Dit is een presentatie die als ondersteuning dient voor het leren van de Bio-energetica en Metabolisme. Dit vormt een onderdeel van de Personal Training opleiding van EFAA opleidingen
Introduction of uv and visible spectroscopyJahnabi Sarmah
This document provides an introduction to UV-visible spectroscopy. It discusses how UV-visible spectroscopy works by measuring absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the UV-visible region by molecules, ions or complexes. This causes electronic transitions from the ground state to excited states. It then describes the different types of electronic transitions that can occur, such as n→Π*, Π→Π*, n→σ* and σ→σ* transitions, and gives examples of compounds that undergo each type of transition. It concludes by stating that UV-visible spectroscopy finds applications in research, industry and environmental analysis.
1) Rapid detection of bacteria is important for timely analysis in microbial testing. Methods like membrane filtration and direct epifluorescent filter technique allow rapid concentration and enumeration of microbes within 10 minutes.
2) Sterilization methods like heat, radiation, filtration, and gases aim to eliminate bacteria and viruses. Moist heat sterilization through autoclaving at 121°C is very effective. Dry heat sterilization is also used for heat-stable items.
3) Parameters like D-value, z-value, and F-value are used to define the effectiveness of sterilization methods against microbes. Proper validation and monitoring of sterilization processes is important.
Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is used to study the structure of biological molecules like proteins. CD measures the difference in absorption of left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized light, which occurs when molecules contain chiral chromophores. Structural information can be derived from a molecule's CD spectrum. CD spectrometers measure the absorption of left and right circularly polarized light at different frequencies and calculate the circular dichroism signal. CD provides information about secondary structure, conformational changes, and interactions with other molecules.
We are manufacturers of horizontal autoclave, triple walled horizontal autoclave India since 1990. Our horizontal
autoclaves are widely used for day to day mass scale sterilization procedures and in various bulk laboratory
applications, where dryness of the sterilized medium is of paramount importance, given the fact that semi dry
sterilized media is prone to various micro-bacterial and viral infections.
Introduction
Instrumentation
Sampling techniques
Group frequencies
Factors affecting group frequencies
Complementarity of IR and Raman spectroscopy
Applications of Infrared spectroscopy
This presentation is all about Microscope .... The miracle instrument which revolutionised the study of microbiology and Biological science . Be it Cell studies, molecule studies, pathogen studies, virology etc etc ..... All has become possible for this instrument. let us understand the functioning , applications of this instrument .
The document describes the macrodilution method for determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics. Key steps include:
1. Preparing stock solutions of antibiotics at high concentrations like 10 mg/mL and diluting them to make testing concentrations.
2. Creating a standardized bacterial inoculum of around 5x105 CFU/mL.
3. Diluting the antibiotic in a series of tubes containing broth and adding the bacterial inoculum.
4. Incubating the tubes overnight and finding the lowest antibiotic concentration tube that shows no visible growth, which is the MIC. The MBC can also be determined by culturing samples from clear tubes.
Introduction of uv and visible spectroscopyJahnabi Sarmah
This document provides an introduction to UV-visible spectroscopy. It discusses how UV-visible spectroscopy works by measuring absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the UV-visible region by molecules, ions or complexes. This causes electronic transitions from the ground state to excited states. It then describes the different types of electronic transitions that can occur, such as n→Π*, Π→Π*, n→σ* and σ→σ* transitions, and gives examples of compounds that undergo each type of transition. It concludes by stating that UV-visible spectroscopy finds applications in research, industry and environmental analysis.
1) Rapid detection of bacteria is important for timely analysis in microbial testing. Methods like membrane filtration and direct epifluorescent filter technique allow rapid concentration and enumeration of microbes within 10 minutes.
2) Sterilization methods like heat, radiation, filtration, and gases aim to eliminate bacteria and viruses. Moist heat sterilization through autoclaving at 121°C is very effective. Dry heat sterilization is also used for heat-stable items.
3) Parameters like D-value, z-value, and F-value are used to define the effectiveness of sterilization methods against microbes. Proper validation and monitoring of sterilization processes is important.
Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is used to study the structure of biological molecules like proteins. CD measures the difference in absorption of left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized light, which occurs when molecules contain chiral chromophores. Structural information can be derived from a molecule's CD spectrum. CD spectrometers measure the absorption of left and right circularly polarized light at different frequencies and calculate the circular dichroism signal. CD provides information about secondary structure, conformational changes, and interactions with other molecules.
We are manufacturers of horizontal autoclave, triple walled horizontal autoclave India since 1990. Our horizontal
autoclaves are widely used for day to day mass scale sterilization procedures and in various bulk laboratory
applications, where dryness of the sterilized medium is of paramount importance, given the fact that semi dry
sterilized media is prone to various micro-bacterial and viral infections.
Introduction
Instrumentation
Sampling techniques
Group frequencies
Factors affecting group frequencies
Complementarity of IR and Raman spectroscopy
Applications of Infrared spectroscopy
This presentation is all about Microscope .... The miracle instrument which revolutionised the study of microbiology and Biological science . Be it Cell studies, molecule studies, pathogen studies, virology etc etc ..... All has become possible for this instrument. let us understand the functioning , applications of this instrument .
The document describes the macrodilution method for determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics. Key steps include:
1. Preparing stock solutions of antibiotics at high concentrations like 10 mg/mL and diluting them to make testing concentrations.
2. Creating a standardized bacterial inoculum of around 5x105 CFU/mL.
3. Diluting the antibiotic in a series of tubes containing broth and adding the bacterial inoculum.
4. Incubating the tubes overnight and finding the lowest antibiotic concentration tube that shows no visible growth, which is the MIC. The MBC can also be determined by culturing samples from clear tubes.
High-altitude medicine deals with illnesses that affect those at high elevations, such as mountaineers and aviators. Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is generally mild and self-limiting, while high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) and high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) can be life-threatening. Factors like rate of ascent and genetics affect risk. Acclimatization through gradual ascent can help prevent illness by allowing the body to adapt through increased ventilation and other physiological changes. Symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and treatments are described for AMS, HAPE, and HACE.
Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is a technique used to assess the functional severity of coronary artery stenosis. FFR measures the ratio of maximum blood flow in a stenotic artery to normal maximum flow. An FFR of 1 indicates normal blood flow, while an FFR below 0.75 indicates hemodynamically significant stenosis. FFR provides a standardized value that is not dependent on vessel size or myocardial mass. Clinical trials have shown that FFR-guided revascularization improves outcomes compared to angiography-guided procedures alone by avoiding unnecessary stenting. FFR is useful for evaluating intermediate lesions, serial lesions, diffuse disease, ostial lesions, and prior to deciding on revascularization.
The document discusses physiological responses and adaptations to high altitudes. It notes that as altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases, which can lead to hypoxic hypoxia and acute mountain sickness. The body acclimatizes over time through various mechanisms, including increased ventilation, diffusing capacity of the lungs, red blood cell count, hemoglobin levels, and tissue oxygen use. Native high-altitude populations further adapt from infancy onward. Symptoms of altitude sickness range from mild headaches to death above 23,000 feet without acclimatization. Slow ascent and use of oxygen can help prevent issues.
This document discusses dobutamine stress echo, including:
1. Dobutamine stress echo is used to detect myocardial ischemia by inducing wall motion abnormalities, ECG changes, and symptoms through increasing myocardial oxygen demand.
2. Echo is used to visualize any wall motion abnormalities induced during stress. Dobutamine is preferable to other stressors as it more effectively precipitates myocardial dysfunction and is well-suited for imaging.
3. The test involves gradually increasing doses of dobutamine infusion while monitoring for changes on ECG and echo. It has various clinical applications including diagnosing CAD, assessing viability, and perioperative risk assessment. Serious complications are very rare.
This document summarizes various metabolic pathways including glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino acid degradation, the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, the hexose monophosphate shunt, gluconeogenesis, and glycogen metabolism. It also describes how these pathways are regulated and integrated in the liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and brain in both the fed and starved states to meet energy demands and fuel needs of the body.
The document discusses carbohydrates and their role in the human body. It states that carbohydrates are the chief source of energy, providing 60-70% of the body's daily caloric needs. Carbohydrates are grouped into those that are utilized by the body (like glucose and glycogen) and those that are not (like cellulose). The document also outlines carbohydrates' role in fueling muscle work, synthesizing other compounds, and regulating blood glucose levels. It provides a table comparing the glycemic index of different foods.
Stress echocardiography involves using cardiac ultrasound imaging along with exercise or pharmacological stressors like dobutamine to detect changes in heart wall motion that indicate reduced pumping function during stress. This can help identify blockages in the arteries to the heart. Dobutamine stress echocardiography involves gradually increasing doses of dobutamine, a drug that increases heart rate and contraction. Images are taken at each dose to detect any new wall motion abnormalities that would suggest ischemia. While it is effective for evaluating coronary artery disease, it also carries risks of side effects like arrhythmias that require emergency drugs like esmolol to reverse. Interpreting any new wall motion abnormalities seen under stress is important for diagnosis.
This document discusses fractional flow reserve (FFR), which is a technique used to functionally assess the significance of coronary artery stenosis. FFR is defined as the ratio of maximum blood flow in a stenotic artery to maximum blood flow if there was no stenosis. It is calculated as the ratio of mean distal coronary pressure (Pd) to mean aortic pressure (Pa) during maximal hyperemia induced by pharmacological agents. An FFR value below 0.75 is associated with inducible ischemia, while a value above 0.80 indicates an insignificant stenosis in most cases. FFR has advantages over angiography alone in evaluating stenosis as it accounts for vessel characteristics like length and takes collateral flow into consideration.
This document summarizes key aspects of metabolism integration. It discusses the major macronutrients and their roles in energy production and storage. The major metabolic pathways are described, including their junction points and regulatory enzymes. Specific pathways for glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are explained. The roles of the liver in metabolic integration and regulation by hormones like insulin and glucagon are highlighted.
High-altitude medicine deals with illnesses that affect those at high elevations, such as mountaineers and aviators. Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is generally mild and self-limiting, while high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) and high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) can be life-threatening. Factors like rate of ascent and genetics affect risk. Acclimatization through gradual ascent can help prevent illness by allowing the body to adapt through increased ventilation and other physiological changes. Symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and treatments are described for AMS, HAPE, and HACE.
Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is a technique used to assess the functional severity of coronary artery stenosis. FFR measures the ratio of maximum blood flow in a stenotic artery to normal maximum flow. An FFR of 1 indicates normal blood flow, while an FFR below 0.75 indicates hemodynamically significant stenosis. FFR provides a standardized value that is not dependent on vessel size or myocardial mass. Clinical trials have shown that FFR-guided revascularization improves outcomes compared to angiography-guided procedures alone by avoiding unnecessary stenting. FFR is useful for evaluating intermediate lesions, serial lesions, diffuse disease, ostial lesions, and prior to deciding on revascularization.
The document discusses physiological responses and adaptations to high altitudes. It notes that as altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases, which can lead to hypoxic hypoxia and acute mountain sickness. The body acclimatizes over time through various mechanisms, including increased ventilation, diffusing capacity of the lungs, red blood cell count, hemoglobin levels, and tissue oxygen use. Native high-altitude populations further adapt from infancy onward. Symptoms of altitude sickness range from mild headaches to death above 23,000 feet without acclimatization. Slow ascent and use of oxygen can help prevent issues.
This document discusses dobutamine stress echo, including:
1. Dobutamine stress echo is used to detect myocardial ischemia by inducing wall motion abnormalities, ECG changes, and symptoms through increasing myocardial oxygen demand.
2. Echo is used to visualize any wall motion abnormalities induced during stress. Dobutamine is preferable to other stressors as it more effectively precipitates myocardial dysfunction and is well-suited for imaging.
3. The test involves gradually increasing doses of dobutamine infusion while monitoring for changes on ECG and echo. It has various clinical applications including diagnosing CAD, assessing viability, and perioperative risk assessment. Serious complications are very rare.
This document summarizes various metabolic pathways including glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino acid degradation, the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, the hexose monophosphate shunt, gluconeogenesis, and glycogen metabolism. It also describes how these pathways are regulated and integrated in the liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and brain in both the fed and starved states to meet energy demands and fuel needs of the body.
The document discusses carbohydrates and their role in the human body. It states that carbohydrates are the chief source of energy, providing 60-70% of the body's daily caloric needs. Carbohydrates are grouped into those that are utilized by the body (like glucose and glycogen) and those that are not (like cellulose). The document also outlines carbohydrates' role in fueling muscle work, synthesizing other compounds, and regulating blood glucose levels. It provides a table comparing the glycemic index of different foods.
Stress echocardiography involves using cardiac ultrasound imaging along with exercise or pharmacological stressors like dobutamine to detect changes in heart wall motion that indicate reduced pumping function during stress. This can help identify blockages in the arteries to the heart. Dobutamine stress echocardiography involves gradually increasing doses of dobutamine, a drug that increases heart rate and contraction. Images are taken at each dose to detect any new wall motion abnormalities that would suggest ischemia. While it is effective for evaluating coronary artery disease, it also carries risks of side effects like arrhythmias that require emergency drugs like esmolol to reverse. Interpreting any new wall motion abnormalities seen under stress is important for diagnosis.
This document discusses fractional flow reserve (FFR), which is a technique used to functionally assess the significance of coronary artery stenosis. FFR is defined as the ratio of maximum blood flow in a stenotic artery to maximum blood flow if there was no stenosis. It is calculated as the ratio of mean distal coronary pressure (Pd) to mean aortic pressure (Pa) during maximal hyperemia induced by pharmacological agents. An FFR value below 0.75 is associated with inducible ischemia, while a value above 0.80 indicates an insignificant stenosis in most cases. FFR has advantages over angiography alone in evaluating stenosis as it accounts for vessel characteristics like length and takes collateral flow into consideration.
This document summarizes key aspects of metabolism integration. It discusses the major macronutrients and their roles in energy production and storage. The major metabolic pathways are described, including their junction points and regulatory enzymes. Specific pathways for glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are explained. The roles of the liver in metabolic integration and regulation by hormones like insulin and glucagon are highlighted.
2. Introductie
• Onze voeding voorziet onze cellen van energie
• Voeding moet eerst geconverteerd worden
naar kleinere substraten (incl. koolhydraten,
proteïnen en vetten)
• De energie uit deze substraten wordt in de
cellen omgezet in een chemisch bruikbare
vorm (ATP)
3. Bio-energetica en Metabolisme
• Bioenergetica is de studie naar de
transformatie van energie d.m.v.
biochemische reacties
• De ultieme bron van energie is de Zon
• Fotosynthese
4. Bioenergetica en Metabolisme
• Metabolisme verwijst naar alle chemische
reacties die in het lichaam plaatsvinden om te
kunnen functioneren.
• Inspanningsfysiologie onderzoekt de
bioenergetica in relatie tot inspanning
6. Energie en Arbeid
•
•
•
Energie ligt opgeslagen in de verbinding van
ATP (adenosine trifosfaat)
Er wordt energie vrijgemaakt door een
fosfaat los te koppelen (ADP)
Één van de functies van energie metabolisme
is resynthese van ATP om weer arbeid te
kunnen verrichten
7. Energie en spier contractie
•
•
•
Energie is nodig om een myosin-actin crossbridge (contractie) tot stand te brengen
Ook is er ATP nodig voor het loskoppelen van
de cross-bridge
Wanneer ATP is uitgeput kan de spier dus
niet meer ontspannen
8. Energie en Mechanische arbeid
•
Elke vorm van inspanning kan gedefinieerd
worden met intensiteit en duur
9. Energie en Mechanische arbeid
•
•
•
•
De relatie tussen intensiteit en duur bepaald
het leidende energie systeem
Het lichaam krijgt energie van de zon door
inname van voeding
Het lichaam maakt geen energie maar
transformeert energie
ATP is een energierijke molecule waar
energie ligt opgeslagen
10. ATP (Adenosine Trifosfaat)
•
•
•
ATP + enzym (ATPase)
ADP + Pi + E
Resynthese ATP (fosforylering)
3 manieren:
➢ Het ATP-PC systeem (fosfaatsysteem)
➢ Het glycolytisch systeem
➢ Het oxidatieve (zuurstof) systeem
(oxidatieve fosforylering)
12. Het ATP-PC systeem
Kenmerken:
• Meest eenvoudige en snelste energie
systeem
• Anaeroob
• Capaciteit (10-15 seconden)
• Bij de start van elke activiteit
13. Glycolyse
•
•
•
Glycolyse = afbraak van glucose
Glucose of glycogeen wordt eerst omgezet
tot glucose-6-fosfaat
Eind product is pyrodruivenzuur (aerobe
glycolyse) of lactaat (anaerobe glycolyse)
16. Het oxidatieve systeem
●
●
Hier is naast een substraat (glucose, vetten,
eiwitten) ook zuurstof voor nodig
We onderscheiden de volgende 3 systemen
binnen het oxidatieve systeem:
○
○
○
Aerobe glycolyse
Krebcyclus
Electronen transport systeem (ECT)
19. Electronen transport systeem (ECT)
•
Waterstof (H) ionen die geproduceerd zijn
tijdens de glycolyse en krebcyclus worden
hier gebruikt voor verdere resythese
(fosforylering) van ATP
20. Oxidatie van vet
•
•
•
•
β- Oxidatie
Begint bij afbraak van triglyceriden in vrije
vetzuren
Eindproduct Acetyl CoA
Meer zuurstof voor nodig dan aerobe
glycolyse
26. Brandstof verbruik
•
•
•
•
Men kan een voorspelling doen over het
brandstofverbruik tijdens rust en steady state
Respiratoir Quotient (RQ) = uitgeademde Co2
: opname van O2
RQ 1.0 = 100% koolhydraten
RQ 0.7 = 100% vet
27. De mythe van de vetverbranding
•
Bij lage intensiteit is het relatieve aandeel van
de vetverbranding het hoogst maar niet het
absolute aandeel!