The document provides an overview of pacemaker components, physiology, and programming. It discusses the basic hardware components of pacemakers including the pulse generator, leads, and electrodes. It then covers pacing and sensing principles such as capture, impedance, and sensing thresholds. The remainder summarizes various pacing modes and algorithms for managing arrhythmias, rate response, and minimizing ventricular pacing.
This presentation describes the emergency department management of sinus tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular ectopic
This document discusses wide complex tachycardias and how to differentiate them based on electrocardiogram (ECG) findings. It provides details on what makes a complex narrow or wide, types of wide complex tachycardias including ventricular tachycardia and supraventricular tachycardia, and ECG criteria to help determine the source and mechanism such as the presence or absence of RS complexes and their intervals. Morphologic criteria on the ECG and algorithms like the ACC algorithm are presented to aid in differential diagnosis.
This presentation is very useful for undergraduate medical students, premedical students to know about the basics of ECG in a very less time.This presentation teaches us how to proceed systematically to interprate an electrocardiographic tracing.
- The heart's electrical system consists of pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node and conduction pathways through the atrioventricular node and Purkinje fibers.
- Different areas of the heart have distinct action potentials due to differences in ion channels. Pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes use "funny current" channels allow them to set the heart rate.
- The speed and pattern of electrical conduction throughout the heart can be analyzed using a 12-lead electrocardiogram, which detects the voltage changes on the body surface from cardiac electrical activity. Abnormal conduction may indicate conditions like left ventricular hypertrophy.
This document contains 7 ECG quiz cases designed to test the reader's ability to identify abnormalities and determine appropriate clinical responses. Each case provides an ECG image and asks the reader to identify any abnormalities, explain their clinical significance, and recommend next steps. The cases cover conditions like Wellens' syndrome, de Winter's pattern, posterior STEMI, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, Brugada pattern, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. The document emphasizes the importance of recognizing subtle ECG findings that can indicate high-risk cardiac conditions requiring prompt referral or treatment.
The document defines and classifies different types of arrhythmias. It discusses the etiology, symptoms, electrocardiogram characteristics and treatment options for various arrhythmias including sinus arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, premature contractions, and more. Anti-arrhythmia medications are also categorized based on their mechanisms of action.
The document provides an overview of pacemaker components, physiology, and programming. It discusses the basic hardware components of pacemakers including the pulse generator, leads, and electrodes. It then covers pacing and sensing principles such as capture, impedance, and sensing thresholds. The remainder summarizes various pacing modes and algorithms for managing arrhythmias, rate response, and minimizing ventricular pacing.
This presentation describes the emergency department management of sinus tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular ectopic
This document discusses wide complex tachycardias and how to differentiate them based on electrocardiogram (ECG) findings. It provides details on what makes a complex narrow or wide, types of wide complex tachycardias including ventricular tachycardia and supraventricular tachycardia, and ECG criteria to help determine the source and mechanism such as the presence or absence of RS complexes and their intervals. Morphologic criteria on the ECG and algorithms like the ACC algorithm are presented to aid in differential diagnosis.
This presentation is very useful for undergraduate medical students, premedical students to know about the basics of ECG in a very less time.This presentation teaches us how to proceed systematically to interprate an electrocardiographic tracing.
- The heart's electrical system consists of pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node and conduction pathways through the atrioventricular node and Purkinje fibers.
- Different areas of the heart have distinct action potentials due to differences in ion channels. Pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes use "funny current" channels allow them to set the heart rate.
- The speed and pattern of electrical conduction throughout the heart can be analyzed using a 12-lead electrocardiogram, which detects the voltage changes on the body surface from cardiac electrical activity. Abnormal conduction may indicate conditions like left ventricular hypertrophy.
This document contains 7 ECG quiz cases designed to test the reader's ability to identify abnormalities and determine appropriate clinical responses. Each case provides an ECG image and asks the reader to identify any abnormalities, explain their clinical significance, and recommend next steps. The cases cover conditions like Wellens' syndrome, de Winter's pattern, posterior STEMI, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, Brugada pattern, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. The document emphasizes the importance of recognizing subtle ECG findings that can indicate high-risk cardiac conditions requiring prompt referral or treatment.
The document defines and classifies different types of arrhythmias. It discusses the etiology, symptoms, electrocardiogram characteristics and treatment options for various arrhythmias including sinus arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, premature contractions, and more. Anti-arrhythmia medications are also categorized based on their mechanisms of action.
Cardiac arrhythmias are abnormalities in the heart's rhythm. There are two main types: bradycardia, a slow heart rate, and tachycardia, a fast heart rate. Various arrhythmias are described including sinus bradycardia, heart block, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, AV nodal reentry tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and ventricular tachycardia. Treatment depends on the type of arrhythmia and may include medication, cardioversion, ablation, or pacemaker implantation. Diagnosis involves ECG, echocardiogram, blood tests, and other cardiac tests. Lifestyle changes and avoiding arrhythmia triggers can help management.
Pacemaker Mediated Tachycardia... or not?Junhao Koh
This patient has a history of heart failure and was admitted for worsening symptoms. She has a cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator (CRT-D) implanted but continues to have episodes of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Device interrogation revealed a mechanism of pacemaker-mediated tachycardia involving retrograde conduction of premature ventricular complexes triggering the device to pace the atria, initiating a reentrant loop. Changing the device settings eliminated this tachycardia.
The sinus node is the dominant pacemaker of the heart located in the right atrium. Sinus node dysfunction can cause abnormal automaticity or conduction, resulting in bradycardic rhythms like sinus bradycardia, sinus pauses, or tachycardic rhythms like inappropriate sinus tachycardia. Evaluation involves surface ECG, exercise testing, drug challenge, and invasive electrophysiological study if needed to diagnose sinus node disorders.
- Left bundle branch block (LBBB) is caused by conditions that damage the left bundle branch, such as hypertension, dilated cardiomyopathy, and ischemic heart disease.
- LBBB is diagnosed based on criteria including a QRS duration of over 120ms and abnormal ST segment and T wave patterns.
- The prognosis of LBBB depends on any underlying heart conditions, with LBBB increasing the risk of mortality. LBBB may resolve temporarily following a premature ventricular contraction due to resetting of the conduction system.
This document contains information about hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). It begins with an overview of HOCM, defining it as a genetic heart condition characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy. It then discusses the pathophysiology of HOCM, focusing on left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, diastolic dysfunction, myocardial ischemia, and mitral regurgitation due to systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve. The document outlines clinical manifestations such as symptoms, physical exam findings, ECG and echocardiographic features, and complications. It concludes by covering treatment options for HOCM including medications, surgical septal myectomy via transaortic or transapical approaches, and other procedures like alcohol septal
ECG Lecture: Sinus arrest, sinoatrial exit block, AV block and escape rhythmsMichael-Joseph Agbayani
Simple ECG lecture about sinus arrest, sinoatrial exit block, AV block and escape rhythms. Slideshow was made with an audience of medical professionals in mind.
AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), or atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, is a type of tachycardia (fast rhythm) of the heart. It is a type of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), meaning that it originates from a location within the heart above the bundle of His. AV nodal reentrant tachycardia is the most common regular supraventricular tachycardia. It is more common in women than men (approximately 75% of cases occur in females). The main symptom is palpitations. Treatment may be with specific physical maneuvers, medication, or, rarely, synchronized cardioversion. Frequent attacks may require radiofrequency ablation, in which the abnormally conducting tissue in the heart is destroyed.
AVNRT occurs when a reentry circuit forms within or just next to the atrioventricular node. The circuit usually involves two anatomical pathways: the fast pathway and the slow pathway, which are both in the right atrium. The slow pathway (which is usually targeted for ablation) is located inferior and slightly posterior to the AV node, often following the anterior margin of the coronary sinus. The fast pathway is usually located just superior and posterior to the AV node. These pathways are formed from tissue that behaves very much like the AV node, and some authors regard them as part of the AV node.
The fast and slow pathways should not be confused with the accessory pathways that give rise to Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW syndrome) or atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT). In AVNRT, the fast and slow pathways are located within the right atrium close to or within the AV node and exhibit electrophysiologic properties similar to AV nodal tissue. Accessory pathways that give rise to WPW syndrome and AVRT are located in the atrioventricular valvular rings. They provide a direct connection between the atria and ventricles, and have electrophysiologic properties similar to ventricular myocardium.
This document summarizes different types of bradycardia and abnormal heart rhythms seen on electrocardiograms. It describes normal sinus rhythm and evaluates rhythms based on heart rate, P wave presence and morphology, and PR interval. Types of bradycardia discussed include sinus node dysfunction, atrioventricular blocks, junctional and ventricular escape rhythms, and atrial fibrillation with slow ventricular response. Evaluation of sinus node function through electrophysiology studies is also covered. Diagrams of electrocardiograms are provided to illustrate different arrhythmias.
ECG Rhythm Interpretation
ST Elevation and non-ST Elevation MIs
ECG Changes
ECG Changes & the Evolving MI
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
Normal Impulse Conduction
Bundle Branch Blocks
Ventricular tachycardia can occur due to various causes like acute myocardial infarction, chronic infarction, dilated cardiomyopathy, etc. It is classified as sustained, non-sustained, monomorphic, polymorphic, etc. based on characteristics. Diagnosis involves ECG, echocardiogram, and monitoring. Treatment depends on hemodynamic stability and includes electrical cardioversion, antiarrhythmic drugs like amiodarone, lidocaine, ablation, and ICD implantation in selected cases. Recurrence risk is high in structurally abnormal hearts and prevention involves controlling triggers, antiarrhythmics, and ICDs.
This document defines and discusses the management of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. It begins by defining terms like tachyarrhythmia, tachycardia, and supraventricular tachyarrhythmia. It then discusses various types of supraventricular tachycardias that arise from different areas of the heart including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atria, and accessory pathways. The document provides guidance on clinical evaluation, ECG patterns, mechanisms, and treatment approaches for common supraventricular tachycardias such as AV nodal reentrant tachycardia, AV reentrant tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and atrial
This document discusses different types of arrhythmias, including tachyarrhythmias like atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and supraventricular tachycardia. It describes the causes, complications, and treatment options for each type. The document also covers bradyarrhythmias such as different degrees of atrioventricular block and sick sinus syndrome. Normal ECG findings are reviewed as well as how to properly read an ECG.
Atrial flutter is a reentrant tachycardia involving the right atrium. There are two main types - typical atrial flutter which revolves counterclockwise around the tricuspid annulus, and reverse typical atrial flutter which revolves clockwise. Catheter ablation aims to create a continuous linear lesion across the cavotricuspid isthmus to block conduction and terminate the arrhythmia. Successful ablation is confirmed by the inability to induce flutter and demonstration of bidirectional conduction block across the ablation line.
This document provides an overview of evaluating and managing chest pain. It discusses the many potential causes of chest pain including cardiac, pulmonary, gastrointestinal and psychiatric conditions. Key points include that up to 30% of cardiac catheterizations for suspected coronary artery disease are negative. The diagnostic workup involves considering the patient's history, symptoms, physical exam, ECG, cardiac biomarkers, imaging and ruling out life-threatening causes like aortic dissection and pulmonary embolism. For suspected acute coronary syndrome, treatment involves antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, nitroglycerin, beta-blockers, oxygen and considering cardiac catheterization if within 90 minutes of symptoms.
Its a medical presentation describing how to approach to various cardiac arrhythmias in systematic way. Illustrated with more ECG photographs from standard sources.
This document discusses atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common cardiac arrhythmia. It provides background on AF including its history, classification, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis and electrocardiographic characteristics. Key points discussed are that AF results from triggers in the pulmonary veins initiating reentry circuits in the atria, and that it begets itself over time through electrical and structural remodeling of the atria. Management involves identifying and treating underlying causes, rate control, and anticoagulation to prevent thromboembolism.
This document discusses heart failure in childhood. It defines heart failure as the heart's inability to deliver adequate cardiac output to meet the body's needs. The most common causes in children are congenital defects like VSD, ASD, or acquired conditions like rheumatic heart disease or myocarditis. Symptoms can include feeding difficulties, respiratory distress, or failure to thrive in infants. Diagnosis involves tests like echocardiogram, chest X-ray, and BNP levels to assess cardiac function and rule out other conditions. Treatment focuses on enhancing contractility, reducing preload and afterload, and improving oxygen delivery through medications, diuretics, and surgery or catheterization for congenital defects.
This document discusses the differential diagnosis and evaluation of wide complex tachycardia. It lists the main differential diagnoses as ventricular tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia with pre-existing conduction abnormalities, supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant conduction, electrolyte abnormalities, or conduction over an accessory pathway. When in doubt, it is safest to assume it is ventricular tachycardia, especially in patients with cardiovascular disease. The document outlines criteria to consider in the history and examination and ECG features that can help differentiate ventricular tachycardia from supraventricular tachycardia.
This document discusses cardiac arrhythmias and their treatment. It begins by describing the cardiac conduction system and action potentials in nodal and non-nodal cells. It then covers mechanisms of arrhythmias including disorders of impulse formation and conduction. Various types of tachyarrhythmias are defined including SVTs originating from the sinus node, atria, or AV node. Treatment of SVTs focuses on pharmacological agents or cardioversion. The document concludes with classifications of antiarrhythmic drugs and arrhythmias.
Dit is een presentatie die als ondersteuning dient voor het leren van de Bio-energetica en Metabolisme. Dit vormt een onderdeel van de Personal Training opleiding van EFAA opleidingen
Cardiac arrhythmias are abnormalities in the heart's rhythm. There are two main types: bradycardia, a slow heart rate, and tachycardia, a fast heart rate. Various arrhythmias are described including sinus bradycardia, heart block, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, AV nodal reentry tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and ventricular tachycardia. Treatment depends on the type of arrhythmia and may include medication, cardioversion, ablation, or pacemaker implantation. Diagnosis involves ECG, echocardiogram, blood tests, and other cardiac tests. Lifestyle changes and avoiding arrhythmia triggers can help management.
Pacemaker Mediated Tachycardia... or not?Junhao Koh
This patient has a history of heart failure and was admitted for worsening symptoms. She has a cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator (CRT-D) implanted but continues to have episodes of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Device interrogation revealed a mechanism of pacemaker-mediated tachycardia involving retrograde conduction of premature ventricular complexes triggering the device to pace the atria, initiating a reentrant loop. Changing the device settings eliminated this tachycardia.
The sinus node is the dominant pacemaker of the heart located in the right atrium. Sinus node dysfunction can cause abnormal automaticity or conduction, resulting in bradycardic rhythms like sinus bradycardia, sinus pauses, or tachycardic rhythms like inappropriate sinus tachycardia. Evaluation involves surface ECG, exercise testing, drug challenge, and invasive electrophysiological study if needed to diagnose sinus node disorders.
- Left bundle branch block (LBBB) is caused by conditions that damage the left bundle branch, such as hypertension, dilated cardiomyopathy, and ischemic heart disease.
- LBBB is diagnosed based on criteria including a QRS duration of over 120ms and abnormal ST segment and T wave patterns.
- The prognosis of LBBB depends on any underlying heart conditions, with LBBB increasing the risk of mortality. LBBB may resolve temporarily following a premature ventricular contraction due to resetting of the conduction system.
This document contains information about hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). It begins with an overview of HOCM, defining it as a genetic heart condition characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy. It then discusses the pathophysiology of HOCM, focusing on left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, diastolic dysfunction, myocardial ischemia, and mitral regurgitation due to systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve. The document outlines clinical manifestations such as symptoms, physical exam findings, ECG and echocardiographic features, and complications. It concludes by covering treatment options for HOCM including medications, surgical septal myectomy via transaortic or transapical approaches, and other procedures like alcohol septal
ECG Lecture: Sinus arrest, sinoatrial exit block, AV block and escape rhythmsMichael-Joseph Agbayani
Simple ECG lecture about sinus arrest, sinoatrial exit block, AV block and escape rhythms. Slideshow was made with an audience of medical professionals in mind.
AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), or atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, is a type of tachycardia (fast rhythm) of the heart. It is a type of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), meaning that it originates from a location within the heart above the bundle of His. AV nodal reentrant tachycardia is the most common regular supraventricular tachycardia. It is more common in women than men (approximately 75% of cases occur in females). The main symptom is palpitations. Treatment may be with specific physical maneuvers, medication, or, rarely, synchronized cardioversion. Frequent attacks may require radiofrequency ablation, in which the abnormally conducting tissue in the heart is destroyed.
AVNRT occurs when a reentry circuit forms within or just next to the atrioventricular node. The circuit usually involves two anatomical pathways: the fast pathway and the slow pathway, which are both in the right atrium. The slow pathway (which is usually targeted for ablation) is located inferior and slightly posterior to the AV node, often following the anterior margin of the coronary sinus. The fast pathway is usually located just superior and posterior to the AV node. These pathways are formed from tissue that behaves very much like the AV node, and some authors regard them as part of the AV node.
The fast and slow pathways should not be confused with the accessory pathways that give rise to Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW syndrome) or atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT). In AVNRT, the fast and slow pathways are located within the right atrium close to or within the AV node and exhibit electrophysiologic properties similar to AV nodal tissue. Accessory pathways that give rise to WPW syndrome and AVRT are located in the atrioventricular valvular rings. They provide a direct connection between the atria and ventricles, and have electrophysiologic properties similar to ventricular myocardium.
This document summarizes different types of bradycardia and abnormal heart rhythms seen on electrocardiograms. It describes normal sinus rhythm and evaluates rhythms based on heart rate, P wave presence and morphology, and PR interval. Types of bradycardia discussed include sinus node dysfunction, atrioventricular blocks, junctional and ventricular escape rhythms, and atrial fibrillation with slow ventricular response. Evaluation of sinus node function through electrophysiology studies is also covered. Diagrams of electrocardiograms are provided to illustrate different arrhythmias.
ECG Rhythm Interpretation
ST Elevation and non-ST Elevation MIs
ECG Changes
ECG Changes & the Evolving MI
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
Normal Impulse Conduction
Bundle Branch Blocks
Ventricular tachycardia can occur due to various causes like acute myocardial infarction, chronic infarction, dilated cardiomyopathy, etc. It is classified as sustained, non-sustained, monomorphic, polymorphic, etc. based on characteristics. Diagnosis involves ECG, echocardiogram, and monitoring. Treatment depends on hemodynamic stability and includes electrical cardioversion, antiarrhythmic drugs like amiodarone, lidocaine, ablation, and ICD implantation in selected cases. Recurrence risk is high in structurally abnormal hearts and prevention involves controlling triggers, antiarrhythmics, and ICDs.
This document defines and discusses the management of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. It begins by defining terms like tachyarrhythmia, tachycardia, and supraventricular tachyarrhythmia. It then discusses various types of supraventricular tachycardias that arise from different areas of the heart including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atria, and accessory pathways. The document provides guidance on clinical evaluation, ECG patterns, mechanisms, and treatment approaches for common supraventricular tachycardias such as AV nodal reentrant tachycardia, AV reentrant tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and atrial
This document discusses different types of arrhythmias, including tachyarrhythmias like atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and supraventricular tachycardia. It describes the causes, complications, and treatment options for each type. The document also covers bradyarrhythmias such as different degrees of atrioventricular block and sick sinus syndrome. Normal ECG findings are reviewed as well as how to properly read an ECG.
Atrial flutter is a reentrant tachycardia involving the right atrium. There are two main types - typical atrial flutter which revolves counterclockwise around the tricuspid annulus, and reverse typical atrial flutter which revolves clockwise. Catheter ablation aims to create a continuous linear lesion across the cavotricuspid isthmus to block conduction and terminate the arrhythmia. Successful ablation is confirmed by the inability to induce flutter and demonstration of bidirectional conduction block across the ablation line.
This document provides an overview of evaluating and managing chest pain. It discusses the many potential causes of chest pain including cardiac, pulmonary, gastrointestinal and psychiatric conditions. Key points include that up to 30% of cardiac catheterizations for suspected coronary artery disease are negative. The diagnostic workup involves considering the patient's history, symptoms, physical exam, ECG, cardiac biomarkers, imaging and ruling out life-threatening causes like aortic dissection and pulmonary embolism. For suspected acute coronary syndrome, treatment involves antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, nitroglycerin, beta-blockers, oxygen and considering cardiac catheterization if within 90 minutes of symptoms.
Its a medical presentation describing how to approach to various cardiac arrhythmias in systematic way. Illustrated with more ECG photographs from standard sources.
This document discusses atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common cardiac arrhythmia. It provides background on AF including its history, classification, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis and electrocardiographic characteristics. Key points discussed are that AF results from triggers in the pulmonary veins initiating reentry circuits in the atria, and that it begets itself over time through electrical and structural remodeling of the atria. Management involves identifying and treating underlying causes, rate control, and anticoagulation to prevent thromboembolism.
This document discusses heart failure in childhood. It defines heart failure as the heart's inability to deliver adequate cardiac output to meet the body's needs. The most common causes in children are congenital defects like VSD, ASD, or acquired conditions like rheumatic heart disease or myocarditis. Symptoms can include feeding difficulties, respiratory distress, or failure to thrive in infants. Diagnosis involves tests like echocardiogram, chest X-ray, and BNP levels to assess cardiac function and rule out other conditions. Treatment focuses on enhancing contractility, reducing preload and afterload, and improving oxygen delivery through medications, diuretics, and surgery or catheterization for congenital defects.
This document discusses the differential diagnosis and evaluation of wide complex tachycardia. It lists the main differential diagnoses as ventricular tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia with pre-existing conduction abnormalities, supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant conduction, electrolyte abnormalities, or conduction over an accessory pathway. When in doubt, it is safest to assume it is ventricular tachycardia, especially in patients with cardiovascular disease. The document outlines criteria to consider in the history and examination and ECG features that can help differentiate ventricular tachycardia from supraventricular tachycardia.
This document discusses cardiac arrhythmias and their treatment. It begins by describing the cardiac conduction system and action potentials in nodal and non-nodal cells. It then covers mechanisms of arrhythmias including disorders of impulse formation and conduction. Various types of tachyarrhythmias are defined including SVTs originating from the sinus node, atria, or AV node. Treatment of SVTs focuses on pharmacological agents or cardioversion. The document concludes with classifications of antiarrhythmic drugs and arrhythmias.
Dit is een presentatie die als ondersteuning dient voor het leren van de Bio-energetica en Metabolisme. Dit vormt een onderdeel van de Personal Training opleiding van EFAA opleidingen
Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is a technique used to assess the functional severity of coronary artery stenosis. FFR measures the ratio of maximum blood flow in a stenotic artery to normal maximum flow. An FFR of 1 indicates normal blood flow, while an FFR below 0.75 indicates hemodynamically significant stenosis. FFR provides a standardized value that is not dependent on vessel size or myocardial mass. Clinical trials have shown that FFR-guided revascularization improves outcomes compared to angiography-guided procedures alone by avoiding unnecessary stenting. FFR is useful for evaluating intermediate lesions, serial lesions, diffuse disease, ostial lesions, and prior to deciding on revascularization.
O documento descreve um curso de ECG dividido em quatro módulos. O primeiro módulo trata do ECG normal, incluindo anatomia, princípios de eletrofisiologia e formação do traçado. O segundo módulo aborda alterações no ECG como sobrecargas, hipertrofias e bloqueios. O terceiro módulo estuda mecanismos e tipos de arritmias. O quarto módulo trata de antiarrítmicos e testes de traçados.
This document outlines the content of a course on electrocardiography (ECG), covering normal ECG parameters and patterns, vectorial analysis of the ECG, basic ECG interpretation, and beginning recognition of rhythms such as sinus rhythm and heart block. The course is divided into modules that cover topics including normal ECG features, abnormalities, arrhythmias, antiarrhythmic drugs, and a test with 20 ECG strips.
O documento discute anestesia em neurocirurgia, focando no controle da pressão intracraniana e do fluxo sanguíneo cerebral. Aborda os efeitos dos anestésicos inalatórios, venosos e outros fármacos no sistema nervoso central, assim como fatores que regulam a perfusão cerebral, como a pressão de dióxido de carbono. Também discute hidratação e manejo de fluidos em pacientes neurocirúrgicos.
This document discusses cardiac arrest management guidelines. It describes the chain of survival and importance of early CPR, defibrillation, and advanced life support. Guidelines for adult BLS and ACLS protocols are reviewed, including initial management of cardiac arrest, defibrillation, epinephrine and amiodarone administration, and post-resuscitation care interventions like induced hypothermia. Example cardiac arrest case scenarios are presented and questions are provided for discussion.
Cardiac arrhythmias occur frequently in ICU patients, with the most common being sinus tachycardia. Arrhythmias are often seen in patients with structural heart disease and can be exacerbated by critical illness. Management involves treating any imbalances that may be triggering the arrhythmia as well as directed medical therapy. Arrhythmias in the ICU represent a major source of morbidity and increased length of stay.
Improving survival from Sudden Cardiac Arrest – can it really work?Haydn Drake
Gary Strong's presentation at the Paramedics Australasia NZ CPD event in Auckland on 3 July 2013.
Gary is the Programme Leader BHSc Paramedic at Whitireia Polytechnic, and prior to that was the Education & Training Manager at Wellington Free Ambulance.
Prior to coming to New Zealand, Gary was the Paramedic Clinical Lead at the Great Western Ambulance Service, an Education and Development Tutor at the Gloucestershire Ambulance Service, and worked as a paramedic with the West Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Trust.
This document discusses the use of echocardiography in critically ill patients. It outlines the key views and assessments that can be done at the bedside, including estimating volume status, diagnosing causes of circulatory failure, assessing left ventricular function, and distinguishing between cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. The document provides guidance on obtaining standard echocardiographic views like the parasternal long axis and apical four-chamber views. It also describes how to use echocardiography to evaluate volume status, diagnose tamponade, measure right ventricular systolic pressure, and calculate cardiac output.
- O eletrocardiograma (ECG) registra os fenômenos elétricos originados durante a atividade cardíaca por meio de eletrodos posicionados no corpo.
- O ECG é dividido em derivações que fornecem diferentes ângulos de visualização do coração, incluindo derivações periféricas no plano frontal e derivações precordiais no plano horizontal.
- As principais áreas do traçado ECG analisadas incluem frequência cardíaca, ritmo, infarto e hipertrofia.
2. Auteurs: Met dank aan:
• Jonas de Jong • Prof. Arthur Wilde
• Ivo van der Bilt • Dr. Rudolph Koster
• Pieter Postema
• Joris de Groot Boeken:
• Renee van der Brink • Wellens: The ECG in
• Tymen Keller Emergency Decision Making
• Garcia / Miller: Arrhythmia
Illustraties: Recognition
• Rob Kreuger • Braunwald Heart Disease
• Bart Duineveld
Internet:
• www.ecgpedia.org
6. Geschiedenis van
het ECG
1843 Actiepotentiaal
1876 ECG van een hond
1887 Eerste menselijke ECG
door Engelse electrofysioloog
Waller
1893 Introductie term
“Electrocardiogram” door
Einthoven
1905 Telecardiogram vanuit
Einthovens laboratorium 1,5
km verderop
1906 Eerste beschrijving van
afwijkende ECG’s door
Einthoven: linker en
rechteratriumdilatatie, U golf,
notching van het QRS
complex, ventriculaire
extrasystolen, bigemini,
boezemflutter, totaal AV blok
8. Een ECG is een
optelsom van de
actiepotentialen van 300
biljoen hartcellen
9. De actiepotentiaal
De actiepotentiaal is
het resultaat van
ionstromen over de
celmembraam
Volgorde:
-Natrium de cel in
-Calcium de cel in
-Kalium de cel uit
14. Systematische beoordeling
• Kijk nooit eerst naar de pathologie!
• ALTIJD systematisch beoordelen!
• U mist belangrijke punten als u dat niet
doet!
15. Systematische beoordeling
• Algemene kenmerken
1. Ritme
2. Frequentie
3. Geleidingstijden
4. Hartas
5. P top morfologie
6. QRS morfologie
7. ST morfologie
• Vergelijking met oud ECG
• Conclusie
17. 1 Ritme
Eigenschappen van
sinusritme (=normaal)
-Een p top
(boezemcontractie) gaat
vooraf aan het QRS
complex
-Op iedere p top volgt een
QRS complex
-Het ritme is regelmatig,
maar varieert licht met de
ademhaling
-De frequentie ligt tussen
de 60 en 100 / minuut.
-De p top is positief in II en
AVF, en bifasisch in V1, en
negatief in AVR
18. Sinus ritme
Sinusritme - ritme vanuit sinusknoop, regelmatig
60-100 bpm, elk QRS-complex wordt vooraf
gegaan door een P-top (+ in I,II,AVF / - in aVR),
PQ 120 - 200 msec
21. 2 Frequentie
300/aantal grote
hokjes (200ms)
tussen 2 R/P
toppen.
De hartfrequentie
wordt beïnvloed
door:
Het autonome
zenuwstelsel
De vulling van het
hart
24. 3 Geleidingstijden
PQ tijd tussen 0.12 en
0.20 seconde
• te kort WPW
• te lang AV blok
QRS duur <= 0.10-0.12
seconde
Te lang LBTB / RBTB
QTc tijd = repolarisatie
Mannen < 440-450ms
Vrouwen < 450-470ms
31. Indeling SVT
Regulai HR P-top Therapie
r (bpm)
Smal QRS(<0,12)
Sinustachycardie Ja 100-180 Voor ieder QRS Geen of behandeling oorzaak
complex (koorts, angst, anemie)
Atriale Ja 75-200 Voor ieder QRS Sinus carotis massage,
complex maar betablocker, amiodarone
tachycardie
afwijkende vorm
Atriumfibrilleren Nee 60-175 afwezig Chemische/electrische
cardioversie of rate control
Atriumflutter Ja 75-150 Zaagtand m.n. Chemische/electrische
in afleiding II cardioversie of rate control
AVNRT Ja 180-250 In of na QRS Sinus carotis massage,
complex adenosine
AVRT Ja 150-250 RP<PR Chemische/electrische
cardioversie of rate control
Breed QRS(>0,12)
SVT met block Ja 75-200 afwezig Chemische/electrische
cardioversie
AVRT Ja 150-250 RP<PR Chemische/electrische
47. Geen Sinus ritme Wat nu?
• Frequentie?
• Breed of smal?
• Extra slagen?
• Cherchez le “P”
48. Premature atriale contractie
P dus niet + in I, II,
aVF, - in aVR
Geeft vaak
compensatoire
pauze en smal
QRS complex
(behalve bij pre-
existent of
frequentie
afhankelijk BBB)
Oorzaak: spontaan /
idiopathisch (niet
pathologisch),
sympaticus
prikkeling,
ischaemie, atriale
overbelasting
(overvulling)
49. Atriaal ritme
Andere atriale pacemaker sneller dan sinus (aangedane
sinus? Escape ritme?). Atriale bradycardie (<60bpm),
Atriale tachycardie (>100bpm).
Oorzaken: vaak ischaemie, maar soms ook zelfde als PAC:
idiopathisch, sympaticus prikkeling, atriale overbelasting
53. Atrium flutter
“Iedere tachycardie van 150/min is een
boezemflutter tot het tegendeel bewezen is”
Zaagtand smal complex tachy
AV geleiding 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1 etc > ventriculaire
freq: 300, 150, 100, 75 etc
Oorzaken en risico’s identiek aan AFib
70. AVRT
AV re-entry
tachycardie
Cirkeltachycardi
e over
accessoire
bundel
Antidroom,
orthodroom
Klinische electrocardiografie, Robles de Medina, van Hemel, Wilde 2000
73. Ventriculaire extrasystole
Premature slagen met breed QRS-complex, geen voorafgaande P-top,
vaak gevolgd door compensatoire pauze
Soms palpitaties, vaak niet pathologisch, bij sommige hartziekten
frequent en soms VT/VF tot gevolg
74. VES , PVC
• Bigemini
• Trigemini (iedere 2e sinus slag VES)
• Doublet/triplet (2,3 VESsen achter elkaar)
75. Ventriculair (escape) ritme
Idioventricular rhythm, 25-40 bpm, brede,
misvormde QRSc omplexen (>0.12 sec),
meestal regelmatig, geen samenhang tussen
QRS en eventuele P-toppen (=AV-dissociatie)
Laatst overgebleven ritme, vaak pathologie
(ischaemie)
83. Torsades de Pointes
Torsade des pointes: Polymorfe VT, alternerend rond de
basislijn, geassocieerd met Long QT syndrome
Therapie, Kan spontaan termineren, kan ook overgaan in
VF(!), eventueel ECV (10-20J), Eventueel stoppen pro-
aritmogene medicatie
84. Ventrikel fibrilleren
Geen coordinatie elektrische aktiviteit van de ventrikels,
Geen afzonderlijke QRS-complexen te zien, Grove
wiebellijn, Altijd: circulatiestilstand waarvoor reanimatie /
defibrillatie (>200J)!
(Bijna) altijd structureel of electrische hartziekte
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