acidic mucosubstances are stained by alcian blue.
• Iron hematoxylin will stain the elastic fibers
• Crocein scarlet and acid fuchsin will stain the muscle,
cell cytoplasm, collagen and ground substances.
51
52. • NUCLEI AND ELASTIC FIBERS.....................…..…...BLACK
• COLLAGEN.......................................................YELLOW
• GROUND SUBSTANCES AND MUCIN.......................BLUE
• FIBRINOID, FIBRIN....................................INTENSE RED
• MUSCLE............................................................RED
52
54. GORDON & SWEET’S METHOD FOR
RETICULIN FIBERS
• 10 ml of 10 % KOH
• 40 ml of 10 % Silver Nitrate
RESULTS:
Reticulin fiber ----- black
Nuclei ------------- gray
Background ------ red
Other tissues ----- according to counter stain
Appearance of reticulin pattern particularly useful in
the following situation.
1. Liver biopsies : bridging nacrosis and massive hepatic
necrosis.
2. Lymph reticular neoplasms
54
56. FIBRIN
• An insoluble fibrillar protein – formed by polymerization of
fibrinogen.
• Commonly seen areas of tissue damage.
RESULTS:
1. H & E ------------------------ pink
2. PTAH ------------------------ blue
3. Masson’s trichrome--------- red
4. MSB-------------------------- red 56
57. PTAH(PHOSPHOTUNGSTIC ACID
HEMATOXYLIN)
• Phosphotungstic acid
• Hematoxylin
• Distilled water
• For the demonstration of cross-striations in skeletal muscles
and fibrin.
RESULTS:
Fibrin, neuroglial fibers ------- blue
Bone, cartilage matrix --------- shades of yellow
Reticulin, elastin ---------------- orange to brownish red
57
62. Stains
Tissue
V.G. MT PTAH PAS RETIC H & E
Collagen
Red Blue
Green
Orange-
red
+ Grey Deep pink
BM Yellow Blue
Green
Orange
+++
+
Grey pink
Reticulin Yellow Blue
Green
Orange-
brown
++
Blac
k
-
Elastic Yellow Orange-
brown
- Pink
Fibrin Yellow Red
Blue
+- Gray Pink
Verho
eff
Red
-
-
BLAC
K
-
62
63. AMYLOID
• It is considerably easier to demonstrate the amyloid on
fresh frozen section than in paraffin section.
• On fresh tissue by treatment with iodine and potassium
iodide. The deposit is stained a nutmeg-brown color, which
changes to blue-violet by treatment with dilute sulphuric
acid.
63
64. H & E Amorphous Pink Missed if small
deposits
Methyl/crystal
violet
Metachromatic
pink
Technically
unsatisfactory.
PAS Pale pink or
negative
No diagnostic
use
Van Gieson
Khaki
Not specific
Pepsin digestion Pale pink if eosin
used
Specific but
difficult.
Congo red
Orange-red Best.
64
67. FEULGEN NUCLEAR REACTION
PRINCIPLE:
• Mild acid hydrolysis using 1M HCl at 60ºC breaks the
purine deoxyribose bond, the resulting ‘exposed’
aldehydes are then demonstrated by Schiff’s reagent.
• Ribose purine bond is unaffected because glycol group of
ribose is substituted by phosphate
RESULTS:
DNA ------------- red purple
Cytoplasm ------ green.
67
70. PERL’S PRUSSIAN BLUE FOR IRON
• Haemosiderin contains iron in the form of ferric hydroxide.
Perl’s reaction
Haemosiderin + HCl Fe+3
ferric ferro cyanide Pottasium Ferro
cyanide
RESULTS:
Ferric iron ------------------------- dark blue
Tissue nuclei ----------------------- red
70
73. HEMOGLOBIN
• The enzyme hemoglobin peroxidase can be demonstrated
by benzididne-nitropruisside method & patent blue method.
• Leuco patent blue V method
• 1% aqueous patent blue V
• Powdered zinc
• Glacial acetic acid
RESULTS:
• Hemoglobin peroxidase ------ emerald to blue green
• Muscle -------------------------- yellow
• Collagen ------------------------ red
73
74. STAINS FOR BILE PIGMENTS
MODIFIED FOUCHET’S TECHNIQUE
PRINCIPLE:
Bile pigment is converted to green colour of biliverdin
and blue cholecyanin by oxidative action of ferric
chloride in presence of trichloracetic acid.
RESULTS:
• Bile pigments ------------ emerald to blue green
• Muscle ------------------- yellow
• Collagen ---------------- red
74
86. STAINS FOR CALCIUM
1. H & E: Osteoid Tissue ---- Pink
Calcified Bone --- Purplish Blue
Nuclei ------------- Blue
2. Alizarin Red S:
Calcium Deposits ------- Orange-red
3. Modified Von Kossa Method
(Silver Nitrate Substitutes Calcium In The Bone)
Results: Mineralised Bone ---------- Black
Osteoid --------------------- Red 86
93. BACTERIA (1-14µM):
1. The Gram Stain
2. Ziehl-neelsen (ZN)
3. Gimenez (For H. Pylori)
4. Levaditi’s Method
FUNGI (2-200µM):
1. Grocott (Hexamine) SM
VIRUSES (20-300µM):
1. Orcein For Hepatitis B Surface Ag
PARASITES:
1. PAS
STAINS FOR ORGANISM
93
94. STAINING OF FUNGI
• H&E: Practically all fungi but in many cases contrast in
tissue not great.
• Gram’s stain: Most fungi, central bodies of capsulated
fungi are strongly positive. Eg: Cryptococcus, blastomyces
• Giemsa stain: Some species of nocardia. Eg: N.
Asteroids, Braciliensis, Club end of Actinomyces.
• Metachromatic stain: Toludine blue. Eg: Bodies of
Cryptococci, Blastomycosis
• Negative stain: India ink preparation. Eg: Capsule of
Cryptococci. 94
95. Mucicarmine ---------- Cryptococci
PAS -------------------- Fungal Capsule
• Gomori’s Silver Methanamine (SM)
Fungal Wall Components + Chromic Acid
Oxidation
Aldehyde Group
AgNO3 Black Metallic Silver
Reduction
Results :- Fungi ------------------ Black
Background----------- Pale Green
RBC ------------------- Yellow
95
97. Staining Methods Application
H & E Morphology
PAS BM, Mesangium
PTAH Fibrin
Congo red Amyloid
Verhoeff’s Elastic fibers
STAINING METHODS FOR RENAL
BIOPSIES.
97
98. Staining Method Application
PAS Glycogen & other
Perls’ Iron
Long ZN Lipofuscin
SBB Fat, Lipofuscin
Reticulin Reticulin network
PTAH Fibrin
Congo red Amyloid
STAINING METHODS FOR LIVER
BIOPSIES
98