The document discusses several theories of human learning including behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. Behaviorism focuses on stimulus-response and consequences, while cognitivism emphasizes meaningful contexts and systematic forgetting. Constructivism sees learning as social interaction that facilitates personal growth through community and empowerment. Several language teaching methods are also summarized such as Total Physical Response, The Natural Approach, the Audiolingual Method, and Community Language Learning.

1. 4. Aspects of Human Learning
Cognitive Constructivist
Behavioristic
Skinner Pavlov Ausubel Rogers

2. 4. Aspects of Human Learning
Cognitive Constructivist
Behavioristic
S- R Old + New = Meaning Social interaction
Governed by consequence Systematic forgetting Adaption
Personal growth
Language learning requires Language Learning
stimulus response exposure requires meaningful Community of learners –
contexts Facilitate, Interact,
empower

3. 4. Aspects of Human Learning
Community of learners Learner centered
Interaction Social Interaction
Learn how to learn Constrictivist - Whole Person
Rogers
Empowerment Emotion
Facilitation not instruction Adapt & grow to enhance Self-concept – individual
existence reality

4. 4. Learning - Gagne
• One – Signal Learning BEHAVIOURIST

5. 4. Learning - Gagne
• Two – Stimulus Response BEHAVIOURIST

6. 4. Learning - Gagne
• Three – Chaining BEHAVIOURIST

7. 4. Learning - Gagne
• Four – Multiple discriminations BEHAVIOURIST

8. 4. Learning - Gagne
• Five – Concept Learning COGNITIVE

9. 4. Learning - Gagne
• Six – Principle Learning Cognitive/Constructivist
Patterns

10. 4. Learning - Gagne
• Seven – Problem Solving Cognitive/Constructivist

11. 4. Learning – Multiple Intelligence : Gardiner
• Linguistic

12. 4. Learning – Multiple Intelligence : Gardiner
• Logic - Maths

13. 4. Learning – Multiple Intelligence : Gardiner
• Musical

14. 4. Learning – Multiple Intelligence : Gardiner
• Spatial – forming mental pictures of reality

15. 4. Learning – Multiple Intelligence : Gardiner
• Body - Kinesthetic

16. 4. Learning – Multiple Intelligence : Gardiner
• Naturalist

17. 4. Learning – Multiple Intelligence : Gardiner
• Interpersonal

18. 4. Learning – Multiple Intelligence : Gardiner
• Intrapersonal – ID , me , self-awareness

19. Language Teaching Methods
Total Physical Response The Natural Approach
“Silent” “ i + I”
“conversation”
The Audiolingual Method Community Language
Learning

20. Language Teaching Methods
Total Physical Response The Natural Approach
“Silent” “ i + I”
“conversation”
The Audiolingual Method Community Language
Learning

21. Total Physical Response
• Low stress environment

22. Total Physical Response
• Listening

23. Total Physical Response
• Acting

24. Total Physical Response
• Today useful for classroom activities
• Based on Behaviorist ideas of
stimulus – response (S-R)

25. Language Teaching Methods
Total Physical Response The Natural Approach
“Silent” “ i + I”
“conversation”
The Audiolingual Method Community Language
Learning

26. Krashen’s Natural Approach
• “Silent Period”

27. Krashen’s Natural Approach
• “ i + I”
• Basic conversation. New input just beyond the
learners level.

28. Krashen’s Natural Approach
• “conversation”

29. Krashen’s Natural Approach
• Facilitator – groups , games

30. Krashen’s Natural Approach
• Criticism – reliance on input not interaction

31. Language Teaching Methods
Total Physical Response The Natural Approach
“Silent” “ i + I”
“conversation”
The Audiolingual Method Community Language
Learning

32. The Audiolingual Method
• Reinforcement, Set phrases, repetition

33. The Audiolingual Method
• Lost popularity – LA not through rote and
error avoidance.

34. Language Teaching Methods
Total Physical Response The Natural Approach
“Silent” “ i + I”
“conversation”
The Audiolingual Method Community Language
Learning

35. Community Language Learning
• Fundamental affective and interpersonal
nature of learning.

36. Community Language Learning
• CLL – Rogers – student teacher joint facilitation.

37. Community Language Learning
• CLL – Rogers – student teacher joint facilitation.

38. Community Language Learning
• CLL – joint facilitation – develop trust in L1.

39. Community Language Learning
• CLL – joint facilitation – group work – using tapes

40. Community Language Learning
• CLL – joint facilitation – dependence to independence

41. Community Language Learning
• CLL – Criticisms – too non-directive

42. Community Language Learning
• CLL – Criticisms – heavily reliant on language translation

43. Community Language Learning
• CLL – Positives:
• Lower anxiety, supportive groups, own pace, develop
autonomy

44. Vygotsky – Sociocultural Learning
• ZPD – zone of proximal development
• “what a learner could learn with appropriate stimuli”
• “social interaction the foundation of cognitive
development”