1. Enable the OSPF routing process with a process ID. This groups related OSPF commands.
2. Configure OSPF areas. Areas organize groups of networks/links in the OSPF domain.
3. Associate networks with their corresponding areas using the network command. This establishes OSPF neighbor relationships between routers on the network.
Routing is the operation of transferring information transversely through an internetwork from a source to a destination. Alongside the approach, as a minimum one middle node normally is found. Routing is frequently compared with bridging, Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Network Routing:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/computer-science/network-routing.aspx
Routing is the operation of transferring information transversely through an internetwork from a source to a destination. Alongside the approach, as a minimum one middle node normally is found. Routing is frequently compared with bridging, Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Network Routing:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/computer-science/network-routing.aspx
The network layer is responsible for routing packets from the source to destination. The routing algorithm is the piece of software that decides where a packet goes next (e.g., which output line, or which node on a broadcast channel).For connectionless networks, the routing decision is made for each datagram. For connection-oriented networks, the decision is made once, at circuit setup time.
Routing Issues
The routing algorithm must deal with the following issues:
Correctness and simplicity: networks are never taken down; individual parts (e.g., links, routers) may fail, but the whole network should not.
Stability: if a link or router fails, how much time elapses before the remaining routers recognize the topology change? (Some never do..)
Fairness and optimality: an inherently intractable problem. Definition of optimality usually doesn't consider fairness. Do we want to maximize channel usage? Minimize average delay?
When we look at routing in detail, we'll consider both adaptive--those that take current traffic and topology into consideration--and nonadaptive algorithms.
It consists of switches & their structures.
Space Division Switch, Time Division switch, Time Space Time Division switch, Cross Bar Switch, Multistage switch, Banyan switch, Batcher BAnyan Switch etc.
Fisheye State Routing (FSR) - Protocol OverviewYoav Francis
Overview of the Fisheye State Routing (FSR) for cellular networks, IDC 2012
By Yoav Francis and Nir Solomon
(Part of a performance comparison of various routing algorithms in cellular networks)
This compare and evaluate two routing protocols DSR and CBRP in ad hoc networks. DSR is based on flat topology and CBRP is of cluster based. Both are compared in different number of scenarios and their performances are compared in terms of pdf, channel utilization, nrl, average end to end delay and control overheads.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
The network layer is responsible for routing packets from the source to destination. The routing algorithm is the piece of software that decides where a packet goes next (e.g., which output line, or which node on a broadcast channel).For connectionless networks, the routing decision is made for each datagram. For connection-oriented networks, the decision is made once, at circuit setup time.
Routing Issues
The routing algorithm must deal with the following issues:
Correctness and simplicity: networks are never taken down; individual parts (e.g., links, routers) may fail, but the whole network should not.
Stability: if a link or router fails, how much time elapses before the remaining routers recognize the topology change? (Some never do..)
Fairness and optimality: an inherently intractable problem. Definition of optimality usually doesn't consider fairness. Do we want to maximize channel usage? Minimize average delay?
When we look at routing in detail, we'll consider both adaptive--those that take current traffic and topology into consideration--and nonadaptive algorithms.
It consists of switches & their structures.
Space Division Switch, Time Division switch, Time Space Time Division switch, Cross Bar Switch, Multistage switch, Banyan switch, Batcher BAnyan Switch etc.
Fisheye State Routing (FSR) - Protocol OverviewYoav Francis
Overview of the Fisheye State Routing (FSR) for cellular networks, IDC 2012
By Yoav Francis and Nir Solomon
(Part of a performance comparison of various routing algorithms in cellular networks)
This compare and evaluate two routing protocols DSR and CBRP in ad hoc networks. DSR is based on flat topology and CBRP is of cluster based. Both are compared in different number of scenarios and their performances are compared in terms of pdf, channel utilization, nrl, average end to end delay and control overheads.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN WIRELESS MESH NETWORKIJCSIT Journal
There are two methods to improve the performance of routing protocols in wireless mesh networks. One way is to improve the methods used for select the path. Second way is to improve the algorithms to add up the new characteristics of wireless mesh networks. We also propose a new protocol that is used for Multi Interfaces and Multiple Channels (MIMC) named as Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol.
Abstract— A MANETs is a self-configuring network is a collection of mobile hosts that are connected via a wireless link. Opportunistic data forwarding has drawn much attention in the research community of multihop wireless networks. Opportunistic data forwarding is the lack of an efficient, lightweight proactive routing scheme with strong source routing capability. In this project proposed to a lightweight proactive source routing (PSR) protocol. PSR can be maintained at different network topology information than distance vector (DV), link state (LS), optimized link State routing (OLSR), then reactive source routing [e.g., dynamic source routing (DSR)]. In this project concentrate on reducing the overhead at the base line protocols, then testing to the better data transportation. Network Simulator (NS-2) help in testing and implementing to this project for effectively reduced to the overhead in the data transportation.
Issues in designing a routing and Transport Layer protocol for Ad hoc networks- proactive
routing, reactive routing (on-demand), hybrid routing- Classification of Transport Layer
solutions-TCP over Ad hoc wireless Networks
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
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The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
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Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
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In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
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This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
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This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
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• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
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After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
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Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5
ROUTING
1.
2. Network +
Introduction to Networking
What is a network :
The word “ network “ means, “ two computers are connected using a
transmission media and are able to share their resources, transfer data.
The transmission media for the term network is either cable media or
wireless media.
Advantage of Networking :
1. Resource sharing : buy devices for all computers in same network, not
one device for one computer.
2. High reliability : all files can be copied to two or more machines, if one
goes down, we can use other.
3. Communication media : using the media. Two or more devices can be
interconnected to share resources & exchange information.
4. High speed : information can be synchronized when one user makes
changes to on line document, the other can see the change immediately.
3. Layer 3 Device. Works at the Network Layer
Forwards Data packets based on IP Address
This allows Routers to choose the best path thru the Network
Important Traffic regulating device on large Networks
Can have inbuilt security features-Firewall,Authentication.
4. 1. A router is a device which is used in our network to
connect two different networks.
2. Routers, by default, will not forward any broadcasts.
3. Routers use the logical address in a network layer to
determine the next hop router or a host which is
located on a remote place.
4. Routers can use access lists, created by an
administrator, to control security on the types of
packets that are not allowed to enter or exit an
interface.
5. The algorithm used for the routing protocols
defines the following processes:
Mechanism for sending and receiving routing
information.
Mechanism for calculating the best paths and installing
routes in the routing table.
Mechanism for detecting and reacting to topology
changes.
6.
7. Classless (Use of VLSM) or Classful - Classless routing
protocols include the subnet mask in the updates.
This feature supports the use of Variable Length Subnet Masking
(VLSM) and better route summarization.
Classful routing protocols do not include the subnet mask and
cannot support VLSM.
Time to Convergence - Time to convergence defines how
quickly the routers in the network topology share
routing information and reach a state of consistent
knowledge.
The faster the convergence, the more preferable the protocol.
Scalability - Scalability defines how large a network can
become based on the routing protocol that is deployed.
The larger the network is, the more scalable the routing protocol
needs to be
8. Resource Usage - Resource usage includes the
requirements of a routing protocol such as memory
space, CPU utilization, and link bandwidth
utilization
Higher resource requirements necessitate more powerful
hardware to support the routing protocol operation in
addition to the packet forwarding processes.
Implementation and Maintenance - Implementation
and maintenance describes the level of knowledge
that is required for a network administrator to
implement and maintain the network based on the
routing protocol deployed.
9.
10. Static Routing
The command syntax
Ip route [ destination_network] [ Destination subnet mask ] [
<next hop ip address >or <exit interface type><No.> ]
This list describes each command in the string
ip route : the command used to create the static routing.
destination_network : the network you are placing in the
routing table.
mask : the subnet mask being used on the network.
next hop address : the address of the next hop router that will
receive the packet and forward it on the remote network.
11.
12.
13. A router using a distance vector routing
protocol does not have the knowledge of the
entire path to a destination network.
The router only knows
The direction or interface in which packets should be
forwarded and
The distance or how far it is to the destination
network
14. Some distance vector routing protocols call for
the router to periodically broadcast the entire
routing table to each of its neighbors.
This method is inefficient because the updates
not only consume bandwidth but also consume
router CPU resources to process the updates.
16. 16
1. Each router establishes a relationship (“adjacency”)
with its neighbors
2.Each router generates link state advertisements (LSAs)
which are distributed to all routers
LSA = (link id, state of the link, cost, neighbors of the link)
3. Each router maintains a database of all received
LSAs (topological database or link state database), which
describes the network has a graph with weighted
edges
4. Each router uses its link state database to run a
shortest path algorithm (Dijikstra’s algorithm) to
produce the shortest path to each network
17. 17
With distance vector routing, each node has
information only about the next hop:
Node A: to reach F go to B
Node B: to reach F go to D
Node D: to reach F go to E
Node E: go directly to F
Distance vector routing makes
poor routing decisions if
directions are not completely
correct
(e.g., because a node is down).
If parts of the directions incorrect, the routing may be incorrect until the
routing algorithms has re-converged.
A B C
D E F
18. 18
In link state routing, each node has a complete map
of the topology
If a node fails, each
node can calculate
the new route
Difficulty: All nodes need to
have a consistent view of the
network
A B C
D E F
A B C
D E F
A B C
D E F
A B C
D E F
A B C
D E F
A B C
D E F
A B C
D E F
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24. Enhanced IGRP is a distance vector routing protocol. Why it is called enhanced IGRP.
Because like IGRP, EIGRP uses the concept of an autonomous system to describe the
set of contiguous routers that run the same routing protocol and share routing
information. But unlike IGRP, EIGRP includes the subnet mask in its route updates.
EIGRP is some times referred to as a Hybrid routing protocol. EIGRP has a maximum
hop count of 255.
There are no. of powerful features for EIGRP, the main ones are listed here :
It uses max hop count of 255
It is a classless routing protocol
It is sometimes referred to as a hybrid routing protocol
Like IGRP, EIGRP uses AS ( autonomous system number ) to share it’s routing table.
EIGRP uses RTP ( Reliable Transport Protocol ) for communication
It uses Dual ( Diffusing update algorithm ) for the selection of best path
Supports all layer 3 protocols(IPv4,IPX and IPv6)
Supports VLSM/CIDR
25.
26.
27. Configuring OSPF :
These two elements are the basic elements of OSPF configuration :
Enabling OSPF
Configuring OSPF areas
Enabling OSPF
Router( config )# router ospf ?
<1-65535>
A value in the range 1-65535 identifies the ospf process ID. It’s a unique no.
on this router that groups a series of ospf configuration commands under a
specific process. Different ospf routers don’t have to use the same process ID
in order to communicate.
Configuring OSPF areas
Router# config t
Router( config t )# router ospf 1
Router( config – router )# network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0