Green chemistry aims to reduce or eliminate hazardous substances in chemical products and processes. It promotes waste prevention over treatment, safer chemicals and solvents, renewable feedstocks, catalysis over stoichiometric reagents, and inherently safer design to prevent accidents. A key principle is atom economy to maximize incorporation of materials into products. Examples show how green chemistry principles can redesign chemical syntheses and processes to be more efficient and environmentally friendly.

1. Green Chemistry: An Overview
Part-I
What is Green Chemistry?
Principles of Green Chemistry?
Why Green Chemistry ?
Aspects of Green chemistry.
Initiatives by SIAL Team.
Conclusion.

2. What is green chemistry ?
DEFINITION
Green Chemistry is the utilisation of a set of principles
that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of
hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and
application of chemical product
GREEN CHEMISTRY IS ABOUT
• Waste Minimisation at Source
• Use of Catalysts in place of Reagents
• Using Non-Toxic Reagents
• Use of Renewable Resources
• Improved Atom Efficiency
• Use of Solvent Free or Recyclable Environmentally Benign Solvent
system
Green Chemistry Theory & Practice, P T Anastas & J C Warner, Oxford University Press 1998

3. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry (1-6)
1. Prevention
It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it has been
created.
2. Atom Economy
Synthetic methods should be designed to maximise the incorporation of all
materials used in the process into the final product.
3. Less Hazardous Chemical Synthesis
Wherever practicable, synthetic methods should be designed to use and
generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to people or the
environment.
4. Designing Safer Chemicals
Chemical products should be designed to effect their desired function while
minimising their toxicity.
5. Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries
The use of auxiliary substances (e.g., solvents or separation agents) should be
made unnecessary whenever possible and innocuous when used.
6. Design for Energy Efficiency
Energy requirements of chemical processes should be recognised for their
environmental and economic impacts and should be minimised. If possible,
synthetic methods should be conducted at ambient temperature and pressure.

4. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry (7-12)
7.Use of Renewable Feedstock
A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting whenever
technically and economically practicable.
8.Reduce Derivatives
Unnecessary derivatization (use of blocking groups, protection/ deprotection, temporary
modification of physical/chemical processes) should be minimized or avoided if possible,
because such steps require additional reagents and can generate waste.
9.Catalysis
Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents.
10.Design for Degradation
Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they break
down into innocuous degradation products and do not persist in the environment.
11.Real-time analysis for Pollution Prevention
Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for real-time, in-process
monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances.
12.Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention
Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be chosen to
minimize the potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions, and fires.

5. Waste and The Chemical
Industry
Where does the waste come from?
Industry Segment TONNAGE E factor
Oil Refining 106 - 108 <0.1
Bulk Chemicals 104 - 106 1-5
Fine Chemicals 102 - 104 5 - 50
Pharmaceuticals 10 - 103 25 - 100+
• Areas traditionally thought of as being dirty (oil refining & bulk chemical production)
are relatively clean - they need to be since margins per Kg are low.
• Newer industries with higher profit margins and employing more complex chemistry
produce much more waste relatively.
E factors (kg waste per kg product)
R A Sheldon J Chem Tech Biotechnol 1997 68
381

6. Why green Chemistry ?

7. Green Chemistry Is About...
Waste
Materials
Hazard
Risk
Energy
Environmental
Impact
COST

8. Pollution Prevention Hierarchy
Prevention & Reduction
Recycling & Reuse
Treatment
Disposal

9. Some Aspects of Green Chemistry
Safer Reactions Catalysis
& Reagents
Solvent
Replacement
Separation
Processes
Green Use of
Chemistry Renewable
Energy Feedstocks
Efficiency Waste
Process Minimisation
Intensification

10. Bhopal Tragedy - A Lesson in
Inherent Safe Design
CH3NH2 + COCl2 CH3NCO OH
Union Carbide India, Limited (UCIL)
OCONHCH3
PROCESS
OH CH3NH2
OCOCl
+ COCl2
ALTERNATIVE ROUTE

11. Green chemistry Encounters during Process R&D
Old Process:- 2-Methylbenzofuran

12. New Improved Process
New Method for production of dihydrobenzofuran in single step procedure:-
The reaction of a variety of 2-ally phenols with iodine in water produced the corresponding 2-
iodomethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran in the absence of any additives or organic solvents.

13. Am-Ex-OL
NH2 O Cl
O
Pyridine/ KOH,EtOH N
O NMP N
H O NH
NH2 RT NH2 Reflux
MW= 136.2 O
MW= 240.3
MW= 222.2
N PCl5,POCl3 N
NH N
90-100'C
O Cl
DIOxane
MW= 222.2
MW= 240.7

14. A Greener way to Am-Ex-OL
NH2 O
O N
NaHSO3
NH2 DMAc/DMF NH
MW= 136.2 O
MW= 222.2

15. The Learning Points:
The Principles of Green Chemistry can be applied to the
whole of chemistry
Think laterally - try the green alternative
Consider waste, toxicity & energy as well as yield & purity
‘Sell’ to industry on economic and environmental grounds
KISS
Green chemistry Not a solution to all
environmental problems But the most
fundamental approach to preventing
pollution.