The document is a chapter from a management textbook that discusses communication and information technology. It covers key topics such as the difference between interpersonal and organizational communication, the communication process, barriers to effective communication, and how new information technologies impact communication in organizations. The chapter provides learning outlines to guide students in their reading and includes exhibits that compare different communication methods and networks. It also addresses current issues managers face in communicating effectively in today's digital world.
This document discusses hyperprolactinemia, including its causes, clinical presentations, evaluation, and treatment. The main causes of elevated prolactin levels are pituitary adenomas and medications. Clinical presentations vary depending on gender and prolactin level, and can include galactorrhea, amenorrhea, infertility, and decreased libido. Evaluation involves checking prolactin, excluding physiological causes, and using MRI to identify pituitary lesions. Treatment aims to restore normal hormone levels and fertility. Dopamine agonists are first-line therapy and can shrink tumors in many cases. Surgery may be considered if medications fail or for large macroadenomas.
Mild To Severe Oligospermia Oligozoospermia is a condition where the sperm count in male is of low count which is a major cause for male infertility. Oligozoospermia refers to semen with a low concentration of sperm and is a common finding in male infertility.Often semen with a decreased sperm concentration may also show significant abnormalities in sperm morphology and motility (technically “oligoasthenoteratozoospermia”).
Menopause typically occurs between ages 50-52 as ovaries stop producing eggs and estrogen levels decline. Symptoms include hot flashes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness. Management includes lifestyle changes and various hormonal and non-hormonal treatments to relieve symptoms and prevent long-term issues like osteoporosis and heart disease. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) effectively treats short-term menopausal issues but carries risks if used long-term like an increased risk of breast cancer. Careful screening and use of the lowest effective dose for the shortest time is recommended for HRT.
Over the past several years it has been proved that maternal thyroid disorder influence the outcome of mother and fetus, during and also after pregnancy. The most frequent thyroid disorder in pregnancy is maternal hypothyroidism. It is associated with fetal loss, placental abruptions, pre-eclampsia, preterm delivery and reduced intellectual function in the offspring.1 In pregnancy, overt hypothyroidism is seen in 0.2% cases2 and sub clinical hypothyroidism in 2.3% cases3. Fetal loss, fetal growth restriction, pre-eclampsia and preterm delivery are the usual complications of overt hyperthyroidism (low TSH and high T3, T4) seen in 2 of 1000 pregnancies whereas mild or sub clinical hyperthyroidism (suppressed TSH alone) is seen in
1.7% of pregnancies and not associated with adverse outcomes4. Autoimmune positive euthyroid pregnancy shows doubling of incidence of miscarriage and preterm delivery. Worldwide more than 20 million people develop neurological sequel due to intra uterine, iodine deprivation5. Other problems of thyroid disorders in pregnancy are post partum thyroiditis, thyroid nodules and cancer, hyper emesis gravidarum etc. Debates and disputes persist regarding several protocol and management plan in this specific spectrum of diseases.
Anemia is common during pregnancy, affecting 37% of women in Jordan. It can cause complications for both mother and baby. The most common types are iron deficiency anemia and folic acid deficiency anemia. Key steps in managing anemia in pregnancy include screening all pregnant women, supplementing with iron and folic acid, treating identified cases, and educating women about nutrition. Treatment may involve oral or intravenous iron, blood transfusions, and managing underlying conditions like sickle cell anemia. Close monitoring is needed throughout pregnancy and delivery.
Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menses for more than three cycles or six months in women who previously had menses. Pregnancy is the most common cause. The document outlines the step-by-step process for evaluating secondary amenorrhea, including ruling out pregnancy, assessing medical history, performing a physical exam, basic lab tests, and follow-up testing and evaluation if initial results require further investigation. Treatment options are provided for common causes like hyperprolactinemia, ovarian failure, hyperandrogenism, and Asherman's syndrome.
This document presents a case of a 28-year-old married woman with a history of 7 miscarriages. It discusses investigations to be performed including ultrasounds, blood tests, and genetic testing. All investigations for this patient were normal. It then discusses various causes of recurrent pregnancy loss including anatomical, endocrine, infections, thrombophilias, and genetic factors. The diagnosis in this case is unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss. The document outlines treatment options for this diagnosis including lifestyle modifications, progesterone, low-dose aspirin, and heparin.
Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after one year of regular unprotected sex if the woman is under 35 years old, or after 6 months if the woman is over 35 years old. It can be caused by female factors like problems with ovulation, fallopian tubes, or the uterus, or by male factors related to sperm count or quality. Evaluation of both partners includes history, exam, semen analysis, and tests of ovarian and tubal function. Treatment depends on the cause but may include ovulation induction, surgery, assisted reproduction like IUI or IVF, or adoption. IVF has a high per cycle success rate but is also very expensive and can cause multiple pregnancies or ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.
This document discusses hyperprolactinemia, including its causes, clinical presentations, evaluation, and treatment. The main causes of elevated prolactin levels are pituitary adenomas and medications. Clinical presentations vary depending on gender and prolactin level, and can include galactorrhea, amenorrhea, infertility, and decreased libido. Evaluation involves checking prolactin, excluding physiological causes, and using MRI to identify pituitary lesions. Treatment aims to restore normal hormone levels and fertility. Dopamine agonists are first-line therapy and can shrink tumors in many cases. Surgery may be considered if medications fail or for large macroadenomas.
Mild To Severe Oligospermia Oligozoospermia is a condition where the sperm count in male is of low count which is a major cause for male infertility. Oligozoospermia refers to semen with a low concentration of sperm and is a common finding in male infertility.Often semen with a decreased sperm concentration may also show significant abnormalities in sperm morphology and motility (technically “oligoasthenoteratozoospermia”).
Menopause typically occurs between ages 50-52 as ovaries stop producing eggs and estrogen levels decline. Symptoms include hot flashes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness. Management includes lifestyle changes and various hormonal and non-hormonal treatments to relieve symptoms and prevent long-term issues like osteoporosis and heart disease. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) effectively treats short-term menopausal issues but carries risks if used long-term like an increased risk of breast cancer. Careful screening and use of the lowest effective dose for the shortest time is recommended for HRT.
Over the past several years it has been proved that maternal thyroid disorder influence the outcome of mother and fetus, during and also after pregnancy. The most frequent thyroid disorder in pregnancy is maternal hypothyroidism. It is associated with fetal loss, placental abruptions, pre-eclampsia, preterm delivery and reduced intellectual function in the offspring.1 In pregnancy, overt hypothyroidism is seen in 0.2% cases2 and sub clinical hypothyroidism in 2.3% cases3. Fetal loss, fetal growth restriction, pre-eclampsia and preterm delivery are the usual complications of overt hyperthyroidism (low TSH and high T3, T4) seen in 2 of 1000 pregnancies whereas mild or sub clinical hyperthyroidism (suppressed TSH alone) is seen in
1.7% of pregnancies and not associated with adverse outcomes4. Autoimmune positive euthyroid pregnancy shows doubling of incidence of miscarriage and preterm delivery. Worldwide more than 20 million people develop neurological sequel due to intra uterine, iodine deprivation5. Other problems of thyroid disorders in pregnancy are post partum thyroiditis, thyroid nodules and cancer, hyper emesis gravidarum etc. Debates and disputes persist regarding several protocol and management plan in this specific spectrum of diseases.
Anemia is common during pregnancy, affecting 37% of women in Jordan. It can cause complications for both mother and baby. The most common types are iron deficiency anemia and folic acid deficiency anemia. Key steps in managing anemia in pregnancy include screening all pregnant women, supplementing with iron and folic acid, treating identified cases, and educating women about nutrition. Treatment may involve oral or intravenous iron, blood transfusions, and managing underlying conditions like sickle cell anemia. Close monitoring is needed throughout pregnancy and delivery.
Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menses for more than three cycles or six months in women who previously had menses. Pregnancy is the most common cause. The document outlines the step-by-step process for evaluating secondary amenorrhea, including ruling out pregnancy, assessing medical history, performing a physical exam, basic lab tests, and follow-up testing and evaluation if initial results require further investigation. Treatment options are provided for common causes like hyperprolactinemia, ovarian failure, hyperandrogenism, and Asherman's syndrome.
This document presents a case of a 28-year-old married woman with a history of 7 miscarriages. It discusses investigations to be performed including ultrasounds, blood tests, and genetic testing. All investigations for this patient were normal. It then discusses various causes of recurrent pregnancy loss including anatomical, endocrine, infections, thrombophilias, and genetic factors. The diagnosis in this case is unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss. The document outlines treatment options for this diagnosis including lifestyle modifications, progesterone, low-dose aspirin, and heparin.
Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after one year of regular unprotected sex if the woman is under 35 years old, or after 6 months if the woman is over 35 years old. It can be caused by female factors like problems with ovulation, fallopian tubes, or the uterus, or by male factors related to sperm count or quality. Evaluation of both partners includes history, exam, semen analysis, and tests of ovarian and tubal function. Treatment depends on the cause but may include ovulation induction, surgery, assisted reproduction like IUI or IVF, or adoption. IVF has a high per cycle success rate but is also very expensive and can cause multiple pregnancies or ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.
This document provides an overview of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), including its definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, presentations, investigations, and management. Some key points:
- PCOS is defined as chronic hyperandrogenism and evidence of anovulation. It is a common endocrine disorder among young women.
- The exact cause is unclear but is thought to involve ovarian androgen excess and disturbed hormone regulation. Genetics also play a role.
- Presentations include irregular periods, excess hair growth, acne, obesity, and infertility. Diagnosis involves assessing hormones and ultrasound of ovaries.
- Management focuses on weight loss, medication to improve hormone balance and
The document provides an overview of pregnancy from conception to birth, covering the three trimesters and key developments in the fetus. It discusses common conditions experienced during pregnancy like constipation and back ache. The benefits of exercise during pregnancy are outlined, along with appropriate exercises and precautions. Recommendations are provided on beginning an exercise routine, positions to avoid, and signs that exercise should be stopped.
This document discusses anemia in pregnancy and the role of Heme Iron Polypeptide (HIP) in preventing and treating anemia. It defines anemia in pregnancy and describes the prevalence, causes, and consequences of anemia globally and in pregnancy. It discusses the diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency anemia, including oral and parenteral iron therapy options. It then describes HIP as an oral tablet containing heme iron polypeptide, which has advantages over traditional iron supplements like better absorption and gastrointestinal tolerability. Studies on HIP show rises in hemoglobin levels and efficacy in improving anemia.
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders among females of reproductive age. It is characterized by oligoovulation or anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries. The cause is unknown but there is strong evidence of a genetic component. Symptoms include irregular periods, hirsutism, acne, obesity and risk of diabetes. Treatment focuses on reducing androgen levels, protecting the endometrium, weight loss, and inducing ovulation when pregnancy is desired. Long term monitoring is also needed due to increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and obstetric complications.
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder affecting 5-10% of women. PCOS is diagnosed when two of three criteria are present: polycystic ovaries, irregular periods, and high androgen levels. The causes of PCOS include genetic factors, environmental triggers like obesity, and insulin resistance. Women with PCOS have increased risks of diabetes, heart disease, infertility, and endometrial cancer due to chronic high androgen levels and insulin resistance over time if left untreated. Lifestyle changes like diet and exercise can help manage symptoms and reduce health risks.
This document discusses uterovaginal prolapse, including its risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. It provides details on the different types of prolapse that can occur, such as anterior vaginal wall prolapse, posterior vaginal wall prolapse, and uterine prolapse. Treatment options discussed include prevention strategies, physiotherapy, pessary use, and various surgical procedures. Surgical treatment is described as the only curative option unless contraindicated. Post-surgery considerations for pregnancy are also outlined.
The document summarizes thyroid disorders in pregnancy. Some key points:
- Thyroid disorders are among the most common endocrine conditions affecting 1-2% of pregnancies. Proper management is important for pregnancy outcomes.
- Hypothyroidism can cause complications for both mother and fetus like preeclampsia, preterm birth, and developmental delays. Treatment is levothyroxine.
- Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy is usually Graves' disease and may improve during pregnancy due to immunosuppressive effects but often worsens postpartum. Treatment focuses on maintaining normal thyroid levels.
- Postpartum thyroiditis is an autoimmune condition causing transient thyroid dysfunction after delivery
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), also referred to as recurrent miscarriage or habitual abortion, is historically defined as 3 consecutive pregnancy losses prior to 20 weeks from the last menstrual period.
This Presentation is made by Dr.Laxmi Shrikhande
This document discusses anovulation, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. It provides details on the physiology of ovulation and causes of anovulation including hypothalamic-pituitary failure, hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemia. It also discusses insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), methods for assessing insulin resistance, and the oral glucose tolerance test. Finally, it covers prevalence and diagnosis of metabolic syndrome.
Based on the information provided:
- The woman is 40 years old, which is below the typical age of menopause (around 50 years).
- She has not had any periods for 1 year.
To diagnose menopause in this woman:
1. I would do a beta human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) test to rule out pregnancy.
2. I would check a follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level. An FSH level over 35 mIU/ml would support the diagnosis of menopause.
3. I would do an ultrasound of the pelvis to examine the ovaries and rule out other potential causes of amenorrhea like polycystic
The document summarizes information about menopause and the hormonal changes that occur during this transition period. It discusses how menopause is defined and characterized by the depletion of ovarian follicles and reduction in ovarian hormones. It describes the stages of reproductive aging and changes in hormones like FSH, LH, estradiol, and testosterone during the menopausal transition. It also outlines some of the problems that can result from estrogen deficiency after menopause such as hot flashes, mood changes, cognitive issues, and loss of collagen in skin.
Premature ovarian failure is defined as ovarian failure occurring spontaneously before age 40. It is characterized by amenorrhea and elevated FSH and low estrogen levels. The incidence is approximately 1 in 1000 before age 30 and 1% just before age 40. Causes include genetic factors, autoimmune conditions, chemotherapy or radiation exposure, tuberculosis, smoking, and metabolic or surgical issues. Clinically, it presents with amenorrhea, hot flashes, and symptoms of low estrogen. Diagnosis is based on amenorrhea for 3 months and elevated FSH levels on two occasions one month apart. Management involves treating any underlying cause, hormone replacement therapy to prevent osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease, and in some cases ovulation induction or egg donation for
1) The document discusses hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, including thyroid physiology, clinical effects of thyroid hormones, and anesthetic considerations for patients with thyroid disorders.
2) It presents a case of a 33-year-old woman with hyperthyroidism who developed thyroid storm in the PACU after undergoing thyroid surgery. Her signs and symptoms were not adequately controlled with beta-blockers and anti-thyroid medications prior to surgery.
3) The key lessons are the importance of adequately controlling hyperthyroidism before surgery to prevent thyroid storm, considering additional anti-thyroid medications for high-risk patients in the perioperative period, and being vigilant for signs of developing thyroid storm postoperatively
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome - Obstetrics/Gynecology Case Presentationcandicelainereyes
DL, a 25-year-old woman, presents with irregular periods, weight gain, acne, and excess hair growth. Her lab tests confirm she has polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) based on irregular periods, signs of excess androgens, and polycystic ovaries. She is started on oral contraceptives to regulate her cycle and reduce symptoms. Now that her symptoms have improved with treatment, she inquires about fertility options as she plans to get pregnant within a year. Treatment options discussed include ovulation induction medications and surgery. Her risks in pregnancy include miscarriage, gestational diabetes, and preterm delivery due to her PCOS diagnosis.
This document discusses precocious puberty, including its definition, types, epidemiology, evaluation, and treatment. Precocious puberty is defined as the onset of puberty before age 8 in girls and age 9 in boys. It can be central, originating from the brain, or peripheral, originating from the gonads or adrenal glands. Evaluation involves medical history, physical exam, labs, imaging, and bone age assessment. Treatment is aimed at delaying further pubertal progression using GnRH analogs.
This document discusses polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and its impact on fertility. It notes that PCOS is the most common cause of infertility in women. The document covers the etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic criteria and tests, and treatment options for PCOS. It emphasizes that PCOS is associated with insulin resistance and an increased risk of conditions like diabetes and heart disease. Lifestyle changes including diet and exercise are recommended as first-line treatment, especially for overweight patients. Medications like metformin can also help address insulin resistance and related issues.
This document discusses the diagnosis and management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in adolescents, which can be challenging. It describes how PCOS presents differently depending on the phenotype, and outlines the diagnostic criteria for adolescents as excessive androgen levels, menstrual irregularities for over 2 years post-menarche, and polycystic ovaries on ultrasound. Screening for insulin resistance and metabolic complications is important. The presentation emphasizes accurate diagnosis and treatment tailored to individual phenotypes to address long-term health risks of PCOS.
This document discusses thyroid disorders in pregnancy. It notes that thyroid disorders are common in pregnancy, affecting 1-2% of pregnancies with overt disease and 3-5% with subclinical disease. Thyroid screening and treatment in pregnancy can help improve outcomes for both mother and baby, though guidelines vary on who and when to screen. The document reviews thyroid changes in pregnancy, screening recommendations, treatment of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, and complications like postpartum thyroid dysfunction.
1. Prolactin is a polypeptide hormone produced by pituitary lactotroph cells. It is regulated by both prolactin releasing factors and prolactin inhibiting factors in a pulsatile manner.
2. Hyperprolactinemia is commonly caused by prolactinomas, which are usually microadenomas. It presents with galactorrhea and menstrual disturbances in women and hypogonadism in men.
3. Dopamine agonists like cabergoline and bromocriptine are first line treatment for hyperprolactinemia and prolactinomas due to their inhibitory effect on prolactin secretion by binding to D2 receptors on lactotrophs.
This document provides information about an individual, Dr. Laxmi Shrikhande, including her professional experience and accomplishments. It lists her current position as Medical Director of Shrikhande Fertility Clinic in Nagpur, Maharashtra. It also outlines several awards and honors she has received for her work in women's health and roles she has held in various medical organizations. The document then provides an introduction to her upcoming presentation on iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in pregnancy.
The document summarizes key topics in a chapter about communication and information technology. It discusses the different types of communication, including interpersonal, organizational, formal and informal. It describes the communication process and barriers. It also covers organizational networks, the grapevine, information technology tools, and current issues managers face around communication.
This document provides an outline for a chapter on communication and information technology. It discusses key topics like the difference between interpersonal and organizational communication, the communication process, barriers to effective communication, and how technology impacts organizational communication. The learning outline is divided into sections on understanding communication, the interpersonal communication process, organizational communication, information technology, and communication issues in modern organizations. It includes exhibits that define communication methods, compare their effectiveness, and illustrate different communication networks in organizations. The overall document serves as a guide for students to learn about communication concepts from an organizational behavior textbook.
This document provides an overview of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), including its definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, presentations, investigations, and management. Some key points:
- PCOS is defined as chronic hyperandrogenism and evidence of anovulation. It is a common endocrine disorder among young women.
- The exact cause is unclear but is thought to involve ovarian androgen excess and disturbed hormone regulation. Genetics also play a role.
- Presentations include irregular periods, excess hair growth, acne, obesity, and infertility. Diagnosis involves assessing hormones and ultrasound of ovaries.
- Management focuses on weight loss, medication to improve hormone balance and
The document provides an overview of pregnancy from conception to birth, covering the three trimesters and key developments in the fetus. It discusses common conditions experienced during pregnancy like constipation and back ache. The benefits of exercise during pregnancy are outlined, along with appropriate exercises and precautions. Recommendations are provided on beginning an exercise routine, positions to avoid, and signs that exercise should be stopped.
This document discusses anemia in pregnancy and the role of Heme Iron Polypeptide (HIP) in preventing and treating anemia. It defines anemia in pregnancy and describes the prevalence, causes, and consequences of anemia globally and in pregnancy. It discusses the diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency anemia, including oral and parenteral iron therapy options. It then describes HIP as an oral tablet containing heme iron polypeptide, which has advantages over traditional iron supplements like better absorption and gastrointestinal tolerability. Studies on HIP show rises in hemoglobin levels and efficacy in improving anemia.
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders among females of reproductive age. It is characterized by oligoovulation or anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries. The cause is unknown but there is strong evidence of a genetic component. Symptoms include irregular periods, hirsutism, acne, obesity and risk of diabetes. Treatment focuses on reducing androgen levels, protecting the endometrium, weight loss, and inducing ovulation when pregnancy is desired. Long term monitoring is also needed due to increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and obstetric complications.
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder affecting 5-10% of women. PCOS is diagnosed when two of three criteria are present: polycystic ovaries, irregular periods, and high androgen levels. The causes of PCOS include genetic factors, environmental triggers like obesity, and insulin resistance. Women with PCOS have increased risks of diabetes, heart disease, infertility, and endometrial cancer due to chronic high androgen levels and insulin resistance over time if left untreated. Lifestyle changes like diet and exercise can help manage symptoms and reduce health risks.
This document discusses uterovaginal prolapse, including its risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. It provides details on the different types of prolapse that can occur, such as anterior vaginal wall prolapse, posterior vaginal wall prolapse, and uterine prolapse. Treatment options discussed include prevention strategies, physiotherapy, pessary use, and various surgical procedures. Surgical treatment is described as the only curative option unless contraindicated. Post-surgery considerations for pregnancy are also outlined.
The document summarizes thyroid disorders in pregnancy. Some key points:
- Thyroid disorders are among the most common endocrine conditions affecting 1-2% of pregnancies. Proper management is important for pregnancy outcomes.
- Hypothyroidism can cause complications for both mother and fetus like preeclampsia, preterm birth, and developmental delays. Treatment is levothyroxine.
- Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy is usually Graves' disease and may improve during pregnancy due to immunosuppressive effects but often worsens postpartum. Treatment focuses on maintaining normal thyroid levels.
- Postpartum thyroiditis is an autoimmune condition causing transient thyroid dysfunction after delivery
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), also referred to as recurrent miscarriage or habitual abortion, is historically defined as 3 consecutive pregnancy losses prior to 20 weeks from the last menstrual period.
This Presentation is made by Dr.Laxmi Shrikhande
This document discusses anovulation, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. It provides details on the physiology of ovulation and causes of anovulation including hypothalamic-pituitary failure, hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemia. It also discusses insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), methods for assessing insulin resistance, and the oral glucose tolerance test. Finally, it covers prevalence and diagnosis of metabolic syndrome.
Based on the information provided:
- The woman is 40 years old, which is below the typical age of menopause (around 50 years).
- She has not had any periods for 1 year.
To diagnose menopause in this woman:
1. I would do a beta human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) test to rule out pregnancy.
2. I would check a follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level. An FSH level over 35 mIU/ml would support the diagnosis of menopause.
3. I would do an ultrasound of the pelvis to examine the ovaries and rule out other potential causes of amenorrhea like polycystic
The document summarizes information about menopause and the hormonal changes that occur during this transition period. It discusses how menopause is defined and characterized by the depletion of ovarian follicles and reduction in ovarian hormones. It describes the stages of reproductive aging and changes in hormones like FSH, LH, estradiol, and testosterone during the menopausal transition. It also outlines some of the problems that can result from estrogen deficiency after menopause such as hot flashes, mood changes, cognitive issues, and loss of collagen in skin.
Premature ovarian failure is defined as ovarian failure occurring spontaneously before age 40. It is characterized by amenorrhea and elevated FSH and low estrogen levels. The incidence is approximately 1 in 1000 before age 30 and 1% just before age 40. Causes include genetic factors, autoimmune conditions, chemotherapy or radiation exposure, tuberculosis, smoking, and metabolic or surgical issues. Clinically, it presents with amenorrhea, hot flashes, and symptoms of low estrogen. Diagnosis is based on amenorrhea for 3 months and elevated FSH levels on two occasions one month apart. Management involves treating any underlying cause, hormone replacement therapy to prevent osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease, and in some cases ovulation induction or egg donation for
1) The document discusses hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, including thyroid physiology, clinical effects of thyroid hormones, and anesthetic considerations for patients with thyroid disorders.
2) It presents a case of a 33-year-old woman with hyperthyroidism who developed thyroid storm in the PACU after undergoing thyroid surgery. Her signs and symptoms were not adequately controlled with beta-blockers and anti-thyroid medications prior to surgery.
3) The key lessons are the importance of adequately controlling hyperthyroidism before surgery to prevent thyroid storm, considering additional anti-thyroid medications for high-risk patients in the perioperative period, and being vigilant for signs of developing thyroid storm postoperatively
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome - Obstetrics/Gynecology Case Presentationcandicelainereyes
DL, a 25-year-old woman, presents with irregular periods, weight gain, acne, and excess hair growth. Her lab tests confirm she has polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) based on irregular periods, signs of excess androgens, and polycystic ovaries. She is started on oral contraceptives to regulate her cycle and reduce symptoms. Now that her symptoms have improved with treatment, she inquires about fertility options as she plans to get pregnant within a year. Treatment options discussed include ovulation induction medications and surgery. Her risks in pregnancy include miscarriage, gestational diabetes, and preterm delivery due to her PCOS diagnosis.
This document discusses precocious puberty, including its definition, types, epidemiology, evaluation, and treatment. Precocious puberty is defined as the onset of puberty before age 8 in girls and age 9 in boys. It can be central, originating from the brain, or peripheral, originating from the gonads or adrenal glands. Evaluation involves medical history, physical exam, labs, imaging, and bone age assessment. Treatment is aimed at delaying further pubertal progression using GnRH analogs.
This document discusses polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and its impact on fertility. It notes that PCOS is the most common cause of infertility in women. The document covers the etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic criteria and tests, and treatment options for PCOS. It emphasizes that PCOS is associated with insulin resistance and an increased risk of conditions like diabetes and heart disease. Lifestyle changes including diet and exercise are recommended as first-line treatment, especially for overweight patients. Medications like metformin can also help address insulin resistance and related issues.
This document discusses the diagnosis and management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in adolescents, which can be challenging. It describes how PCOS presents differently depending on the phenotype, and outlines the diagnostic criteria for adolescents as excessive androgen levels, menstrual irregularities for over 2 years post-menarche, and polycystic ovaries on ultrasound. Screening for insulin resistance and metabolic complications is important. The presentation emphasizes accurate diagnosis and treatment tailored to individual phenotypes to address long-term health risks of PCOS.
This document discusses thyroid disorders in pregnancy. It notes that thyroid disorders are common in pregnancy, affecting 1-2% of pregnancies with overt disease and 3-5% with subclinical disease. Thyroid screening and treatment in pregnancy can help improve outcomes for both mother and baby, though guidelines vary on who and when to screen. The document reviews thyroid changes in pregnancy, screening recommendations, treatment of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, and complications like postpartum thyroid dysfunction.
1. Prolactin is a polypeptide hormone produced by pituitary lactotroph cells. It is regulated by both prolactin releasing factors and prolactin inhibiting factors in a pulsatile manner.
2. Hyperprolactinemia is commonly caused by prolactinomas, which are usually microadenomas. It presents with galactorrhea and menstrual disturbances in women and hypogonadism in men.
3. Dopamine agonists like cabergoline and bromocriptine are first line treatment for hyperprolactinemia and prolactinomas due to their inhibitory effect on prolactin secretion by binding to D2 receptors on lactotrophs.
This document provides information about an individual, Dr. Laxmi Shrikhande, including her professional experience and accomplishments. It lists her current position as Medical Director of Shrikhande Fertility Clinic in Nagpur, Maharashtra. It also outlines several awards and honors she has received for her work in women's health and roles she has held in various medical organizations. The document then provides an introduction to her upcoming presentation on iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in pregnancy.
The document summarizes key topics in a chapter about communication and information technology. It discusses the different types of communication, including interpersonal, organizational, formal and informal. It describes the communication process and barriers. It also covers organizational networks, the grapevine, information technology tools, and current issues managers face around communication.
This document provides an outline for a chapter on communication and information technology. It discusses key topics like the difference between interpersonal and organizational communication, the communication process, barriers to effective communication, and how technology impacts organizational communication. The learning outline is divided into sections on understanding communication, the interpersonal communication process, organizational communication, information technology, and communication issues in modern organizations. It includes exhibits that define communication methods, compare their effectiveness, and illustrate different communication networks in organizations. The overall document serves as a guide for students to learn about communication concepts from an organizational behavior textbook.
The document discusses communication in organizations. It describes the communication process and its key elements such as the sender, message, channel, receiver, feedback. It also discusses different types of communication channels and the direction of communication flow. Barriers to effective communication are outlined as well as suggestions for improving communication between different gender and cultural groups.
IN this slide we will understand the communication and information technology in Management that how to use the information technology and communication in an organization.
The document discusses various aspects of communication in organizations. It covers functions of communication like controlling behavior and providing information. It describes elements of the communication process like senders, messages, channels and receivers. It discusses formal and informal communication channels as well as oral, written and nonverbal communication. Barriers to effective communication and differences in communication between cultures are also examined.
This document provides an outline for a chapter on communication and information technology. It covers topics such as understanding interpersonal and organizational communication, the process of interpersonal communication including encoding and decoding messages, barriers to effective communication, and types of organizational communication networks. It also discusses nonverbal communication, communication methods managers can use, and how to overcome barriers to communication. The document contains learning objectives for key topics in the chapter and exhibits that compare different communication methods and networks.
This document is a learning outline for a chapter on communication and information technology. It covers topics such as understanding interpersonal and organizational communication, the process of interpersonal communication including components and methods, barriers to effective communication, organizational communication networks, the impact of information technology on communication, and communication issues in modern organizations. The outline provides learning objectives for students to focus on for each section to be covered in the chapter.
The document is a chapter from a management textbook about managers and communication. It discusses the nature of communication and its functions in organizations. It covers interpersonal communication methods, barriers to effective communication, and formal vs informal organizational communication networks. The chapter aims to help managers understand communication processes and how to improve communication within their organizations.
The document discusses key aspects of communication in organizations. It covers functions of communication like controlling behavior and providing motivation. It also outlines the communication process, including elements like the sender, message, channel, and receiver. Different types of communication channels and their characteristics are examined as well.
This document outlines the key topics and concepts covered in a chapter on organizational communication from a management textbook. It includes:
1) An overview of interpersonal and organizational communication, the communication process, and the four main functions of communication.
2) Details on communication methods, both verbal and nonverbal, and potential barriers to effective communication.
3) Explanations of formal and informal communication networks within organizations and how information flows.
4) A discussion of how information technology impacts organizational communication and issues organizations face with communication today.
Understanding Communications
Differentiate between interpersonal and organizational communication.
Discuss the functions of communication.
The Process of Interpersonal Communications
Explain all the components of the communication process.
List the communication methods managers might use.
Describe nonverbal communication an how it takes place.
Explain the barriers to effective interpersonal communication and how to overcome them.
The document summarizes key points about organizational communication from a chapter in an organizational behavior textbook. It covers communication functions and processes, types of communication channels, both formal and informal networks, barriers to effective communication, and challenges with cross-cultural communication.
This document discusses communication in organizational behavior from Stephen P. Robbins' 11th edition textbook. It covers key topics such as the functions and elements of communication, formal and informal communication channels, barriers to effective communication, and considerations for cross-cultural communication. Specific communication methods like email, instant messaging, intranets, and videoconferencing are also examined.
This document discusses communication in organizational behavior from Stephen P. Robbins' 11th edition textbook. It covers key topics such as the functions and elements of communication, formal and informal communication channels, barriers to effective communication, and considerations for cross-cultural communication. Specific communication methods like email, instant messaging, intranets, and videoconferencing are also examined.
The document discusses various aspects of communication, including the communication process, channels, barriers, and improving communication. It provides details on communication functions, elements, direction, interpersonal communication methods, and computer-aided communication. The document also addresses small groups, networks, the grapevine, cross-cultural communication, and active listening skills.
The document outlines objectives and topics to be covered in a chapter on influencing and communication. The objectives include understanding the relationship between influencing and emotional intelligence, interpersonal communication, feedback, nonverbal communication, formal organizational communication, and the grapevine. The chapter will cover defining influencing, the influencing subsystem including leading, motivating, considering groups, communicating, understanding people, and encouraging creativity and innovation. It will also cover emotional intelligence, interpersonal communication including how it works and barriers, feedback, verbal and nonverbal communication, formal and informal organizational communication including types, patterns and dealing with the grapevine. The chapter aims to provide insights into influencing others through effective communication.
This document provides an overview of chapter 14 from the textbook "Management" by Stephen P. Robbins and Mary Coulter. The chapter discusses managers and communication. It defines communication and describes the nature and functions of interpersonal and organizational communication. It also outlines various methods of interpersonal communication, barriers to effective communication, and how technology impacts managerial communication.
Chapter 14 management (10 th edition) by robbins and coulterMd. Abul Ala
This document provides an overview of key concepts from Chapter 14 of Management by Stephen P. Robbins and Mary Coulter on managers and communication. It discusses the nature and functions of communication, methods of interpersonal communication including evaluating different methods, barriers to effective interpersonal communication, and organizational communication. The document is formatted as a chapter outline and learning objectives with copyright information from Pearson Education.
This document provides an overview of chapter 14 from the textbook "Management" by Stephen P. Robbins and Mary Coulter. The chapter discusses communication in management, including the nature of communication, methods of interpersonal communication, barriers to effective communication, and organizational communication. It also covers how information technology impacts communication and current issues managers face in communication. Key topics include defining communication and its functions, evaluating different communication methods, overcoming barriers like filtering and emotions, and challenges with managing communication in an increasingly digital workplace.
GDP measures the value of goods and services produced in a country. Nominal GDP uses current prices, while real GDP expresses values in constant prices (such as a base year) to eliminate the effect of inflation. Calculating real GDP allows analysis of changes in economic activity by quantity rather than price changes. The GDP deflator measures inflation as the ratio of nominal to real GDP and the inflation rate shows price level changes between years.
The document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on operations and value chain management. It discusses how operations management involves designing and controlling processes to transform resources into goods and services. Value chain management aims to integrate all members of the production process into a seamless chain that maximizes customer value. Successful value chain management requires coordination, technology investment, flexible employees and culture changes. Benefits include improved procurement, logistics, customer service and product development, while obstacles can include organizational barriers and lack of trust between members.
The document outlines the key aspects of organizational control discussed in Chapter 18. It begins by defining control as the process of monitoring activities to ensure they are accomplished as planned and correcting deviations. The three steps in the control process are measuring actual performance, comparing it to standards, and taking action to correct deviations. Common measures of organizational performance include financial metrics like profits, costs and sales as well as non-financial metrics like customer satisfaction and turnover. Managers have three courses of action when deviations occur - doing nothing if minor, correcting current performance, or revising standards.
This document provides an overview of theories of motivation from a chapter in a management textbook. It summarizes Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, Herzberg's two-factor theory, and McClelland's three needs theory. It also discusses goal-setting theory, reinforcement theory, job characteristics model, equity theory, and expectancy theory. The document includes learning outlines and exhibits to illustrate key concepts from each motivation theory.
The document summarizes key topics from a chapter about groups and teams, including:
1) It defines different types of groups like formal work groups, informal groups, command groups, task groups, and cross-functional teams.
2) It describes the five stages of group development: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning.
3) It explains factors that influence group behavior such as roles, norms, conformity, status systems, group size, and cohesiveness.
The document summarizes a chapter about managing change and innovation from a management textbook. It discusses forces for change, models of the change process, types of organizational change, managing resistance to change, issues like changing culture and employee stress, and making change successful. The learning outline provides topics the chapter will cover, including stimulating innovation.
This document provides a learning outline for a chapter that discusses the foundations of individual behavior in organizations. The outline covers topics like why managers look at individual behavior, key employee behaviors they want to understand and influence, attitudes and how they impact work, personality traits, perception, and learning. It also discusses using tools like the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the big-five model to classify personality. The outline aims to help readers understand psychological factors that affect workplace behavior.
The document summarizes a chapter about managing change and innovation from a management textbook. It discusses forces for change, models of the change process, types of organizational change, managing resistance to change, stimulating innovation, and creating an environment that supports innovation. Key topics covered include change agents, organizational development techniques, sources of stress from change, and the role of idea champions in driving innovation.
The document outlines key aspects of organizational structure and design discussed in Chapter 10, including:
1) Organizational structure involves decisions about work specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, span of control, and levels of centralization and formalization.
2) Organizational designs can be mechanistic or organic depending on factors like strategy, size, technology, and environmental uncertainty.
3) Common organizational designs include functional, divisional, team, matrix, and project-based structures. Contemporary designs emphasize flexibility over rigid hierarchies.
The document summarizes various planning tools and techniques discussed in Chapter 9. It outlines techniques for assessing the environment, such as environmental scanning, competitor intelligence, forecasting, and benchmarking. It also describes techniques for allocating resources, including budgets, Gantt charts, PERT network analysis, breakeven analysis, and linear programming. Finally, it discusses contemporary planning techniques like project management, scenario planning, and contingency planning.
The document summarizes a chapter about foundations of planning from a management textbook. It discusses key topics such as defining planning, the purposes of planning, different types of plans like strategic and operational plans, how goals and plans are established within organizations using approaches like traditional goal setting and management by objectives, and contemporary issues in planning. The learning outline provides a structured guide to the contents and major sections within the chapter.
The document summarizes key aspects of decision-making as discussed in Chapter 6 of a management textbook. It describes the eight steps in the decision-making process, including identifying the problem, criteria, alternatives, selecting an alternative, and evaluating. It also discusses rational decision-making assumptions and limits, as well as intuitive decision-making. Different types of problems, decisions, policies, procedures and rules are outlined.
The document outlines a chapter about social responsibility and managerial ethics from a management textbook. It discusses key topics like the classical and socioeconomic views of social responsibility, the relationship between social involvement and economic performance, approaches to environmental sustainability like the greening of management, and the role of values-based management and shared corporate values. The learning outline provides an overview of the subtopics and issues covered in the chapter.
This chapter discusses managing in a global environment. It covers key topics such as different global attitudes, regional trading agreements like the EU and NAFTA, the role of the WTO, different types of international organizations, and challenges of managing across different legal, economic and cultural environments. Cultural frameworks for assessing differences like Hofstede's and GLOBE are also summarized. The chapter emphasizes developing a geocentric perspective to effectively manage global business.
This document provides an overview of organizational culture and the external environment as constraints on managers according to Chapter 3 of the textbook. It defines key terms like organizational culture, describes the seven dimensions of culture, and explains how culture is established and influences managers' decisions. It also discusses the external environment and how factors like complexity and change can create uncertainty for managers. The document outlines steps for managing stakeholder relationships.
National income can be measured using three methods - the product or output method, the income method, and the expenditure method. The product method adds up the total value of goods and services produced domestically. The income method sums the incomes received by the factors of production. The expenditure method equals total consumption + investment + government spending + net exports in an economy. National income data is useful for economic planning and policymaking but has some limitations like neglecting non-monetary activities.
The document discusses the management technique of Management by Walking Around (MBWA). It involves managers spending time visiting employee work areas, listening to employees, and informally addressing issues. The goals are to identify problems, encourage communication, and strengthen relationships. It originated in the 1970s when Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard created a style of personal involvement and recognition. While some question its relevance today, proponents argue it remains an effective way to understand operations and motivate staff. Guidelines include visiting often without criticism and focusing on positive interactions.
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of management theories from early practices to modern approaches. It discusses seminal thinkers and concepts such as: Frederick Taylor's scientific management principles; Henri Fayol's 14 principles of management; Max Weber's bureaucracy model; the Hawthorne Studies impact on organizational behavior theory; and the systems approach to understanding organizations. The document aims to help readers understand the development of management as a field of study over time through key historical influences.
The document is a chapter from a management textbook that introduces key concepts about management and organizations. It defines management and what managers do, including the four main functions of management. It also discusses how the role and skills required of managers are changing, with an increased focus on customer service and innovation. Additionally, it defines what constitutes an organization and explores why studying management is important.