The document summarizes the rice genome sequencing project. The International Rice Genome Sequencing Project was established in 1997 with the goal of sequencing the rice genome through international collaboration. Representatives from 11 countries were assigned different rice chromosomes to sequence. The project found that the rice genome is 420 Mb in size and contains 37,544 protein-coding genes, more than previously estimated for rice. Understanding the rice genome sequence could help improve rice breeding, increase crop yields, and develop disease-resistant rice varieties.

1. RICE GENOME SEQUENCING
Submitted To :-
Prof. Dr. Rajesh Singh
Submitted By :-
Utkarsh Jamindar
ID – 14169
B.Sc.(Ag) Part - I

2. Rice-An Introduction
• Rice
• Scientific Name: Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African
rice)
• Number of Chromosomes=12
• Genome Size=420 Mb(Megabase)
• Subspecies= Japonica or Sinica, Indica, Javanica (now known as
tropical japonica)
• Pendulous inflorescence
• Edible part: Grain (caryopsis)

3. Rice-An Introduction
• As of 2009 world food consumption of rice was 531.6 million metric
tons of paddy equivalent (354,603 of milled equivalent), while the far
largest consumers were China consuming 156.3 million metric tons of
paddy equivalent (29.4% of the world consumption) and India
consuming 123.5 million metric tons of paddy equivalent (23.3% of
the world consumption).

4. Genome Sequencing
• A genome is all of a living thing's genetic material. It is the entire set of
hereditary instructions for building, running, and maintaining an
organism, and passing life on to the next generation. In most living
things, the genome is made of a chemical called DNA. The genome
contains genes, which are packaged in chromosomes and affect specific
characteristics of the organism.
• Genome sequencing is figuring out the order of DNA nucleotides, or
bases, in a genome—the order of As, Cs, Gs, and Ts that make up an
organism's DNA.

5. Rice Genome Sequencing
• The International Rice Genome Sequencing Project (IRGSP) began in
September 1997, at a workshop held in conjunction with the International
Symposium on Plant Molecular Biology in Singapore. Scientists from
many nations attended the workshop and agreed to an international
collaboration to sequence the rice genome. As a result, representatives
from Japan, Korea, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States
met six months later in Tsukuba to establish the guidelines. The
participants agreed to share materials and to the timely release of
physical maps and annotated DNA se-quence to public databases. The
IRGSP has evolved to include 11 nations, and the IRGSP Working
Group, composed of a representative from each participating nation,
formulates IRGSP policies and finishing standards.

6. Rice Sequencing Participants and
Chromosome Assignments
Site Chromosome
Rice Genome Research Program (RGP; Japan) 1,6,7,8
Korea Rice Genome Research Program (Korea) 1
CCW (United States)
CUGI (Clemson University)
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Washington University Genome Sequencing Center
3,10
TIGR (United States) 3,10
PGIR (United States) 10
University of Wisconsin (United States) 11
National Center for Gene Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China) 4
Indian Rice Genome Program (University of Delhi) 11
Academia Sinica Plant Genome Center (Taiwan) 5
Genoscope (France) 12
Universidad Federal de Pelotas (Brazil) 12
Kasetsart University (Thailand) 9
McGill University (Canada) 9
John Innes Centre (United Kingdom) 2

7. Findings
• Genome size of Rice is 420 Mb
• A total of 37,544 non-transposable-element-related protein-coding
sequences were detected, compared with 28,000–29,000 in
Arabidopsis, with a lower gene density of one gene per 9.9 kb in rice.
• A total of 2,859 genes seem to be unique to rice and the other cereals,
some of which might differentiate monocot and dicot lineages.
• Between 0.38 and 0.43% of the nuclear genome contains organellar
DNA fragments, representing repeated and ongoing transfer of
organellar DNA to the nuclear genome.
• The transposon content of rice is at least 35% and is populated by
representatives from all known transposon superfamilies

8. Application
• Understanding-plant evolution & the differences between monocots &
dicots
• Improve-efficiency of rice breeding
• Improve-nutritional value of rice, enhance crop yield by improving
seed quality, resistance to pests and diseases & plant hardiness
• Development of gene-specific markers for marker-assisted breeding
of new and improved rice varieties
• How a plant responds to the environment and which genes control
various functions of plant