This document summarizes the challenges involved in implementing green supply chain management practices in the mining industry. It discusses how mining activities can negatively impact the environment through air, water, and noise pollution as well as ecological damage. The mining industry is under pressure to adopt green practices from stakeholders concerned with sustainability. However, there are many challenges that make implementing green practices difficult for the mining industry. These challenges include resistance to change from employees, a lack of pressure from environmental groups, ignorance of sustainability issues, poor legislation, a lack of training and expertise, and financial constraints. Overcoming these challenges is necessary for the mining industry to improve environmental performance and work towards sustainable development.
Green chemistry, current and future issuesAlfi Nugraha
This document discusses the history and principles of green chemistry. It begins with a brief history of green chemistry, noting that it was first coined in 1991 by Anastas as part of an EPA program. It describes the 12 principles of green chemistry proposed by Anastas and Warner, including prevention of waste, atom economy, safer chemicals/solvents, renewable feedstocks, and catalysis. It then provides examples of implementing these principles through biodiesel production, use of supercritical fluids like CO2 as solvents, and green analytical techniques like accelerated solvent extraction. The overall summary is that green chemistry aims to reduce environmental impact and hazards through principles like prevention of waste, safer chemicals/feedstocks, and catalysis.
Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. It focuses on preventing pollution and reducing consumption through technological approaches rather than regulating emissions. Green chemistry overlaps with all subdisciplines of chemistry but particularly focuses on synthesis, process chemistry, and engineering applications. In 1998, Paul Anastas and John Warner published twelve principles to guide green chemistry, addressing ways to reduce environmental and health impacts through safer design of molecules, materials, products, and processes.
Green chemistry aims to reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous substances in chemical products and processes. It promotes the use of renewable feedstocks, safer solvents and auxiliaries, catalysts over reagents, and design of chemicals that degrade harmlessly after use. The 12 principles of green chemistry provide a framework for designing chemical syntheses and products that are less hazardous to human health and the environment. Green chemistry can help address issues of energy use, global climate change, resource depletion, food supply challenges, and toxic pollution.
Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes to reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. It involves applying innovative scientific solutions to make chemical product manufacturing more environmentally friendly. The goals of green chemistry include reducing waste, hazard risk, energy usage, and costs. It promotes the use of renewable feedstocks, safer solvents and auxiliaries, catalysis, and designing chemical products to be less toxic and more degradable. The 12 principles of green chemistry provide a framework for advancing this approach, such as preventing waste, improving atom economy in chemical processes, and developing safer and more energy efficient chemical synthesis methods.
1. Green chemistry looks at preventing pollution on a molecular scale through more environmentally friendly chemical processes and products that reduce hazardous substances.
2. The concept of green chemistry was formally established 25 years ago by the EPA in response to the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990, though the term was coined in 1991 by Paul Anastas.
3. Green chemistry principles include preventing waste, maximizing atom economy in chemical syntheses, using safer and less hazardous chemicals and solvents, designing for energy efficiency, and using renewable rather than depleting feedstocks.
The document discusses the principles of green chemistry and their applications. It outlines 12 principles of green chemistry including preventing waste, atom economy, less hazardous synthesis, and benign solvents. Examples are given to illustrate each principle such as using selective pesticides instead of broad-spectrum ones, and using carbon dioxide as a non-toxic solvent. The principles aim to reduce use of hazardous substances and design chemical processes and products that are environmentally benign.
This document discusses the basic principles of green chemistry. It summarizes that green chemistry aims to make chemical processes and products more environmentally friendly and sustainable. A combination of factors is making green chemistry increasingly important in both the short and long term. These factors include rising costs of energy and waste processing, limited petroleum resources, and new legislation regulating chemicals. The document provides examples of green chemistry principles and technologies that can be applied throughout a chemical product's lifecycle from raw materials to end of life. It also discusses metrics for quantifying the environmental impact of chemical processes and comparing the greenness of alternative routes.
Green chemistry, current and future issuesAlfi Nugraha
This document discusses the history and principles of green chemistry. It begins with a brief history of green chemistry, noting that it was first coined in 1991 by Anastas as part of an EPA program. It describes the 12 principles of green chemistry proposed by Anastas and Warner, including prevention of waste, atom economy, safer chemicals/solvents, renewable feedstocks, and catalysis. It then provides examples of implementing these principles through biodiesel production, use of supercritical fluids like CO2 as solvents, and green analytical techniques like accelerated solvent extraction. The overall summary is that green chemistry aims to reduce environmental impact and hazards through principles like prevention of waste, safer chemicals/feedstocks, and catalysis.
Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. It focuses on preventing pollution and reducing consumption through technological approaches rather than regulating emissions. Green chemistry overlaps with all subdisciplines of chemistry but particularly focuses on synthesis, process chemistry, and engineering applications. In 1998, Paul Anastas and John Warner published twelve principles to guide green chemistry, addressing ways to reduce environmental and health impacts through safer design of molecules, materials, products, and processes.
Green chemistry aims to reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous substances in chemical products and processes. It promotes the use of renewable feedstocks, safer solvents and auxiliaries, catalysts over reagents, and design of chemicals that degrade harmlessly after use. The 12 principles of green chemistry provide a framework for designing chemical syntheses and products that are less hazardous to human health and the environment. Green chemistry can help address issues of energy use, global climate change, resource depletion, food supply challenges, and toxic pollution.
Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes to reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. It involves applying innovative scientific solutions to make chemical product manufacturing more environmentally friendly. The goals of green chemistry include reducing waste, hazard risk, energy usage, and costs. It promotes the use of renewable feedstocks, safer solvents and auxiliaries, catalysis, and designing chemical products to be less toxic and more degradable. The 12 principles of green chemistry provide a framework for advancing this approach, such as preventing waste, improving atom economy in chemical processes, and developing safer and more energy efficient chemical synthesis methods.
1. Green chemistry looks at preventing pollution on a molecular scale through more environmentally friendly chemical processes and products that reduce hazardous substances.
2. The concept of green chemistry was formally established 25 years ago by the EPA in response to the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990, though the term was coined in 1991 by Paul Anastas.
3. Green chemistry principles include preventing waste, maximizing atom economy in chemical syntheses, using safer and less hazardous chemicals and solvents, designing for energy efficiency, and using renewable rather than depleting feedstocks.
The document discusses the principles of green chemistry and their applications. It outlines 12 principles of green chemistry including preventing waste, atom economy, less hazardous synthesis, and benign solvents. Examples are given to illustrate each principle such as using selective pesticides instead of broad-spectrum ones, and using carbon dioxide as a non-toxic solvent. The principles aim to reduce use of hazardous substances and design chemical processes and products that are environmentally benign.
This document discusses the basic principles of green chemistry. It summarizes that green chemistry aims to make chemical processes and products more environmentally friendly and sustainable. A combination of factors is making green chemistry increasingly important in both the short and long term. These factors include rising costs of energy and waste processing, limited petroleum resources, and new legislation regulating chemicals. The document provides examples of green chemistry principles and technologies that can be applied throughout a chemical product's lifecycle from raw materials to end of life. It also discusses metrics for quantifying the environmental impact of chemical processes and comparing the greenness of alternative routes.
These approaches encompass new synthesis and processes as well as new tools for instructing aspiring chemists how to do the chemistry in a more environmentally benign manner. The pros to industry as well as the environment are all a part of the positive impact that Green Chemistry is having in the chemistry community and in the society in general. It is important that chemists develop novel Green Chemistry options even on an incremental basis. While all the elements of the lifecycle of a new chemical or process may not be environmentally benign, it is nonetheless pivotal to improve those stages where improvements can be made. The next phase of assessment can then focus on the elements of the lifecycle that are still in need of the improvement. Even though a new Green Chemistry methodology does not solve at once every problem allied with the lifecycle of a particular chemical or process, the advances that it does make are nonetheless very key. Green Chemistry that mainly possesses the spirit of sustainable development was booming in the 1990s
Green chemistry aims to reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. It promotes the design of chemical products and processes to be more sustainable and environmentally friendly. The principles of green chemistry include preventing waste, designing safer chemicals and synthesis, and utilizing renewable starting materials like catalysts. Educating students and researchers about green chemistry approaches can help transition industry practices towards more sustainable methods.
Green chemistry seeks to minimize pollution and hazardous waste by designing chemical products and processes. It encourages safer product design, renewable feedstocks, and prevention of waste over treatment. The 12 principles of green chemistry provide a framework for minimizing risk through safer chemicals, renewable resources, energy efficiency, and design for degradation. Examples show how green chemistry has helped reduce pollution from dry cleaning, lead, and firefighting foams.
The document discusses green chemistry and sustainability. It defines a sustainable civilization as one where technologies do not harm the environment or health, renewable resources are used rather than finite ones, and waste is recycled or biodegradable. Green chemistry works toward sustainability by designing chemicals and processes that minimize pollution and waste. It means preventing pollution from the start through efficient, cost-effective designs. Examples show reducing lead pollution and safer dry cleaning. In summary, green chemistry is scientifically sound, cost-effective, and leads to a more sustainable future.
This document provides an overview of green chemistry presented by Jon Jyoti Sahariah. It defines green chemistry and discusses the 12 principles of green chemistry established by Anastas and Warner. These principles guide chemists to design chemical products and processes that reduce risk. The document also discusses green chemistry approaches like using catalysts, renewable resources, and safer solvents. It provides examples of microwave-assisted reactions and ultrasound-mediated reactions as tools of green chemistry that can increase reaction rates and yields.
1. Green chemistry aims to reduce or eliminate hazardous substances in chemical products and processes across their life cycles. This includes design, manufacture, use, and disposal.
2. Key principles of green chemistry include maximizing atom economy in reactions to minimize waste, using safer and more environmentally friendly solvents and catalysts, and designing chemical products and processes to be more energy efficient and to break down harmlessly.
3. Applying green chemistry principles can help make pharmaceutical synthesis safer for human health and the environment by choosing eco-friendly reactants and reaction conditions.
Green chemistry aims to reduce or eliminate hazardous substances in chemical products and processes. It promotes waste prevention over treatment, safer chemicals and solvents, renewable feedstocks, catalysis over stoichiometric reagents, and inherently safer design to prevent accidents. A key principle is atom economy to maximize incorporation of materials into products. Examples show how green chemistry principles can redesign chemical syntheses and processes to be more efficient and environmentally friendly.
This document summarizes green chemistry principles and some examples of their application in pharmaceutical synthesis. It defines green chemistry as reducing waste, hazardous substances, energy usage, and risk through the 12 principles developed by Anastas and Warner. These principles include prevention of waste, safer solvents and auxiliaries, designing for energy efficiency and degradation. It then provides examples of applying these principles to the syntheses of ibuprofen, sildenafil citrate, and pregabalin to make the processes safer and more sustainable.
Green chemistry is the utilization of principles that reduce or eliminate hazardous substances in the design, manufacture, and application of chemical products. It focuses on waste minimization at the source through the use of catalysts instead of reagents, non-toxic reagents, renewable resources, improved atom efficiency, solvent-free or recyclable solvent systems. The goals are to reduce costs, waste, materials, hazards, and energy usage throughout the chemical process.
This document provides an introduction to green chemistry. It defines green chemistry as the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous substances. The history and key principles of green chemistry are discussed. The 12 principles developed by Paul Anastas and John Warner cover concepts like pollution prevention and the use of safer, environmentally benign substances and energy efficient processes. The importance of green chemistry is to prevent waste, design safer chemicals and products, and support a transition to sustainable agriculture.
The document discusses green chemistry and its 12 principles. Green chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry, is focused on designing products and processes that minimize hazardous substances and pollution. It aims to prevent pollution rather than treating it after the fact. The 12 principles of green chemistry were published in 1998 and address ways to reduce environmental and health impacts of chemical production through prevention, use of renewable materials, catalysis, safer solvents and design for energy efficiency and degradation. The document then discusses various green chemistry reactions and techniques including solvent-free reactions, the Michael reaction, use of water, ionic liquids and ultrasound in chemical synthesis.
Green Chemistry is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products .
Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. It involves applying principles across the life cycle of a chemical, including its design, manufacture, and use. The key principles are to prevent waste, design chemical syntheses to be less hazardous to human health and the environment, and design chemicals to perform their desired function while minimizing toxicity. Overall, green chemistry aims to reduce negative environmental impacts through safer, more efficient chemical products and processes.
Green chemistry is a philosophy that encourages designing chemical products and processes to minimize hazardous substances and environmental impact. It aims to reduce risks to human health and eliminate pollution. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry developed in 1991 provide a framework, including preventing waste, designing safer chemicals that break down easily, and using renewable, non-toxic resources whenever possible. Examples include medicines with fewer side effects, biodegradable plastics, and low-VOC paints.
This document discusses green chemistry principles and provides examples of their application. It defines green chemistry as utilizing principles that reduce hazardous substances in chemical product design, manufacture, and application. The document outlines the goals of green chemistry as reducing waste, materials, hazards, risks, energy and costs. It then discusses the key principles of green chemistry, including prevention of waste, atom economy, minimizing hazardous products, designing safer chemicals, and safer solvents and auxiliaries. Examples are provided to illustrate the first two principles of preventing waste and improving atom economy in the synthesis of acetanilide from aniline.
Green chemistry aims to reduce pollution and the use of hazardous substances in chemical processes. It involves designing chemicals and processes to be more efficient and reduce waste. The 12 principles of green chemistry provide a framework for designing safer and more sustainable chemistry. Examples of applying green chemistry principles include using catalysts instead of reagents, safer solvents and feedstocks from renewable resources. Green chemistry can help address issues from pollution to resource depletion and is important in fields like pharmaceutical industry to develop safer medicines and processes.
This presentation introduces green chemistry and its 12 principles. Green chemistry is focused on designing chemical products and processes that minimize pollution and waste. Its goals are to make chemicals safer for human and environmental health. The 12 principles provide a framework for practicing green chemistry, such as preventing waste, using renewable starting materials, designing for energy efficiency, and developing inherently safer processes to prevent accidents. Overall, green chemistry aims to reduce waste, hazardous materials, risk and costs while transforming the chemical industry into a more sustainable enterprise.
Assessing sustainable development in the mining industry in ghana a question...Alexander Decker
The document discusses guidelines for assessing sustainable development in the mining industry in Ghana from a corporate perspective. It examines how sustainable development applies to mining companies themselves and what steps mines must take to improve sustainability. Specifically, mines can contribute to sustainable development through improved planning, implementation of environmental management tools and cleaner technologies, extending social responsibility to stakeholders, forming sustainability partnerships, and improving training. The document provides details on environmental and socioeconomic agendas for mines and recommendations for improved sustainability.
The document discusses the theoretical framework of eco-industrial parks and sustainable industrial development. It explains that while industry can increase prosperity, uncontrolled industrial development can degrade the environment. Sustainable development seeks to balance economic, environmental, and social needs both now and for future generations. For industry to be sustainable, it must be economically viable, environmentally compatible, and socially responsible. Eco-industrial parks provide a model for sustainable industrial development by creating synergies between companies that allow for resource sharing and industrial symbiosis to reduce environmental impacts.
These approaches encompass new synthesis and processes as well as new tools for instructing aspiring chemists how to do the chemistry in a more environmentally benign manner. The pros to industry as well as the environment are all a part of the positive impact that Green Chemistry is having in the chemistry community and in the society in general. It is important that chemists develop novel Green Chemistry options even on an incremental basis. While all the elements of the lifecycle of a new chemical or process may not be environmentally benign, it is nonetheless pivotal to improve those stages where improvements can be made. The next phase of assessment can then focus on the elements of the lifecycle that are still in need of the improvement. Even though a new Green Chemistry methodology does not solve at once every problem allied with the lifecycle of a particular chemical or process, the advances that it does make are nonetheless very key. Green Chemistry that mainly possesses the spirit of sustainable development was booming in the 1990s
Green chemistry aims to reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. It promotes the design of chemical products and processes to be more sustainable and environmentally friendly. The principles of green chemistry include preventing waste, designing safer chemicals and synthesis, and utilizing renewable starting materials like catalysts. Educating students and researchers about green chemistry approaches can help transition industry practices towards more sustainable methods.
Green chemistry seeks to minimize pollution and hazardous waste by designing chemical products and processes. It encourages safer product design, renewable feedstocks, and prevention of waste over treatment. The 12 principles of green chemistry provide a framework for minimizing risk through safer chemicals, renewable resources, energy efficiency, and design for degradation. Examples show how green chemistry has helped reduce pollution from dry cleaning, lead, and firefighting foams.
The document discusses green chemistry and sustainability. It defines a sustainable civilization as one where technologies do not harm the environment or health, renewable resources are used rather than finite ones, and waste is recycled or biodegradable. Green chemistry works toward sustainability by designing chemicals and processes that minimize pollution and waste. It means preventing pollution from the start through efficient, cost-effective designs. Examples show reducing lead pollution and safer dry cleaning. In summary, green chemistry is scientifically sound, cost-effective, and leads to a more sustainable future.
This document provides an overview of green chemistry presented by Jon Jyoti Sahariah. It defines green chemistry and discusses the 12 principles of green chemistry established by Anastas and Warner. These principles guide chemists to design chemical products and processes that reduce risk. The document also discusses green chemistry approaches like using catalysts, renewable resources, and safer solvents. It provides examples of microwave-assisted reactions and ultrasound-mediated reactions as tools of green chemistry that can increase reaction rates and yields.
1. Green chemistry aims to reduce or eliminate hazardous substances in chemical products and processes across their life cycles. This includes design, manufacture, use, and disposal.
2. Key principles of green chemistry include maximizing atom economy in reactions to minimize waste, using safer and more environmentally friendly solvents and catalysts, and designing chemical products and processes to be more energy efficient and to break down harmlessly.
3. Applying green chemistry principles can help make pharmaceutical synthesis safer for human health and the environment by choosing eco-friendly reactants and reaction conditions.
Green chemistry aims to reduce or eliminate hazardous substances in chemical products and processes. It promotes waste prevention over treatment, safer chemicals and solvents, renewable feedstocks, catalysis over stoichiometric reagents, and inherently safer design to prevent accidents. A key principle is atom economy to maximize incorporation of materials into products. Examples show how green chemistry principles can redesign chemical syntheses and processes to be more efficient and environmentally friendly.
This document summarizes green chemistry principles and some examples of their application in pharmaceutical synthesis. It defines green chemistry as reducing waste, hazardous substances, energy usage, and risk through the 12 principles developed by Anastas and Warner. These principles include prevention of waste, safer solvents and auxiliaries, designing for energy efficiency and degradation. It then provides examples of applying these principles to the syntheses of ibuprofen, sildenafil citrate, and pregabalin to make the processes safer and more sustainable.
Green chemistry is the utilization of principles that reduce or eliminate hazardous substances in the design, manufacture, and application of chemical products. It focuses on waste minimization at the source through the use of catalysts instead of reagents, non-toxic reagents, renewable resources, improved atom efficiency, solvent-free or recyclable solvent systems. The goals are to reduce costs, waste, materials, hazards, and energy usage throughout the chemical process.
This document provides an introduction to green chemistry. It defines green chemistry as the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous substances. The history and key principles of green chemistry are discussed. The 12 principles developed by Paul Anastas and John Warner cover concepts like pollution prevention and the use of safer, environmentally benign substances and energy efficient processes. The importance of green chemistry is to prevent waste, design safer chemicals and products, and support a transition to sustainable agriculture.
The document discusses green chemistry and its 12 principles. Green chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry, is focused on designing products and processes that minimize hazardous substances and pollution. It aims to prevent pollution rather than treating it after the fact. The 12 principles of green chemistry were published in 1998 and address ways to reduce environmental and health impacts of chemical production through prevention, use of renewable materials, catalysis, safer solvents and design for energy efficiency and degradation. The document then discusses various green chemistry reactions and techniques including solvent-free reactions, the Michael reaction, use of water, ionic liquids and ultrasound in chemical synthesis.
Green Chemistry is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products .
Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. It involves applying principles across the life cycle of a chemical, including its design, manufacture, and use. The key principles are to prevent waste, design chemical syntheses to be less hazardous to human health and the environment, and design chemicals to perform their desired function while minimizing toxicity. Overall, green chemistry aims to reduce negative environmental impacts through safer, more efficient chemical products and processes.
Green chemistry is a philosophy that encourages designing chemical products and processes to minimize hazardous substances and environmental impact. It aims to reduce risks to human health and eliminate pollution. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry developed in 1991 provide a framework, including preventing waste, designing safer chemicals that break down easily, and using renewable, non-toxic resources whenever possible. Examples include medicines with fewer side effects, biodegradable plastics, and low-VOC paints.
This document discusses green chemistry principles and provides examples of their application. It defines green chemistry as utilizing principles that reduce hazardous substances in chemical product design, manufacture, and application. The document outlines the goals of green chemistry as reducing waste, materials, hazards, risks, energy and costs. It then discusses the key principles of green chemistry, including prevention of waste, atom economy, minimizing hazardous products, designing safer chemicals, and safer solvents and auxiliaries. Examples are provided to illustrate the first two principles of preventing waste and improving atom economy in the synthesis of acetanilide from aniline.
Green chemistry aims to reduce pollution and the use of hazardous substances in chemical processes. It involves designing chemicals and processes to be more efficient and reduce waste. The 12 principles of green chemistry provide a framework for designing safer and more sustainable chemistry. Examples of applying green chemistry principles include using catalysts instead of reagents, safer solvents and feedstocks from renewable resources. Green chemistry can help address issues from pollution to resource depletion and is important in fields like pharmaceutical industry to develop safer medicines and processes.
This presentation introduces green chemistry and its 12 principles. Green chemistry is focused on designing chemical products and processes that minimize pollution and waste. Its goals are to make chemicals safer for human and environmental health. The 12 principles provide a framework for practicing green chemistry, such as preventing waste, using renewable starting materials, designing for energy efficiency, and developing inherently safer processes to prevent accidents. Overall, green chemistry aims to reduce waste, hazardous materials, risk and costs while transforming the chemical industry into a more sustainable enterprise.
Assessing sustainable development in the mining industry in ghana a question...Alexander Decker
The document discusses guidelines for assessing sustainable development in the mining industry in Ghana from a corporate perspective. It examines how sustainable development applies to mining companies themselves and what steps mines must take to improve sustainability. Specifically, mines can contribute to sustainable development through improved planning, implementation of environmental management tools and cleaner technologies, extending social responsibility to stakeholders, forming sustainability partnerships, and improving training. The document provides details on environmental and socioeconomic agendas for mines and recommendations for improved sustainability.
The document discusses the theoretical framework of eco-industrial parks and sustainable industrial development. It explains that while industry can increase prosperity, uncontrolled industrial development can degrade the environment. Sustainable development seeks to balance economic, environmental, and social needs both now and for future generations. For industry to be sustainable, it must be economically viable, environmentally compatible, and socially responsible. Eco-industrial parks provide a model for sustainable industrial development by creating synergies between companies that allow for resource sharing and industrial symbiosis to reduce environmental impacts.
Innovation and Sustainable Development: The Question of Energy EfficiencyIOSR Journals
This document discusses the relationship between innovation and energy efficiency as it relates to sustainable development. It begins by defining key concepts like sustainable development, renewable energy, and energy efficiency. It then examines how technological innovation and the use of renewable energy can help foster sustainable development by reducing environmental impacts and promoting socioeconomic development. Specifically, it explores how renewable energy and energy efficiency in agriculture can contribute to the environmental, social and economic dimensions of sustainability in Tunisia.
This document is a paper titled "Sustainable development in India: Governance, Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility" written by Arbaaz khan and Suhail khan, students at Al-Barkaat Institute of Management Studies in Aligarh, India. The paper discusses sustainable development in India with a focus on governance, ethics, and corporate social responsibility. It provides background on sustainable development and examines issues like business ethics, corporate social responsibility, and how sustainable development can be achieved through responsible governance and industry practices.
The document discusses the relationship between the environment and sustainable economic development. It defines environment and explains how it is interdependent with development. Sustainable development is defined as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. While economic growth benefits standards of living, it has also degraded ecosystems. Maintaining balance requires policy interventions like promoting cleaner technologies, efficient resource use, and international cooperation. Development and environment impact each other, so sustainable development is needed.
This document discusses green and sustainable manufacturing and eco-innovation. It begins with an introduction to green manufacturing and its relationship to sustainable manufacturing and eco-innovation. It then discusses the drivers and barriers of green manufacturing, as well as green supply chain management. The document also covers the impact of green and sustainable manufacturing on the environment, economy, and society. It provides examples of case studies implementing green and sustainable manufacturing practices. Overall, the document analyzes how green and sustainable manufacturing techniques and eco-innovation can positively influence environmental, economic, and social prospects.
This document discusses green and sustainable manufacturing and eco-innovation. It begins with an introduction to green manufacturing and its relationship to sustainable manufacturing and eco-innovation. It then discusses the drivers and barriers of green manufacturing, as well as green supply chain management. The document also covers the types and impacts of eco-innovation, and provides examples of case studies on implementing green and sustainable manufacturing practices. Overall, the document analyzes how green manufacturing, sustainable practices, and eco-innovation can positively impact the environment, economy and society.
This document discusses sustainability in the construction sector. It begins by defining sustainability and its three pillars - environmental, economic, and social. It then discusses sustainability at various scales from global to local. Sustainable development strategies aim to balance these three pillars through principles like respecting environmental limits and improving quality of life. The construction sector has significant environmental impacts through resource use and pollution, but can also support economic and social sustainability through jobs and infrastructure. Sustainable construction approaches like green building aim to minimize these environmental impacts over the full building lifecycle from construction to demolition.
Integrating Environmental Accounting in Agro-Allied and Manufacturing Indust...IJMER
ONLY WHEN THE LAST TREE IS CUT, ONLY WHEN THE LAST RIVER IS POLLUTED, ONLY WHEN THE LAST FISH IS CAUGHT, ONLY THEN WILL THEY REALIZE THAT YOU CANNOT EAT MONEY’ American proverb
Due to growing awareness and concern on the impact of human activity on the ecosystem, there is an
increasing trend to judge organizations in relation to the community in which it operates. The impact of the activities on the environment with regard to pollution of water, air, land and abuse of natural resources are coming under scrutiny of governments, stakeholders and citizens. Education is considered the key to effective development strategies and TVET institutions then must be the master
key that can alleviate poverty, promote peace, conserve the environment, improve the quality of life
for all and help achieve sustainable development. Unless proper accounting work is done, it cannot be determined that both have been fulfilling their responsibilities. The aim of the study was to explore whether distinctive processes of environmental accounting are possible in agro-allied and
manufacturing industries with a view to enhancing sustainability. To accomplish this aim, this research explores environmental accountability practices in TVET institutions. This paper is in part of an exploratory research project and it is limited in that it attempts to be illuminative and theoretically driven. The paper aims to prove that environmental reporting and disclosure will
enable in agro-allied and manufacturing industries undertake a major transformation that includes
approaches that harmonize economic prosperity, environmental conservation and social well-being.
However, while strategies for achieving this goal are not widespread, a range of international experiences is beginning to suggest ways forward. These initiatives include national TVET policy reforms, green campus, green curriculum, green community, green research and green culture. The paper includes suggested templates that can be useful in agro-allied and manufacturing industries
Sustaining human societies: Economics,Evnironment,Education Ratnesh Kanungo
The document discusses the concepts of sustainability from ecological, economic, political, and cultural perspectives. It defines sustainability as ensuring biological systems remain diverse and productive indefinitely. Sustainable development aims to meet human development goals while maintaining natural systems. This involves balancing social, political, and economic needs with environmental protection. The document also discusses how urban and transportation systems can be designed or improved to be more sustainable. Education is highlighted as a key part of developing a more sustainable society.
Integrating Environmental Accounting in Agro-Allied and Manufacturing Industr...IJMER
‘ONLY WHEN THE LAST TREE IS CUT, ONLY WHEN THE LAST RIVER IS
POLLUTED, ONLY WHEN THE LAST FISH IS CAUGHT, ONLY THEN WILL THEY REALIZE
THAT YOU CANNOT EAT MONEY’ American proverb
Due to growing awareness and concern on the impact of human activity on the ecosystem, there is an
increasing trend to judge organizations in relation to the community in which it operates. The
impact of the activities on the environment with regard to pollution of water, air, land and abuse of
natural resources are coming under scrutiny of governments, stakeholders and citizens. Education is
considered the key to effective development strategies and TVET institutions then must be the master
key that can alleviate poverty, promote peace, conserve the environment, improve the quality of life
for all and help achieve sustainable development. Unless proper accounting work is done, it cannot
be determined that both have been fulfilling their responsibilities. The aim of the study was to explore
whether distinctive processes of environmental accounting are possible in agro-allied and
manufacturing industries with a view to enhancing sustainability. To accomplish this aim, this
research explores environmental accountability practices in TVET institutions. This paper is in part
of an exploratory research project and it is limited in that it attempts to be illuminative and
theoretically driven. The paper aims to prove that environmental reporting and disclosure will
enable in agro-allied and manufacturing industries undertake a major transformation that includes
approaches that harmonize economic prosperity, environmental conservation and social well-being.
However, while strategies for achieving this goal are not widespread, a range of international
experiences is beginning to suggest ways forward. These initiatives include national TVET policy
reforms, green campus, green curriculum, green community, green research and green culture. The
paper includes suggested templates that can be useful in agro-allied and manufacturing industries
ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH VALUE CHAINijmvsc
This document summarizes a research paper on achieving sustainable development through value chain analysis. It discusses how value chain analysis can help identify sources of competitive advantage across a company's activities and linkages. These sources may include organizational learning, knowledge management, human resources, intellectual capital, supplier integration, and total quality management. Properly managing linkages within and across a company's value chain and those of its suppliers and customers can create synergies, share resources, and lead to mutual gains - thus contributing to the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development.
This document proposes a methodology to assess sustainable development in the context of green technology adoption. It analyzes indicators from the Sustainable Development Goals Index for 20 countries, focusing on environmental goals. It calculates an Averaging Sustainable Development Index and Normalized Sustainable Development Index for each country. Russia had the highest ASDI relative to its SDGI, indicating a positive trend in green tech. However, most developing countries showed unfavorable conditions for green tech adoption as their NSDI increasingly differed from their SDGI. The methodology aims to identify gaps between index values to contribute to assessing potential for green technology development.
6. Establishing priorities is an issue that local governments strugg.pdfezzi552
6. Below is the trial balance for Logan, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 201X Prepare a
multiple-step income statement in good form (proper format). (Check: Net income is greater than
$40,000. (6 points)
Solution
PARTICULARS Sub Amount Amount Sales $ 320,000.00 Sales Discount $ (6,000.00)
Sales Returns $ (16,500.00) Net Sales $ 297,500.00 Cost of Goods Sold $ 180,000.00
Gross Profit $ 117,500.00 Operating Expenses Selling Expenses $ 42,000.00 General
Expenses $ 19,800.00 $ 61,800.00 Non Operating Expenses Interest Cost $ 600.00
Net Profit $ 55,100.00.
FOR CS PROFESSIONAL, CA, CMA
Sustainable Development
• Role of Business in Sustainable Development
• Sustainability Terminologies
• Corporate Sustainability
• Corporate Sustainability and Corporate Social Responsibility
• KYOSEI & TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE (TBL)
• One of the fundamental characteristics of a corporate is perpetuity. In the eyes of law, it is treated as a separate legal entity which can hold assets and bear liabilities, can sue and be sued.
• The word sustainable is derived from sustain or sustained. The synonyms of the word sustained as per the Collins Thesaurus include perpetual, prolonged, steady.
• Sustainable development is a broad, concept that balances the need for economic growth with environmental protection and social equity.
• WCED recognized that the achievement of sustainable development could not be simply left to government regulators and policy makers. It recognized that industry has a significant role to play.
• Four fundamental Principle of Sustainable Development- Principle of Intergenerational equity; Principle of sustainable use; Principle of equitable use or intergenerational equity; Principle of integration.
• Corporate Sustainability is a business approach that creates long-term shareholder value by embracing opportunities and managing risks deriving from economic, environmental and social developments. corporate sustainability describes business practices built around social and environmental considerations • Key drivers need to be garnered to ensure sustainability - Internal Capacity Building strength; Social impact assessment; Repositioning capability; Corporate sustainability.
• Kyosei philosophy reflects a confluence of social, environmental, technological and political solutions. It works in five stages-- First is economic survival of the company. Second is cooperating with labour. Third is cooperating outside the company. Fourth is global activism, and fifth is making the government/s a Kyosei partner
• In 1999 Elkington developed the concept of the Triple Bottom Line which proposed that business goals were inseparable from the societies and environments within which they operate.
• The emergence of corporate responsibility, from being a niche interest of environmentalist and pressure groups to one public. Concern, has in part, stemmed from the realization that corporate governance and social and environmental performance are important elements of sustained financial profitability.
C:\Documents And Settings\Prashant1\My Documents\Study Material\Publication\P...Prashant Mehta
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Role of green issues of mining supply chain on
1. International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, Vol. 2, No. 6, December 2011
Role of Green Issues of Mining Supply Chain on
Sustainable Development
K. Muduli and A. Barve
including some nongovernmental organizations, are drawing
international attention to environmental incidents and in
several sites local communities protest against and impede or
even shut down mines [3].
These issues coupled with issues like energy crisis, rising
prices of oil have forced managers to think about sustainable
development as their stakeholders, (customers, regulatory
bodies, non-governmental organizations, and even their own
employees) are increasingly demanding that organisations to
address and manage the environmental and social issues
which are impacted by their operations [4]. With the
increasing environmental costs and growing consumer
pressure for greener-products organisations are forced to
search alternatives for sustainable development of their
supply chains. Sustainable development has become a
wide-ranging term which has its applications in almost every
sector. This burning issue is setting guide lines for healthy
living, doing business, generating products, extracting raw
materials, recycling and reusing materials and reducing waste
and energy thereby reducing use of virgin materials and
saving them for our future generation.
To secure its continued ‘social licence’ to operate, the
mining industry must respond to various sustainability
challenges it faces by engaging its many different
stakeholders and addressing their sustainability concerns [1].
Whereas economic and social development is in the interest
of the mining industry, the third pillar of sustainable
development, namely environmental protection appears to be
of least importance. To address negative environmental
impacts of their supply chain and gain competitive advantage
almost every sector has been chosen green supply chain
management (GSCM) practices as an important new
innovation that helps organizations develop ‘win- win’
strategies that achieve profit and market share objectives by
lowering their environmental risks and impacts while raising
their ecological efficiency [5], and the mining industry is no
exception. Unlike the traditional environmental management,
the concept of green supply chain assumes full responsibility
of a firm towards its products from the extraction or
acquisition of raw materials up to final use and disposal of
products[6].Green supply chain management refers to
managing all phases of a product’s life cycle, from the
extraction of raw materials through the design, production,
and distribution phases, to the use of the product by
consumers and its disposal at the end of the product’s life
cycle, for greening the entire supply chain[7],[8].
This paper outlines various green issues in mining supply
chains and their impact on attaining sustainable development.
Abstract—All the activities involved in extraction, production
and distribution contribute to environmental concerns.
Traditional supply chains which were only acting as links that
connect organization’s inputs to its outputs have extended their
operations to meet various challenges of lowering costs,
ensuring timely deliveries, reducing adverse environmental
impacts and waste disposal to satisfy regulators, customers and
environmental advocacy societies. The economy is often given
priority in policies and society and environment are neglected
by the extractive industries. However these three factors are
interconnected and balance between these three is essential to
attain sustainable development. This study discusses the role of
Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) to achieve
Sustainable Development, and identified various challenges
faced during greening the mining supply chains.
Index Terms—Challenges to environmental management
program, Green supply chain management, Mining sector,
Sustainable development.
I. INTRODUCTION
Minerals are the basic raw materials which contribute to
the growth of both industrialized and industrializing
countries. Mining industry is an important source of
employment and wealth creation. On the other hand,
extractive operations invariably lead to a variety of environmental impacts, including depletion of non-renewable
resources, disturbance of the landscape and above-average
threats for health and safety of workers and citizens [1].
Mining operations are strategic and essential industrial
activities which rely on the extraction, transportation and use
of non renewable natural resources, causing several relevant
interactions with the environment. Years of unregulated
mining and mineral processing activities have not come
without high environmental costs. Mining and allied
industries are confronted with the challenge of having to
control a wide range of potentially serious environmental
problems such as acid mine drainage (AMD), chronic soil
erosion, tailings contamination, and heavy metals overloading. Many mines face additional complications in the
form of toxic chemical additives such as Mercury, Cyanide,
and surfactants, which are often, used in mineral
concentration processes [2]. Mining disasters with several
casualties occurred in the past have raised the perception in
the public opinion of mining being an high risk activity for
environment, workers and public health. Pressure groups,
Manuscript received October 20, 2011; revised November 29, 2011.
Kamalakanta Muduli is with the School of Mechanical Sciences, Indian
Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, 751013, Odisha, India (e-mail:
kamalakanta@iitbbs.ac.in).
Dr. Akhilesh Barve is with the School of Mechanical Sciences, Indian
Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, 751015, Odisha, India (e-mail:
akhilesh@iitbbs.ac.in).
II. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Traditionally sustainable development concept focuses on
484
2. International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, Vol. 2, No. 6, December 2011
economic issue, but only economic dimension is not
sufficient condition for the overall sustainability of a
corporation. A single-minded focus on economic
sustainability can succeed in the short run. But in the long run
sustainability also requires environment and social view
[9].Sustainability can be achieved by balancing its three
components. Each of these components is discussed below.
A. Economic Perspective
This component mainly focuses on the financial needs.
Generally economic perspective is seen as the most important
one and it is the basic motivation behind any organization. It
can be argued that, without economic success, no supply
chain will exist in long run.
B. Social Perspective
This component of sustainable development, focuses on
the social needs of employees which include equity,
healthcare, employee benefits, education, to name a few.
Every organization has to pay attention to these needs of
employees in order to achieve success. When employees’
needs are not satisfied or not taken care of, the productivity of
their work decreases. This has been explained by Maslow‘s
hierarchy of needs [10], which is employed by most
organizations [11]. As per Maslow‘s theory the higher levels
remain latent until the lower level needs are satisfied [11],
[12].
Fig. 1. Triple Bottom Line(TBL).
Environmental
Social
Economic
C. Environmental Perspective
Environmental perspective component focuses on one of
the most important aspect in today‘s world, Environmental
Hazards. It deals with protecting environment from the
hazards caused by industrialization and other technological
advancements. Humans are so busy focusing on their own
needs and demands that they forget they are depleting
resources and causing damage to the nature. This eventually
will lead to catastrophic effects; a few of them are already
evident like global warming, depletion of Green lands,
degradation of ozone layer and so on [11].
Many authors have attempted to show the interrelationship
between these components and its effect in achieving
sustainability. Triple Bottom line [9], Nested Model [13] and
Triple Bottom Line with 4 facets [14] are some of the
examples.
The model Triple Bottom Line with 4 facets given by
Carter and Rogers [14] demonstrates that fulfilling either one
or two of the components of triple bottom line will not help
achieve sustainability. For Instance integration of
environmental performance with social performance will
make the process a good one, similarly Environmental
performance integrated with Economic performance will
make it better and Economic performance integrated with
Social performance will give similar results, but integration
of all the three components will make the process the best or
Sustainable.
Nested Model given by [13] suggests that economy is a
subset of Society and society is a subset of environment. As
human society depends on environment although in contrast
the environment would continue without society [15]. The
economy depends on society and the environment although
society for many people did and still does (although under
siege) exist without the economy.
Fig. 2. Nested model.
Fig. 3. TBL+ 4 Facets.
However the most well-adopted and most often quoted
definition of sustainability is that of the Brundtland
Commission (World Commission on Environment and
Development, 1987, p. 8): “development that meets the needs
of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their needs” [14]. This implies future
generations have rights over resources and current generation
has a duty to include future generations’ needs in its
decision-making. However Brundtland Commission’s
definition is so far reaching, organizations often find it
difficult to determine their individual roles within this
broader, macro-economic perspective [14], [16]. Research on
wider micro-economic applications of sustainability in the
field of management, operations and engineering brought
forward many conceptualizations of sustainability, focusing
mostly on ecological perspective. However organizational
485
3. International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, Vol. 2, No. 6, December 2011
and sewage effluents, sedimentation of river and other stored
water bodies, leachates from wash-off from dumps, solid
waste disposal sites, broken rocks, cyanide and other toxic
chemicals waste release, salinity from mine fires, acid mine
drainage etc.
definitions of sustainability in the engineering literature have
been more encompassing, and have explicitly incorporated
the social, environmental, and economic dimensions of the
macro-viewpoint by defining organizational sustainability as,
“a wise balance among economic development,
environmental stewardship, and social equity,” [14],[17].
C. Noise and Vibration
A cumulative effect of the mining activities like, drilling,
blasting, crushing and material transportation, produces
huge noise and vibrations in the mining area leading to
hearing loss and many other health related problems and loss
of performance.
III. MINING IN INDIA
Minerals are the basic raw materials which contribute to
the growth of both industrialized and industrializing
countries; judicious utilization of mineral resources promotes
the economic development of a nation and its people. India is
rich with various mineral resources, which include fossil
fuels, ferrous and non-ferrous ores and industrial minerals.
Globally, India ranks among the top five players in terms of
production of several important minerals. Since 1947, India’s
mining industry has shown rapid growth. In the preplan
period prior to 1950, India produced 24 types of minerals
with a total value of US$23 million [18]. Today, it produces
90 minerals, with a projected total value to touch over $30
billion (about Rs. 1, 27,662 crore) accounting for about 2.5%
of the GDP in the next four years [19]. Public sector mines
comprise 91 percent of the nation’s total mineral value, even
though 80 percent of mines are privately owned. By 1996-97,
India had 3,488 mines. Of these, 563 were coal, 654 were
metals and 2,271 were non-metals [18]. The growth in Indian
mining industries due to suitable policy and investment
climate supported by favourable market demand has
intensified the adverse impacts on environment.
D. Impact of Mining on Ecology
As a result of mining, significant areas of land are
degraded and existing ecosystems are replaced by
undesirable wastes. The mineral extraction process
drastically alters the physical and biological nature of a
mined area. Strip-mining, commonly practiced to recover
coal reserves, destroys vegetation, causes extensive soil
damage and destruction and alters microbial communities. In
the process of removing desired mineral material, the original
vegetation is inevitably destroyed and soil is lost or buried by
waste [19].
V. CHALLENGES TO GREEN MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN
MINING INDUSTRIES
Gracefully many possibilities to reduce the environmental
burden of mining activities exist. For example; optimization
of the environmental performance through good
housekeeping and total quality management, appropriate
end-of-pipe techniques, recycling of waste and
non-renewable products, substitution of, or a ban on the use
of environmentally unfriendly products, or by incremental
and more radical technological innovations[20]. However
implementation of these technologies faces lot of challenges.
Following challenges from literature survey and expert
opinion have been identified.
IV. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF MINING
Low investment capacity and poor working conditions,
associated with mining industries enforces use of primitive
extraction techniques and unskilled manpower, which
ultimately leads to wasteful mining, poor mineral recovery,
consumption of more energy, generation of mass mine waste,
seasonal scarcity of ground water, drastic damage to
landscapes, alterations to drainage patterns and a number of
environmental threats including:
A. Resistance to Change and Adoption
Local people object to proposals for increased
mechanization, contending that it would reduce employment
opportunities at resident mines. Because operations are
therefore highly rudimentary, unhealthy, unsafe and
negligent towards environmental degradation prevailing
throughout the area [21]. There is a fear among employees of
getting obsolete by the adoption of new technologies, which
drives them to offer resistance to changes. General resistance
to change is often a barrier to new programs [16]. A chief
barrier seen in implementation of GSCM is the resistance to
change [22], [23] due to human nature
A. Air Pollution
Green house gases like Methane and Carbon Dioxide,
released from mining activities, contribute towards global
warming besides causing health hazards to the exposed
population. Emission of harmful gases like Carbon
Monoxide, Sulphur Dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen cause
severe air pollution and acid rain [19]. Smelter operations
with inadequate safeguard have the potential to pollute the air
with heavy metals, sulphur dioxide and other pollutants.
Besides, dust produced from blasting operation in surface
mines and from movements of heavy vehicle on haul roads
also contribute to air pollution.
B. Insufficient Pressure from Societies
NGOs and environmental advocacy groups forces
companies to seriously think about their environmental
management programs [7]. Indian mining industries lack
direct attacks from such societies. Unless there is a
counterbalance on the conservation side there will be
pressure to adopt measures that seek only short-term gains
[24].
B. Water Quality
Drainage from surface and underground mines,
wastewater from beneficiation and surface run-off are major
sources of water pollution from mining sites. Other potential
sources of water pollution include pollution from domestic
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F. Financial Constraints
Study reveals that environmental management practices
need high levels of funding. Specifically, some companies
spend over 20% of their total revenue in adopting
environmental measures, employee environmental training
and appropriate equipment [34]. Changes to conventional
technologies could make workers and managers obsolete,
and would require investment by companies in training
programs, an added difficulty for a firm with a limited budget
[30]. High staff turnover needs frequent conduction of
training programs increasing the amount of fund
requirements.
C. Ignorance Towards Sustainability Issues
Sustainability and corporate social responsibility are
becoming ever more common as agenda items in boardrooms
across the globe. Corporate social responsibility calls for
sustainable development, which is a framework for
companies and their management to transform their
responsibility for environmental, economical and social
behaviour into business practices [25]. Within industry,
managers have often viewed social responsibility as just that
– a responsibility – which did not necessarily yield financial
rewards [4], [26]. In 2009, out of 1,289 sustainability reports
submitted to Global Reporting Initiative(GRI) from separate
companies only 57 (4.4%) coming from the mining
community[27]. Indian small scale mines particularly the
very small ones, normally do not bother about eco-friendly
operations. They not only destroy inadvertently the
vegetation and the trees, particularly at and near the area of
mining operation, but also do not take any step to regenerate
environmental status or create greeneries [28].
G. Technical Barriers
Small-Scale mine owners of industrializing countries like
India lack the technical or financial capabilities for proper
exploitation, mining development, mineral extraction, or
processing. They also often lack sufficient mechanical
equipment and adequate maintenance facilities which
reduces output per unit input and increases waste production
[21]. Besides Many mines in India are either not aware of
current version of technologies or fail to identify the areas
where these advanced technologies could be utilized. And in
the event that possibilities for the advanced technologies
have been identified, at some of the mines, shortage of
expertise is experienced. Unfortunately, international
standards, which are designed generically and, hence, only
provide general guidance, lend little in the way of methods to
implement practical industry-specific environmental
management practices [2]. Fixed location of the mineralized
zone of interest imposes a constraint on all aspects of mining
development including the method of mining, requirement
for new infrastructure and services, and the suitability of
waste management or, disposal methods [32].
D. Poor Legislation
The Indian mining sector was closed to foreign investors
till 1994, and there after steps were taken to liberalise in order
to attract higher volumes of FDI in this sector. It is alleged
that in the search for new sources of capital labour and raw
materials, TNCs (transnational companies) relocate their
firms where environmental regulations are lax [29]. A
frequently changing regulatory climate of India, obstructs
long-term environmental plans, and discourages a mine from
implementing greener management practices. For smaller
mines, which already have limited resources, from a business
management and economics standpoint, rather than wasting
time, energy, capital, and resources to re-establish proactive
corporate environmental "position", it makes more sense to
simply operate in line with the standard set by the
environmental legislation, and to change operations only
when necessary[30]. Corruption and a lack of political will
also play its role in non-performance of these and related
pollution control measures [31]. Enforcement is a key
drawback with regulatory arrangements in the sector. It is
better enforcement, rather than more regulations that can
begin to remedy the ills plagauing the sector today [32].
H. Lack of Top Management Commitment
The extent of environmental management and investments
mostly rely on the attitude of the top management towards the
environmental issues [35].Top management in most of the
mining companies is less concerned over environmental
issues and reluctant to allocate adequate financial,
technological and human resources to implement the green
management practices. There is also an inevitable amount of
hesitancy by top management towards implementation of
green management practices as it involves huge amount of
documentation work and a serious non-compliance
uncovered during environmental auditing process might lead
to social outcry or, even legal action[36].
E. Lack of Direct Incentives
In the minerals industry, regulatory costs cannot be passed
on to consumers because international metal prices are
determined in terminal auction markets and cannot be
controlled by the producers. The policy of requiring firms to
reduce pollution at source, which necessarily involves
changing their production technology and organization,
overlooks the possibility that firms might already be
searching for new ways to improve metal recovery, reagent
use, energy efficiency, water conservation, and so on as part
of their corporate strategies to increase competitiveness[33].
ISO standards are increasingly proving to be an integral
marketing tool in the manufacturing sector because of
escalated demands for green consumerism , The management
of a mining company, on the other hand, is largely
unconcerned with ISO certification of sites because it does
not provide anywhere near the competitive edge[2].
I. Lack of Employee Commitment
Employee’s commitment to change programs is crucial
given that they actually execute implementation activities
[37]. Mining companies do not have proper performance
evaluation system, they also do not have proper rewarding
scheme for the employees to motivate them to be held
responsible for protecting the environment. The roles,
responsibilities and authority of the staff are neither properly
defined nor communicated to all organizational members
which is important in obtaining commitment of the
workforce for successfully carrying any business activities
and the same is also a prerequisite for green supply chain
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5. International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, Vol. 2, No. 6, December 2011
cost has been explained by many researchers. Environmental
awareness programs and trainings, a part of GSCM practices,
are keys to preventing costly environmental accidents.
Integrating various Green supply chain activities into its
operations , a mining operation puts itself in a better position
to anticipate problems with waste, avoid unnecessary cleanup
costs and regulatory fines, reduce its discharges of toxic
effluent, avoid tailings pond spills and leaks, and minimize
usage of raw materials[2]. For mines, such a shift can play a
pivotal role in improving relations with regulatory bodies,
community groups, and other external stakeholder parties,
which often demand a strong corporate commitment to
environmental issues. Interestingly, there is evidence that
courts, regulatory agencies, enforcement groups,
municipalities, lending institutions, and financial groups
view activity that responds to EMS conformance
requirements as an indication of diligence [2].
In the social segment, the industry is seeking to meet
challenges regarding worker and community safety, poor
working conditions and associated accidents coupled with
various occupational health hazards, which are the causes of
poor quality of work force, shortage of work force and
reduced productivity. GSCM practices emphasizes on
reduction of harmful gaseous emissions, reduction in waste
generation and safe disposal of waste produced leading to
reduction of environmental pollution and reduction of
associated health hazards thus improving employee morale
and productivity.
In other words by following GSCM practices mining
companies are able to attract investors, reduce regulative
fines and penalties and reduce wastage which in turn
increases economic benefits. Similarly due to reduction in
environmental degradation, environmental accidents and
healthier working environment, GSCM practices help mining
companies to obtain license to operate easily.
management[25]. This leads to confusion among staffs
regarding their responsibilities and poor motivation towards
environmental protection practices
J. Lack of Awareness
Poor awareness regarding environment among the
politicians, citizens, and bureaucracy is compounded by the
low levels of literacy and the poor mass media concern [24].
Regulators at all levels are severely limited by lack of
adequate and usuable information as also clarity and
definition on several aspects pertaining to mining operations.
This creates the necessary gaps for illegal operations to
function and flourish unchecked [32]. Another serious
problem in this regard is the veil of secrecy maintained by the
Government departments and the general non-availability of
information on environmentally sensitive issues [31].
Workers and trade union leaders are generally not aware of
occupational health problems. Managements also are
unaware of opportunities for cost savings in the areas of
waste reduction or elimination of pollution, energy efficiency
and prevention and mitigation of accidents.
K. Inappropriate Approach to Implementation
Many enterprises mistakenly begin implementation
immediately following an initial environmental diagnosis
without critically reviewing objectives and policies [38]. Top
management often ignores refining pertinent environmental
objectives and actions, and conduction of multiple
environmental
reviews
before
implementing
the
environmental management practices. Indian mining sectors
lack effective monitoring system, whose primary purpose is
to assess the mine’s actual environmental performance
against the stated environmental policies, objectives and
targets. Administrative delays, apathy and inadequate
personnel training and lack of inter-departmental
co-ordination during implementation prevent environmental
protection and improvement. Short term focus is another
contributing factor in failing to achieve the desired
environmental culture [36].
VII. CONCLUSION
VI. DISCUSSION
Sustainable development of supply chains stretches the
concept of traditional supply chain management to look at
optimizing operations from a broader perspective, the entire
production system and postproduction stewardship as
opposed to just the production of a specific product. In doing
so, the focus on environmental management and operations is
moved from local optimization of environmental factors to
consideration of the entire supply chain during the extraction,
production, consumption, customer service and post-disposal
disposition activities [39], which is in accordance with the
philosophy of Green Supply Chain Management.
It is claimed that the way of operation of mining industries
are not meant for long-term economic sustainability. Due to
irresponsible operations in social and environmental segment,
mining industries are losing trust in their organization and
damaging their reputations and ultimately fail to attract
investors which harm their investment potential. Relationship
between environmental management and reduced corporate
488
Economic perspective is the basic motivation for any
organization. Every organization wants to generate more and
more profit. Consideration of only economic perspective may
give good results in short run but for long run balance
between Economic, Social and Environmental perspective is
needed which will lead to sustainable development. This
study identifies various challenges to the implementation of
green management practices in Indian mining industries.
Identification of potential barriers can help a manager
develop strategies to minimize the impact of those barriers,
which in turn will improve social and economic performance
of the organisation leading to sustainable development. The
barriers that have been identified and discussed earlier can
help managers evaluate the degree to which these barriers are
present in their organization. Furthermore, it is reasonable to
consider that all barriers may not be equally applicable to
each and every organization. Managers may also review the
barrier that may be appropriate to their organization so that
they can pay more attention to this as compared to others on
the list. At present mines in India confronted by these barriers
remain heavy polluters, or, at best, stagnant in terms of
environmental performance. Regional governments must
6. International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, Vol. 2, No. 6, December 2011
play an expanded role in disseminating valuable information
and technology to mines. Governments has also an important
role to play in providing training opportunities and in
ensuring that safety and health regulations are appropriate
and are observed.
[24]
[25]
[26]
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Kamalakanta Muduli, received his bachelor degree
in Mechanical Engineering in 2000, and Master
degree in Industrial Engineering in 2006, from India.
He is currently doing PhD in Indian Institute of
Technology, Bhubaneswar, in the area of Green
Supply Chain Management. He has. presented and
published his research work locally and
internationally. He has over eight years of teaching
experience.
Dr. Akhilesh Barve, received his M.Tech degree in
Industrial Engineering from Indian Institute of
Technology Delhi and PhD degree in Supply Chain
from Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India. He
is currently working as Assistant Professor in Indian
Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
His are of interest includes Supply Chain Management,
Green Supply Chains, Quality Control, Operations
Management. He has presented and published many
papers in international conferences and journals. He is also a reviewer for a
number of international journals.