This document discusses the history and principles of green chemistry. It begins with a brief history of green chemistry, noting that it was first coined in 1991 by Anastas as part of an EPA program. It describes the 12 principles of green chemistry proposed by Anastas and Warner, including prevention of waste, atom economy, safer chemicals/solvents, renewable feedstocks, and catalysis. It then provides examples of implementing these principles through biodiesel production, use of supercritical fluids like CO2 as solvents, and green analytical techniques like accelerated solvent extraction. The overall summary is that green chemistry aims to reduce environmental impact and hazards through principles like prevention of waste, safer chemicals/feedstocks, and catalysis.
Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. It focuses on preventing pollution and reducing consumption through technological approaches rather than regulating emissions. Green chemistry overlaps with all subdisciplines of chemistry but particularly focuses on synthesis, process chemistry, and engineering applications. In 1998, Paul Anastas and John Warner published twelve principles to guide green chemistry, addressing ways to reduce environmental and health impacts through safer design of molecules, materials, products, and processes.
This document provides an overview of green chemistry presented by Jon Jyoti Sahariah. It defines green chemistry and discusses the 12 principles of green chemistry established by Anastas and Warner. These principles guide chemists to design chemical products and processes that reduce risk. The document also discusses green chemistry approaches like using catalysts, renewable resources, and safer solvents. It provides examples of microwave-assisted reactions and ultrasound-mediated reactions as tools of green chemistry that can increase reaction rates and yields.
This document discusses the basic principles of green chemistry. It summarizes that green chemistry aims to make chemical processes and products more environmentally friendly and sustainable. A combination of factors is making green chemistry increasingly important in both the short and long term. These factors include rising costs of energy and waste processing, limited petroleum resources, and new legislation regulating chemicals. The document provides examples of green chemistry principles and technologies that can be applied throughout a chemical product's lifecycle from raw materials to end of life. It also discusses metrics for quantifying the environmental impact of chemical processes and comparing the greenness of alternative routes.
1. Green chemistry looks at preventing pollution on a molecular scale through more environmentally friendly chemical processes and products that reduce hazardous substances.
2. The concept of green chemistry was formally established 25 years ago by the EPA in response to the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990, though the term was coined in 1991 by Paul Anastas.
3. Green chemistry principles include preventing waste, maximizing atom economy in chemical syntheses, using safer and less hazardous chemicals and solvents, designing for energy efficiency, and using renewable rather than depleting feedstocks.
The document discusses green chemistry and its 12 principles. Green chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry, is focused on designing products and processes that minimize hazardous substances and pollution. It aims to prevent pollution rather than treating it after the fact. The 12 principles of green chemistry were published in 1998 and address ways to reduce environmental and health impacts of chemical production through prevention, use of renewable materials, catalysis, safer solvents and design for energy efficiency and degradation. The document then discusses various green chemistry reactions and techniques including solvent-free reactions, the Michael reaction, use of water, ionic liquids and ultrasound in chemical synthesis.
what green chemistry is, which principles guide it and what are it's benefits this slide provide a brief description on economical, health and environmental benefits of green chem.
Green chemistry is a philosophy that encourages designing chemical products and processes to minimize hazardous substances and environmental impact. It aims to reduce risks to human health and eliminate pollution. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry developed in 1991 provide a framework, including preventing waste, designing safer chemicals that break down easily, and using renewable, non-toxic resources whenever possible. Examples include medicines with fewer side effects, biodegradable plastics, and low-VOC paints.
Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. It focuses on preventing pollution and reducing consumption through technological approaches rather than regulating emissions. Green chemistry overlaps with all subdisciplines of chemistry but particularly focuses on synthesis, process chemistry, and engineering applications. In 1998, Paul Anastas and John Warner published twelve principles to guide green chemistry, addressing ways to reduce environmental and health impacts through safer design of molecules, materials, products, and processes.
This document provides an overview of green chemistry presented by Jon Jyoti Sahariah. It defines green chemistry and discusses the 12 principles of green chemistry established by Anastas and Warner. These principles guide chemists to design chemical products and processes that reduce risk. The document also discusses green chemistry approaches like using catalysts, renewable resources, and safer solvents. It provides examples of microwave-assisted reactions and ultrasound-mediated reactions as tools of green chemistry that can increase reaction rates and yields.
This document discusses the basic principles of green chemistry. It summarizes that green chemistry aims to make chemical processes and products more environmentally friendly and sustainable. A combination of factors is making green chemistry increasingly important in both the short and long term. These factors include rising costs of energy and waste processing, limited petroleum resources, and new legislation regulating chemicals. The document provides examples of green chemistry principles and technologies that can be applied throughout a chemical product's lifecycle from raw materials to end of life. It also discusses metrics for quantifying the environmental impact of chemical processes and comparing the greenness of alternative routes.
1. Green chemistry looks at preventing pollution on a molecular scale through more environmentally friendly chemical processes and products that reduce hazardous substances.
2. The concept of green chemistry was formally established 25 years ago by the EPA in response to the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990, though the term was coined in 1991 by Paul Anastas.
3. Green chemistry principles include preventing waste, maximizing atom economy in chemical syntheses, using safer and less hazardous chemicals and solvents, designing for energy efficiency, and using renewable rather than depleting feedstocks.
The document discusses green chemistry and its 12 principles. Green chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry, is focused on designing products and processes that minimize hazardous substances and pollution. It aims to prevent pollution rather than treating it after the fact. The 12 principles of green chemistry were published in 1998 and address ways to reduce environmental and health impacts of chemical production through prevention, use of renewable materials, catalysis, safer solvents and design for energy efficiency and degradation. The document then discusses various green chemistry reactions and techniques including solvent-free reactions, the Michael reaction, use of water, ionic liquids and ultrasound in chemical synthesis.
what green chemistry is, which principles guide it and what are it's benefits this slide provide a brief description on economical, health and environmental benefits of green chem.
Green chemistry is a philosophy that encourages designing chemical products and processes to minimize hazardous substances and environmental impact. It aims to reduce risks to human health and eliminate pollution. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry developed in 1991 provide a framework, including preventing waste, designing safer chemicals that break down easily, and using renewable, non-toxic resources whenever possible. Examples include medicines with fewer side effects, biodegradable plastics, and low-VOC paints.
Green Chemistry is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products .
This document summarizes green chemistry principles and some examples of their application in pharmaceutical synthesis. It defines green chemistry as reducing waste, hazardous substances, energy usage, and risk through the 12 principles developed by Anastas and Warner. These principles include prevention of waste, safer solvents and auxiliaries, designing for energy efficiency and degradation. It then provides examples of applying these principles to the syntheses of ibuprofen, sildenafil citrate, and pregabalin to make the processes safer and more sustainable.
Green chemistry principles and application on aspirin synthesis mennaqansouh
This document describes an experiment on the greener synthesis of aspirin using microwave irradiation. Students synthesize aspirin using various catalysts under microwave conditions and analyze the results in terms of reaction time, yield, and purity. The experiment allows students to compare traditional heating to microwave heating and determine that synthesizing aspirin without a catalyst via microwave irradiation in a solvent-free approach provides the best atom economy, yield, and reaction conditions based on green chemistry principles.
Role of Green Issues of Mining Supply Chain on Sustainable Developmentirwan zulkifli
Semua kegiatan yang terlibat dalam dunia industri berkontribusi terhadap masalah lingkungan. Mereka membuat lingkungan sekitar menjadi hancur dengan aktifitas penebangan kayu dihutan secara liar dan ilegal, membuang limbah-limbah pabrik mereka ke lingkungan dalam bentuk gas, cair, ataupun padat. Mereka tidak pernah memperhatikan lingkungan sekitar mereka bekerja, tidak ada usaha untuk melestarikan lingkungan dengan cara memanam kembali pohon-pohon yang sedah ditebang, dan berusaha untuk tidak membuang limbah mereka kelingkungan seperti mendaur ulang sampah-sampah limbah mereka. Perekonomian sering diberikan prioritas dalam kebijakan dan masyarakat dan lingkungan diabaikan oleh industri ekstraktif. Dengan adanya IPTEK maka manusia berfikir bagaimana caraanya untuk memberikan kontribusi yang baik untuk lingkungan. Salah satunya adalah membuat limbah-limbah sampah pabrik menjadi bermanfaaf bagi lingkungan dan masyarat, serta sampah limbah tersebut menjadi bernilai ekonomis.
Green chemistry is the utilization of principles that reduce or eliminate hazardous substances in the design, manufacture, and application of chemical products. It focuses on waste minimization at the source through the use of catalysts instead of reagents, non-toxic reagents, renewable resources, improved atom efficiency, solvent-free or recyclable solvent systems. The goals are to reduce costs, waste, materials, hazards, and energy usage throughout the chemical process.
This document discusses the 12 principles of green chemistry. It provides definitions of green chemistry as designing chemical products and processes that reduce hazardous substances. The 12 principles are described which focus on preventing waste, maximizing atom economy in reactions, using less hazardous syntheses, designing safer chemicals, using safer solvents and auxiliaries, conducting reactions efficiently, using renewable feedstocks, reducing unnecessary derivatization, using catalysis, designing chemicals for degradation, enabling real-time analysis, and inherently safer chemistry. Examples are given to illustrate principles like designing safer antifoulants, solvent substitution, and renewable polymers and platform chemicals from biomass.
Green chemistry aims to reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous substances in chemical products and processes. It seeks to design chemical syntheses and products that are less polluting and more environmentally friendly. The principles of green chemistry encourage using safer solvents and auxiliaries like water, switching to renewable feedstocks when possible, improving energy efficiency in chemical processes, and avoiding unnecessary derivatization steps. Adopting these principles can help create chemical products and processes that are less wasteful and reduce pollution at its source.
This document provides an overview of green chemistry, including its history, definition, 12 key principles, and recent trends. Green chemistry aims to reduce the environmental impact of chemical processes and products. It focuses on preventing waste and pollution by designing safer chemicals, synthetic methods, and products that degrade after use. The principles emphasize increasing energy efficiency, using renewable feedstocks, real-time analysis, and catalysis to minimize hazards and waste. Recent areas of focus include biocatalysts, degradable polymers, and carbon dioxide utilization. While green chemistry research in India is still developing, it is important for sustainable industrialization.
1. Green chemistry aims to reduce or eliminate hazardous substances in chemical products and processes across their life cycles. This includes design, manufacture, use, and disposal.
2. Key principles of green chemistry include maximizing atom economy in reactions to minimize waste, using safer and more environmentally friendly solvents and catalysts, and designing chemical products and processes to be more energy efficient and to break down harmlessly.
3. Applying green chemistry principles can help make pharmaceutical synthesis safer for human health and the environment by choosing eco-friendly reactants and reaction conditions.
The document discusses the principles of green chemistry. It outlines 12 principles for making chemical processes more environmentally friendly, such as preventing waste, designing safer chemicals, developing renewable and biodegradable products, and using catalysis to improve atom economy. The principles guide the design of sustainable chemicals and processes to benefit the environment and economy.
This presentation introduces green chemistry and its 12 principles. Green chemistry is focused on designing chemical products and processes that minimize pollution and waste. Its goals are to make chemicals safer for human and environmental health. The 12 principles provide a framework for practicing green chemistry, such as preventing waste, using renewable starting materials, designing for energy efficiency, and developing inherently safer processes to prevent accidents. Overall, green chemistry aims to reduce waste, hazardous materials, risk and costs while transforming the chemical industry into a more sustainable enterprise.
The document outlines 12 principles of green chemistry across 7 key areas:
1. Use of recycled or renewable materials and resources to prevent waste and depletion.
2. Use of harmless reagents and catalysts to make chemical processes safer and reduce toxicity.
3. Utilization of natural processes that are biodegradable and energy efficient.
4. Exploration of alternative solvents like water and supercritical CO2 to replace harmful organic solvents.
5. Design of chemical compounds and processes to increase safety and eliminate hazardous byproducts.
6. Development of alternative reaction conditions using catalysts, microwaves or electromagnetic waves to make reactions faster and more efficient.
7. Minim
The document discusses green chemistry and sustainability. It defines a sustainable civilization as one where technologies do not harm the environment or health, renewable resources are used rather than finite ones, and waste is recycled or biodegradable. Green chemistry works toward sustainability by designing chemicals and processes that minimize pollution and waste. It means preventing pollution from the start through efficient, cost-effective designs. Examples show reducing lead pollution and safer dry cleaning. In summary, green chemistry is scientifically sound, cost-effective, and leads to a more sustainable future.
Green Chemistry is important because chemical developments can create new environmental problems and side effects. It provides a fundamental approach to preventing
The document discusses green chemistry and its importance for sustainability. It defines green chemistry as the design of chemical products and processes to reduce use and generation of hazardous substances. The principles of green chemistry are described, including preventing waste, safer chemicals and products, and renewable feedstocks. Examples are given of more environmentally friendly routes for chemical reactions compared to traditional methods. The document emphasizes that green chemistry education is key to promoting more sustainable development. In conclusion, it is noted that green chemistry aims to prevent pollution and sustain the Earth.
These approaches encompass new synthesis and processes as well as new tools for instructing aspiring chemists how to do the chemistry in a more environmentally benign manner. The pros to industry as well as the environment are all a part of the positive impact that Green Chemistry is having in the chemistry community and in the society in general. It is important that chemists develop novel Green Chemistry options even on an incremental basis. While all the elements of the lifecycle of a new chemical or process may not be environmentally benign, it is nonetheless pivotal to improve those stages where improvements can be made. The next phase of assessment can then focus on the elements of the lifecycle that are still in need of the improvement. Even though a new Green Chemistry methodology does not solve at once every problem allied with the lifecycle of a particular chemical or process, the advances that it does make are nonetheless very key. Green Chemistry that mainly possesses the spirit of sustainable development was booming in the 1990s
Green chemistry aims to reduce hazardous substances in chemical products and processes. It utilizes 12 principles like prevention of waste, safer solvents and catalysts. The document discusses green synthesis of ibuprofen, adipic acid and maleic anhydride with higher yields, fewer steps and lower energy usage compared to older methods. Recent green reactions highlighted include enantioselective Michael addition in water, oxidation of sulfides with hydrogen peroxide, transformation of alcohols to acids/ketones using t-BuOOH, and borono-Mannich reactions under microwave irradiation without solvents. Green chemistry provides fundamental approaches to pollution prevention.
This document discusses green chemistry principles and provides examples of their application. It defines green chemistry as utilizing principles that reduce hazardous substances in chemical product design, manufacture, and application. The document outlines the goals of green chemistry as reducing waste, materials, hazards, risks, energy and costs. It then discusses the key principles of green chemistry, including prevention of waste, atom economy, minimizing hazardous products, designing safer chemicals, and safer solvents and auxiliaries. Examples are provided to illustrate the first two principles of preventing waste and improving atom economy in the synthesis of acetanilide from aniline.
Application and scope of atom economy green chemistryAhmadUmair14
This document discusses principles of atom economy and green chemistry, including maximizing incorporation of materials into products, designing chemical products and processes to be less toxic and minimize waste. It provides examples of applying these principles in organic synthesis reactions and developing renewable biomass and biocatalysts as more sustainable alternatives to petroleum feedstocks. Transition metal catalyzed reactions are highlighted as being both selective and having high atom economy for forming compounds of biological interest.
This document provides an introduction to green chemistry. It defines green chemistry as the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous substances. The history and key principles of green chemistry are discussed. The 12 principles developed by Paul Anastas and John Warner cover concepts like pollution prevention and the use of safer, environmentally benign substances and energy efficient processes. The importance of green chemistry is to prevent waste, design safer chemicals and products, and support a transition to sustainable agriculture.
Green chemistry is an area of chemistry focused on designing chemical products and processes that minimize environmental impact and hazardous waste. It aims to prevent pollution at the molecular level through principles like maximizing atom economy in reactions and using renewable, non-toxic reagents. The field emerged in the 1990s in response to problems of chemical pollution and depletion, and seeks to promote sustainability through innovative chemical engineering approaches. Adoption of green chemistry helps protect nature and reduce use of precious resources.
Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances. Green chemistry applies across the life cycle of a chemical product, including its design, manufacture, use, and ultimate disposal
Green Chemistry is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products .
This document summarizes green chemistry principles and some examples of their application in pharmaceutical synthesis. It defines green chemistry as reducing waste, hazardous substances, energy usage, and risk through the 12 principles developed by Anastas and Warner. These principles include prevention of waste, safer solvents and auxiliaries, designing for energy efficiency and degradation. It then provides examples of applying these principles to the syntheses of ibuprofen, sildenafil citrate, and pregabalin to make the processes safer and more sustainable.
Green chemistry principles and application on aspirin synthesis mennaqansouh
This document describes an experiment on the greener synthesis of aspirin using microwave irradiation. Students synthesize aspirin using various catalysts under microwave conditions and analyze the results in terms of reaction time, yield, and purity. The experiment allows students to compare traditional heating to microwave heating and determine that synthesizing aspirin without a catalyst via microwave irradiation in a solvent-free approach provides the best atom economy, yield, and reaction conditions based on green chemistry principles.
Role of Green Issues of Mining Supply Chain on Sustainable Developmentirwan zulkifli
Semua kegiatan yang terlibat dalam dunia industri berkontribusi terhadap masalah lingkungan. Mereka membuat lingkungan sekitar menjadi hancur dengan aktifitas penebangan kayu dihutan secara liar dan ilegal, membuang limbah-limbah pabrik mereka ke lingkungan dalam bentuk gas, cair, ataupun padat. Mereka tidak pernah memperhatikan lingkungan sekitar mereka bekerja, tidak ada usaha untuk melestarikan lingkungan dengan cara memanam kembali pohon-pohon yang sedah ditebang, dan berusaha untuk tidak membuang limbah mereka kelingkungan seperti mendaur ulang sampah-sampah limbah mereka. Perekonomian sering diberikan prioritas dalam kebijakan dan masyarakat dan lingkungan diabaikan oleh industri ekstraktif. Dengan adanya IPTEK maka manusia berfikir bagaimana caraanya untuk memberikan kontribusi yang baik untuk lingkungan. Salah satunya adalah membuat limbah-limbah sampah pabrik menjadi bermanfaaf bagi lingkungan dan masyarat, serta sampah limbah tersebut menjadi bernilai ekonomis.
Green chemistry is the utilization of principles that reduce or eliminate hazardous substances in the design, manufacture, and application of chemical products. It focuses on waste minimization at the source through the use of catalysts instead of reagents, non-toxic reagents, renewable resources, improved atom efficiency, solvent-free or recyclable solvent systems. The goals are to reduce costs, waste, materials, hazards, and energy usage throughout the chemical process.
This document discusses the 12 principles of green chemistry. It provides definitions of green chemistry as designing chemical products and processes that reduce hazardous substances. The 12 principles are described which focus on preventing waste, maximizing atom economy in reactions, using less hazardous syntheses, designing safer chemicals, using safer solvents and auxiliaries, conducting reactions efficiently, using renewable feedstocks, reducing unnecessary derivatization, using catalysis, designing chemicals for degradation, enabling real-time analysis, and inherently safer chemistry. Examples are given to illustrate principles like designing safer antifoulants, solvent substitution, and renewable polymers and platform chemicals from biomass.
Green chemistry aims to reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous substances in chemical products and processes. It seeks to design chemical syntheses and products that are less polluting and more environmentally friendly. The principles of green chemistry encourage using safer solvents and auxiliaries like water, switching to renewable feedstocks when possible, improving energy efficiency in chemical processes, and avoiding unnecessary derivatization steps. Adopting these principles can help create chemical products and processes that are less wasteful and reduce pollution at its source.
This document provides an overview of green chemistry, including its history, definition, 12 key principles, and recent trends. Green chemistry aims to reduce the environmental impact of chemical processes and products. It focuses on preventing waste and pollution by designing safer chemicals, synthetic methods, and products that degrade after use. The principles emphasize increasing energy efficiency, using renewable feedstocks, real-time analysis, and catalysis to minimize hazards and waste. Recent areas of focus include biocatalysts, degradable polymers, and carbon dioxide utilization. While green chemistry research in India is still developing, it is important for sustainable industrialization.
1. Green chemistry aims to reduce or eliminate hazardous substances in chemical products and processes across their life cycles. This includes design, manufacture, use, and disposal.
2. Key principles of green chemistry include maximizing atom economy in reactions to minimize waste, using safer and more environmentally friendly solvents and catalysts, and designing chemical products and processes to be more energy efficient and to break down harmlessly.
3. Applying green chemistry principles can help make pharmaceutical synthesis safer for human health and the environment by choosing eco-friendly reactants and reaction conditions.
The document discusses the principles of green chemistry. It outlines 12 principles for making chemical processes more environmentally friendly, such as preventing waste, designing safer chemicals, developing renewable and biodegradable products, and using catalysis to improve atom economy. The principles guide the design of sustainable chemicals and processes to benefit the environment and economy.
This presentation introduces green chemistry and its 12 principles. Green chemistry is focused on designing chemical products and processes that minimize pollution and waste. Its goals are to make chemicals safer for human and environmental health. The 12 principles provide a framework for practicing green chemistry, such as preventing waste, using renewable starting materials, designing for energy efficiency, and developing inherently safer processes to prevent accidents. Overall, green chemistry aims to reduce waste, hazardous materials, risk and costs while transforming the chemical industry into a more sustainable enterprise.
The document outlines 12 principles of green chemistry across 7 key areas:
1. Use of recycled or renewable materials and resources to prevent waste and depletion.
2. Use of harmless reagents and catalysts to make chemical processes safer and reduce toxicity.
3. Utilization of natural processes that are biodegradable and energy efficient.
4. Exploration of alternative solvents like water and supercritical CO2 to replace harmful organic solvents.
5. Design of chemical compounds and processes to increase safety and eliminate hazardous byproducts.
6. Development of alternative reaction conditions using catalysts, microwaves or electromagnetic waves to make reactions faster and more efficient.
7. Minim
The document discusses green chemistry and sustainability. It defines a sustainable civilization as one where technologies do not harm the environment or health, renewable resources are used rather than finite ones, and waste is recycled or biodegradable. Green chemistry works toward sustainability by designing chemicals and processes that minimize pollution and waste. It means preventing pollution from the start through efficient, cost-effective designs. Examples show reducing lead pollution and safer dry cleaning. In summary, green chemistry is scientifically sound, cost-effective, and leads to a more sustainable future.
Green Chemistry is important because chemical developments can create new environmental problems and side effects. It provides a fundamental approach to preventing
The document discusses green chemistry and its importance for sustainability. It defines green chemistry as the design of chemical products and processes to reduce use and generation of hazardous substances. The principles of green chemistry are described, including preventing waste, safer chemicals and products, and renewable feedstocks. Examples are given of more environmentally friendly routes for chemical reactions compared to traditional methods. The document emphasizes that green chemistry education is key to promoting more sustainable development. In conclusion, it is noted that green chemistry aims to prevent pollution and sustain the Earth.
These approaches encompass new synthesis and processes as well as new tools for instructing aspiring chemists how to do the chemistry in a more environmentally benign manner. The pros to industry as well as the environment are all a part of the positive impact that Green Chemistry is having in the chemistry community and in the society in general. It is important that chemists develop novel Green Chemistry options even on an incremental basis. While all the elements of the lifecycle of a new chemical or process may not be environmentally benign, it is nonetheless pivotal to improve those stages where improvements can be made. The next phase of assessment can then focus on the elements of the lifecycle that are still in need of the improvement. Even though a new Green Chemistry methodology does not solve at once every problem allied with the lifecycle of a particular chemical or process, the advances that it does make are nonetheless very key. Green Chemistry that mainly possesses the spirit of sustainable development was booming in the 1990s
Green chemistry aims to reduce hazardous substances in chemical products and processes. It utilizes 12 principles like prevention of waste, safer solvents and catalysts. The document discusses green synthesis of ibuprofen, adipic acid and maleic anhydride with higher yields, fewer steps and lower energy usage compared to older methods. Recent green reactions highlighted include enantioselective Michael addition in water, oxidation of sulfides with hydrogen peroxide, transformation of alcohols to acids/ketones using t-BuOOH, and borono-Mannich reactions under microwave irradiation without solvents. Green chemistry provides fundamental approaches to pollution prevention.
This document discusses green chemistry principles and provides examples of their application. It defines green chemistry as utilizing principles that reduce hazardous substances in chemical product design, manufacture, and application. The document outlines the goals of green chemistry as reducing waste, materials, hazards, risks, energy and costs. It then discusses the key principles of green chemistry, including prevention of waste, atom economy, minimizing hazardous products, designing safer chemicals, and safer solvents and auxiliaries. Examples are provided to illustrate the first two principles of preventing waste and improving atom economy in the synthesis of acetanilide from aniline.
Application and scope of atom economy green chemistryAhmadUmair14
This document discusses principles of atom economy and green chemistry, including maximizing incorporation of materials into products, designing chemical products and processes to be less toxic and minimize waste. It provides examples of applying these principles in organic synthesis reactions and developing renewable biomass and biocatalysts as more sustainable alternatives to petroleum feedstocks. Transition metal catalyzed reactions are highlighted as being both selective and having high atom economy for forming compounds of biological interest.
This document provides an introduction to green chemistry. It defines green chemistry as the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous substances. The history and key principles of green chemistry are discussed. The 12 principles developed by Paul Anastas and John Warner cover concepts like pollution prevention and the use of safer, environmentally benign substances and energy efficient processes. The importance of green chemistry is to prevent waste, design safer chemicals and products, and support a transition to sustainable agriculture.
Green chemistry is an area of chemistry focused on designing chemical products and processes that minimize environmental impact and hazardous waste. It aims to prevent pollution at the molecular level through principles like maximizing atom economy in reactions and using renewable, non-toxic reagents. The field emerged in the 1990s in response to problems of chemical pollution and depletion, and seeks to promote sustainability through innovative chemical engineering approaches. Adoption of green chemistry helps protect nature and reduce use of precious resources.
Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances. Green chemistry applies across the life cycle of a chemical product, including its design, manufacture, use, and ultimate disposal
Green chemistry aims to reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous substances in chemical products and processes. It utilizes principles like waste minimization, use of catalysts instead of reagents, renewable resources, and atom efficiency. Green chemistry is important because conventional chemistry can produce unintended environmental side effects. It seeks to prevent pollution at the molecular scale through safer design of chemicals and processes. The 12 principles of green chemistry provide a framework for developing more sustainable chemistry.
The document discusses green chemistry and microwave assisted reactions. It provides 12 principles of green chemistry including waste prevention, atom economy, safer solvents and auxiliaries, energy efficiency, and use of renewable feedstocks. Examples are given such as using carbon dioxide as a blowing agent instead of ozone-depleting chemicals. Microwave assisted reactions are also discussed, noting their benefits like higher yields, less energy usage, and faster reactions compared to conventional heating. The heating mechanism in microwave reactions involves dipolar polarization and conduction.
green_chemistry and waste minimisation at source.pptRashmiSanghi1
Green chemistry aims to reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous substances in chemical products and processes. It utilizes principles like waste minimization, use of catalysts instead of reagents, renewable resources, and improved atom efficiency. The goals are to reduce costs, waste, hazards, risks and energy usage while protecting the environment.
Green chemistry aims to reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous substances in chemical products and processes. It utilizes principles like waste minimization, use of catalysts instead of reagents, renewable resources, and improved atom efficiency. The goals are to reduce costs, waste, hazards, risks and energy usage while protecting the environment.
Synthesis of green energy sources and renewable energy consumptionSouvikJana39
Green chemistry aims to reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous substances in chemical products and processes. It utilizes principles like waste minimization, use of catalysts instead of reagents, renewable resources, and improved atom efficiency. The goals are to reduce costs, waste, hazards, risks and energy usage while protecting the environment.
It's a power packed presentation which can be used to win prizes and rewards for benefits of nature .It deals about the use of green chemistry,what is the use of green chemistry.The green chemistry is the base of future which enables us to switch from the harmful,toxic bases such as plastic to other nature enhancement promoting substance use.
1) Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous substances. It encourages more economical and environmentally friendly techniques.
2) There are 12 principles of green chemistry developed by Anastas and Warner to guide reducing environmental impacts, including preventing waste generation, designing safer chemicals and solvents, using renewable feedstocks, and catalysis.
3) Various metrics have been developed to quantify the environmental performance of chemical processes, like carbon efficiency, atom economy, and environmental factor, though developing universally applicable metrics remains challenging.
The document discusses the principles of green chemistry and their applications. It outlines 12 principles of green chemistry including preventing waste, atom economy, less hazardous synthesis, and benign solvents. Examples are given to illustrate each principle such as using selective pesticides instead of broad-spectrum ones, and using carbon dioxide as a non-toxic solvent. The principles aim to reduce use of hazardous substances and design chemical processes and products that are environmentally benign.
Green chemistry seeks to minimize pollution and hazardous waste by designing chemical products and processes. It encourages safer product design, renewable feedstocks, and prevention of waste over treatment. The 12 principles of green chemistry provide a framework for minimizing risk through safer chemicals, renewable resources, energy efficiency, and design for degradation. Examples show how green chemistry has helped reduce pollution from dry cleaning, lead, and firefighting foams.
Green chemistry is chemistry for the environment, including the production and use of less hazardous substances. Green chemistry is a creating new methods of thinking and creating, environmentally.
A Focus amp Review on the Advancement of Green Chemistry.pdfLinda Garcia
The document summarizes recent advancements in green chemistry. It discusses key principles of green chemistry including reducing waste and use of renewable starting materials. Specific examples of green chemistry methods are provided, such as using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent or supercritical carbon dioxide as a solvent. The document also reviews recent applications of green chemistry in organic synthesis, including catalyst systems and atom efficient reactions. In summary, the document provides an overview of green chemistry principles and highlights recent progress in the field.
Green chemistry – The Chemical Industries' Way To Go GreenTariq Tauheed
At a time when everyone seems to be concerned about the environment, how exactly would the chemical industries play their part? A sneak peek into the fundamentals of how the chemical industries can adapt, and/or restructure.
We need the earth, the
Green Chemistry and its Role for Sustainability discusses the principles and importance of green chemistry. It defines green chemistry as the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances. The document outlines several key principles of green chemistry including waste minimization, use of catalysts instead of reagents, safer solvents and auxiliaries, energy efficiency, and use of renewable feedstocks. Examples are provided of green chemistry approaches to reduce the environmental impact of chemical processes and products.
Green Chemistry and its Role for Sustainability discusses the principles and importance of green chemistry. It defines green chemistry as the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances. The document outlines several key principles of green chemistry including waste minimization, use of catalysts instead of reagents, safer solvents and auxiliaries, energy efficiency, and use of renewable feedstocks. Examples of green chemistry approaches are provided for processes like production of allyl alcohol and styrene.
Presentation.pptx. Green Chemistry and principal of green ChemistryHajira Mahmood
A complete and comprehensive approach towards green chemistry & its applications. it plays significance role to sustain user friendly environment by reducing waste and enhance energy efficiency & atom economy. It leads less hazardous chemicals that are easy to discard.
With mounting concerns over the state of our planet, there is continuing demand that chemists
and chemical engineers should develop greener chemical processes and products. In the 1990s, with the
growing awareness of the hazardous impacts of the chemical industry, the green chemistry revolution was
launched by American chemists Paul T. Anastas and John Warner. Green chemistry is the kind of chemistry that
seeks to minimize pollution, conserve energy, and promote environmentally friendly production. This paper
provides a brief introduction to green chemistry.
With mounting concerns over the state of our planet, there is continuing demand that chemists
and chemical engineers should develop greener chemical processes and products. In the 1990s, with the
growing awareness of the hazardous impacts of the chemical industry, the green chemistry revolution was
launched by American chemists Paul T. Anastas and John Warner. Green chemistry is the kind of chemistry that
seeks to minimize pollution, conserve energy, and promote environmentally friendly production. This paper
provides a brief introduction to green chemistry
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20240609 QFM020 Irresponsible AI Reading List May 2024
Green chemistry, current and future issues
1. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies Vol. 14, No 4 (2005), 389-395
Review
Green Chemistry — Current and Future Issues
W. Wardencki*, J. Cury³o, J. Namieœnik
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdañsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12 ,
80-952 Gdañsk-Wrzeszcz; Poland
Received: May 5, 2004
Accepted: December 10, 2004
Abstract
The beginning of green chemistry is frequently considered as a response to the need to reduce the
damage of the environment by man-made materials and the processes used to produce them. A quick view
of green chemistry issues in the past decade demonstrates many methodologies that protect human health
and the environment in an economically beneficial manner. This article presents selected examples of the
implementation of green chemistry principles in everyday life in industry, the laboratory and in education. A brief history of green chemistry and future challenges are also mentioned.
Keywords: green chemistry, green analytical chemistry, clean chemistry, atom economy, sustainable
development.
History
The term green chemistry was first used in 1991 by P.
T. Anastas in a special program launched by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to implement sustainable development in chemistry and chemical technology by
industry, academia and government. In 1995 the annual US
Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge was announced.
Similar awards were soon established in European countries. In 1996 the Working Party on Green Chemistry was
created, acting within the framework of International Union
of Applied and Pure Chemistry. One year later, the Green
Chemistry Institute (GCI) was formed with chapters in 20
countries to facilitate contact between governmental agencies and industrial corporations with universities and research institutes to design and implement new technologies. The first conference highlighting green chemistry was
held in Washington in 1997. Since that time other similar
scientific conferences have soon held on a regular basis.
The first books and journals on the subject of green chemistry were introduced in the 1990s, including the Journal
of Clean Processes and Products (Springer-Verlag) and
*Corresponding author: e-mail: wawar@chem.pg.gda.pl
Green Chemistry, sponsored by the Royal Society of
Chemistry. Other journals, such as Environmental Science
and Technology and the Journal of Chemical Education,
have devoted sections to green chemistry. The actual information also may be found on the Internet.
The Idea of Green Chemistry
The concept of green chemistry has appeared in the
United States as a common research program resulting
from interdisciplinary cooperation of university teams,
independent research groups, industry, scientific societies
and governmental agencies, which each have their own
programs devoted to decreasing pollution.
Green chemistry incorporates a new approach to the
synthesis, processing and application of chemical substances in such a manner as to reduce threats to health
and the environment. This new approach is also known
as:
• Environmentally benign chemistry
• Clean chemistry
• Atom economy
• Benign-by-design chemistry
2. 390
Wardencki W., et al.
Green chemistry is commonly presented as a set of
twelve principles proposed by Anastas and Warner [1].
The principles comprise instructions for professional
chemists to implement new chemical compounds, new
syntheses and new technological processes.
The first principle describes the basic idea of green
chemistry — protecting the environment from pollution. The
remaining principles are focused on such issues as atom
economy, toxicity, solvent and other media using consumption of energy, application of raw materials from renewable
sources and degradation of chemical products to simple,
nontoxic substances that are friendly for the environment.
The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
1. Prevention
It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up
waste after it has been created.
2. Atom Economy
Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize
the incorporation of all materials used in the process into
the final product.
3. Less Hazardous Chemical Syntheses
Wherever practicable, synthetic methods should be
designed to use and generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to human health and the environment.
4. Designing Safer Chemicals
Chemical products should be designed to effect their
desired function while minimizing toxicity.
5. Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries
The use of auxiliary substances (e.g. solvents, separation agents, etc.) should be made unnecessary wherever possible and innocuous when used.
6. Design for Energy Efficiency
Energy requirements of chemical processes should be
recognized for their environmental and economic impacts
and should be minimized. If possible, synthetic methods
should be conducted at ambient temperature and pressure.
7. Use of Renewable Feedstocks
A raw material or feedstock should be renewable
rather than depleting whenever technically and economically practicable.
8. Reduce Derivatives
Unnecessary derivatization (use of blocking groups,
protection/deprotection, temporary modification of physical/chemical processes) should be minimized or avoided if possible, because such steps require additional
reagents and can generate waste.
9. Catalysis
Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents.
10. Design for Degradation
Chemical products should be designed so that at the end
of their function they break down into innocuous degradation products and do not persist in the environment.
11. Real-time analysis for Pollution Prevention
Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for real-time, in-process monitoring and
control prior to the formation of hazardous substances.
12. Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention
Substances and the form of a substance used in
a chemical process should be chosen to minimize the potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions, and fires.
The selected examples for implementing the 12
principles in laboratory and industry are presented in
Table 1.
Table 1. Examples of implementation of green chemistry principles into practise.
3. Green Chemistry ...
Examples of Implementation of Green
Chemistry Principles Into Practise
In some industrial chemical processes, not only waste
products but also the reagents used for the production,
may cause a threat to the environment. The risk of exposure to hazardous chemical compounds is limited in daily
work by protective equipment such as goggles, breathing
apparatus, face-guard masks, etc. According to the principles of green chemistry, a threat can be eliminated in a
simpler way, by applying safe raw materials for production process.
Large amounts of adipic acid [HOOC(CH2)4COOH]
are used each year for the production of nylon, polyurethanes, lubricants and plasticizers. Benzene — a compound with convinced carcinogenic properties — is
a standard substrate for the production of this acid.
Chemists from State University of Michigan developed
green synthesis of adipic acid using a less toxic substrate.
Furthermore, the natural source of this raw material —
glucose — is almost inexhaustible. The glucose can be
converted into adipic acid by an enzyme discovered in
genetically modificated bacteria [12]. Such a manner of
production of this acid guards the workers and the environment from exposure to hazardous chemical compounds.
Green chemistry tries, when possible, to utilize benign, renewable feedstocks as raw materials. From the
point view of green chemistry, combustion of fuels obtained from renewable feedstocks is more preferable than
combustion of fossil fuels from depleting finite sources.
For example, many vehicles around the world are fueled
with diesel oil, and the production of biodiesel oil is a
promising possibility. As the name indicates, biodiesel
oil is produced from cultivated plants oil, e.g. from soya
beans. It is synthesized from fats embedded in plant oils
by removing the glycerine molecule (Fig. 1) — a valuable raw material for soap production.
391
generate sulphur compounds and generally does not increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
CO2 formed in the combustion of fuel was removed earlier by plants [12].
The great threats to the environment are organic solvents applied in many syntheses. They are released into
the environment by a volatilization process, especially
in the case of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and
as a result of leakage. The emission of such compounds
is significant because in many syntheses their amounts
exceeds the amount of reagents. The new solutions for
practical synthesis aim at complete elimination of solvents or to substitute the compounds belonging to VOCs
by cheap technological media, harmless for humans and
the environment.
The use of supercritical fluids (SCFs) in chemical
processes is becoming more and more prevalent [1317]. The term “supercritical fluids” comprises the liquids and gases at temperatures and pressures higher
than their critical temperatures and pressures (Fig. 2).
Above the critical point the liquid-vapour phase
boundary disappears while the formed phase exhibits
properties between those of gas and liquid. High compressibility of supercritical fluids in the vicinity of the
critical point makes it easy to adjust density and solution ability by a small change of temperature or pressure. Due to this, the supercritical fluids are able to
dissolve many compounds with different polarity and
molecular mass. Among many possible supercritical
fluids, fulfilling the green chemistry demands as the
reaction media are carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) and water
(scH2O).
Fig. 2 Phase diagram showing supercritical fluid region.
Fig. 1. Reaction for biodiesel oil production
Biodiesel oil also can be obtained from wasted plant
oils, e.g. oils used in restaurants. In the technological
process, a potential waste product is transformed into
valuable fuel. (Combusted biodiesel oil smells like fried
potatoes.) The advantages of using biodiesel oil are obvious. It’s fuel from renewable resources and contrary to
normal diesel oil, the combustion of biodiesel does not
Carbon dioxide as a supercritical fluid is most frequently used as medium for reactions. It is inflammable, easily
available (from natural sources, from power engineering)
and cheap. Its application gives considerable energy savings because the critical point is easy to reach due to a low
evaporation heat of CO2. Carbon dioxide as a supercritical
fluid dissolves non-polar compounds and some polar (e. g.
methanol, aceton) like fluorocarbon solvents. The discov-
4. 392
Wardencki W., et al.
ery of a new surfactant with high surface activity in supercritical carbon dioxide opened a way to new processes in
textile and metal industries and for dry cleaning of clothes.
Micell Technologies Company offers technology for removal of stains using liquid carbon dioxide instead of the
perchloroethylene more commonly applied [18].
Most of the common liquids (e.g., water, ethanol, benzene, etc.) are molecular. That is, regardless of whether
they are polar or non-polar, they are basically made up of
molecules. However, since the early 1980s an exciting new
class of room-temperature liquids have become available.
These are the ambient-temperature ionic liquids. Unlike
the molecular liquids, regardless of the degree of association, they are basically constituted of ions. This gives them
the potential to behave very differently from conventional
molecular liquids when they are used as solvents.
Room-temperature ionic liquids are considered to be
environmentally benign reaction media because they are
low-viscosity liquids with no measurable vapor pressure.
However, the lack of sustainable techniques for the removal of products from the room-temperature ionic liquids has limited their application. Professors Brennecke
and Beckman have shown that environmentally benign
carbon dioxide, which has been used extensively, both
commercially and in research for the extraction of heavy
organic solutes, can be used to extract nonvolatile organic compounds from room temperature ionic liquids [19].
They found that extraction of a material into carbon dioxide represents an attractive means for recovery of products from ionic liquids because:
(a) CO2 dissolves in the ionic liquid to facilitate extraction, and
(b) the ionic liquid does not dissolve appreciably in the
CO2,
so that the product can be recovered in pure form. The research groups of Professors Brennecke and Beckman have
shown that ionic liquids (using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate as a prototype) and CO2 exhibit
extremely unusual, and very attractive, phase behavior.
The solubility of CO2 in ionic liquids is substantial, reaching mole fractions as high as 0.6 at just 8 MPa. Yet the two
phases do not become completely miscible, so CO2 can be
used to extract compounds from the ionic liquids. Most
importantly, the composition of the CO2-rich phase is essentially pure CO2, and there is no measurable cross-contamination of the CO2 by the ionic liquid. Moreover, nonvolatile organic solutes (using naphthalene as a prototype)
may be quantitatively extracted from the ionic liquid with
CO2, demonstrating the tremendous potential of ionic liquid/CO2 biphasic systems as environmentally benign solvents for combined reaction and separation schemes.
Green Analytical Chemistry
Development of analytics and environmental monitoring leads to better knowledge of the state of the environment and the processes that take place in it. Due to the
introduction into an analytical practice new methodologies and new measuring techniques for identification and
determination of trace and micro-trace components in
samples with complex compositions have enabled the
discovery of the following important facts:
— acidifying the particular elements of the environment,
— the existence of stratospheric ozone depletion phenomenon,
— designation of long term trends in changes of trace
components in atmospheric air,
— increase of concentration level of so called persistent organic pollutant (POPs), i. e. compounds belonging to dioxins (PCDD, PCDF), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and others,
— examination of pollutant bioaccumulation in tissues of organisms on different steps of the trophic
chain.
This branch of analytical chemists creates many challenges. The most important are as follows:
— low and very low concentration levels of analytes,
— the existence of time and space fluctuations of analytes in the investigated media,
— a broad range of concentration of analytes belonging to the same group of compounds,
— the possibility of the presence of interfering compounds, frequently with similar chemical structure
and properties.
The irony is that the analytical methods used to assess
the state of environmental pollution may in fact be the
source of emission of great amount of pollutants negatively influencing the environment. This is connected
with the necessity of using considerable amounts of
chemical compounds in successive steps of applied analytical procedures. Sampling and especially preparation
for their final determination is frequently connected with
the forming of large amounts of pollutants (vapours,
wastes of reagents and solvents, solid waste). Therefore,
it is necessary to introduce the rules of green chemistry
into chemical laboratories on a large scale. There is an
urgent necessity to evaluate the used analytical methods
not only in respect for the reagent, instrumental costs and
analytical parameters but also on the basis of their negative influence on the environment. A good tool for such
evaluation may be Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). It can
be stated that green analytical chemistry is the essential
element of green chemistry. The constant development
of a new solventless technique is a good example of the
activities in this field. The following direct analytical
techniques (a preparation step is not necessary) may be
treated as the typical examples of procedures that are
more friendly for the environment:
— X-ray fluorescence,
— surface acoustic wave (SAW) used during determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
— immunoassay.
Also, the other techniques in which the amount of
reagents and solvents is limited (calculated per one ana-
5. Green Chemistry ...
lytical cycle) belong to environmentally benign procedures, e.g.:
— solid phase extraction (SPE),
— accelerated solvent extraction (ASE),
— solid phase microextraction (SPME)
— liquid-liquid microextraction (MLLE), and other
microextraction techniques,
— ultrasonic extraction,
— supercritical fluid extraction (SFE),
— extraction in automated Soxhlet apparatus,
— vacuum distillation of volatile organic compounds,
— mass spectrometry with membrane interface
(MIMS).
The extraction of pesticides from soil samples using
accelerated solvent extraction is a good example of an analytical procedure fulfilling the rules of green chemistry
[20]. This procedure is characterized by many advantages
in comparison to classical extraction techniques used for
extraction of analytes from complex matrices. The main
advantages considering green chemistry are as follows:
— reduction of used solvents (up to 95%),
— shortening of analysis time (from 16 hours to 10
minutes),
— savings of energy (the heating of extraction cell of
ASE instrument to 100°C by 10 minutes in comparison to 16 hours heating of a plate in Soxhlet
apparatus),
— decreasing exposure to solvents due to shortening
of extraction time and to smaller amounts of applied solvents),
— similar analytical characteristics (precise and analyte recoveries) for smaller sample (ASE).
This procedure can be treated as an alternative to
commonly used extraction in Soxhlet apparatus.
The ability to rapidly assess or monitor the disposition of environmental contaminants at purported or existing hazardous waste sites is an essential component of
green chemistry. Soil samples have to be collected from
surface to ground water and then shipped off-site for
analysis with waiting periods exceeding months. Soil
samples, which represent approximately half the total
number, are extracted with solvents, then further separated using additional solvent to produce chemical-specific
fractions. Each fraction is then analyzed by an appropriate method. The proposed technology by Professor Albert Robbat from Tufts University is aimed at reducing
or eliminating solvent usage during the sample collection
and sample analysis process by collecting and detecting
organic pollutants at depth without bringing the actual
soil sample to the surface. A thermal extraction cone penetrometry probe coupled to an ultra-fast gas chromatography/ mass spectrometer (TECP-TDGC/MS) has been
developed to collect and analyze subsurface organic contaminants in situ. The TECP is capable of heating the soil
to 300°C, which is sufficient to collect volatile and semivolatile organics bound to soil, in the presence of soilwater content as high as 30%. Rather than using solvents
393
to extract organics from soil, the TECP uses heat, then
traps the hot vapor in a Peltier-cooled thermal desorption
GC sample inlet for on-line analysis. In addition, the proposed technology reduces solvent usage when decontaminating sample collection probes and utensils used to
homogenize samples. No other technology exists that is
capable of thermally extracting organics as diverse as
PCBs, explosives, or PAHs under these conditions. When
combined with the ION Fingerprint Detection™ software, ultra-fast TDGC/MS is capable of analyzing complex environmental samples in less than 5 minutes [19].
The next important challenge of green analytical
chemistry is in-process monitoring. Developing and
using the in-line or on-line analyzers allow us to determine analytes in real time, enabling us to detect disturbances in the course of a process in the initial steps. Such
means of analysis gives rapid information and a chance
for proper reaction — stopping the technological process
or changing the operational parameters, and improves
overall efficiency.
The application of green chemistry rules during designing greener analytical methods is a key to diminish
negative effects of analytical chemistry on the environment [2, 21]. The same ingeniousness and novelty applied earlier to obtain excellent sensitivity, precision and
accuracy is now used to abate or eliminate the application of hazardous substances in environmental analytics.
Teaching of Green Chemistry.
The main rule: Teaching must be in harmony with
practice.
The question of how to educate the future generation
of chemists possessing the skill and knowledge to practice environmentally friendly chemistry lies in the center
of educational materials related to green chemistry [22].
Education is especially important in the popularization of green chemistry. It is realized both at the level of
academia and on the level of pro-environmental education for broad circles of society. Young chemists are currently acquainted with new methods of organic compound syntheses instead of traditional methods and with
new analytical chemistry techniques allowing them to assess the state of environmental pollution in an increasing
number of high schools. Different international institutions, i.e. the American Chemical Society (ACS) and Polish Chemical Society (PTChem), are active in publishing
materials that promote the rules and achievements of
green chemistry. The green chemistry program should
lead to sustainability by designing and using the methods
in which natural raw materials will be economically
processed, rational usage of energy sources, elimination
of hazardous gaseous, liquid and solid wastes and by introduction of safety products for man. The popularization
of green chemistry in schools, among the workers at
plants of chemical industry and distributors of chemical
products is also very important. The broad usage of green
6. 394
Wardencki W., et al.
chemistry achievements will enable us to balance eco-development profitable for society, economy and the environment. The numerous educational materials, available
currently on market [23] and on the Internet, are very
useful in everyday teaching of green chemistry principles, e.g.:
Green Chemistry Resources, ACS homepage:
www.acs.org/education/greenchem
Green Chemistry Institute:
chemistry.org/greenchemistryinstitute
EPA Green Chemistry Program:
www.epa.gov/greenchemistry
Green Chemistry, a journal of the Royal Society of Chemistry:
www.rsc.org/is/journals/current/green/greenpub.htm
Green Chemistry Network:
chemsoc.org/networks/gcn
Chemical Education Foundation:
www.chemed.org
Chemical Industry Education Centre:
www.york.ac.uk/org/ciec
Conclusions
Green chemistry is not a new branch of science. It is
a new philosophical approach that through application
and extension of the principles of green chemistry can
contribute to sustainable development. Presently it is
easy to find in the literature many interesting examples
of the use of green chemistry rules. They are applied not
only in synthesis, processing and using of chemical compounds. Many new analytical methodologies are also described which are realized according to green chemistry
rules. They are useful in conducting chemical processes
and in evaluation of their effects on the environment. The
application of proper sample preparation techniques, (e.g.
SPME, SPE, ASE) allows us to obtain precise and accurate results of analysis.
Great efforts are still undertaken to design an ideal
process that starts from non-polluting initial materials,
leads to no secondary products and requires no solvents
to carry out the chemical conversion or to isolate and purify the product. However, more environmentally friendly technologies at the research stage do not guarantee that
they will be implemented on an industrial scale. Adoption of environmentally benign methods may be facilitated by higher flexibility in regulations, new programs to
facilitate technology transfer among academic institutions, government and industry and tax incentives for implementing cleaner technologies.
Furthermore, the success of green chemistry depends
on the training and education of a new generation of
chemists. Student at all levels have to be introduced to
the philosophy and practice of green chemistry.
Finally, regarding the role of education in green
chemistry:
THE BIGGEST CHALLENGE OF GREEN
CHEMISTRY IS TO USE ITS RULES IN PRACTICE.
The presented problem is strictly related to the activity
of the Centre of Excellence in Environmental Analysis and
Monitoring (CEEAM, www.pg.gda.pl/chem/ CEEAM/)
sponsored by EU funds in the frame of the 5th Frame Program.
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