Review Questions -1 1.Is web server an end system ? A. There is no difference between a host and an end system. In the internet, all devices are called hosts and end systems. So, hosts and end systems are used interchangeably. The types of end systems are PCs, Workstations, Web servers, email servers, PDAs, TVs, Cell Phones, Tablets, etc 2. which service was invented first place them in order -web, first email program,Ethernet,TCP/IP A. 1980: Ethernet standard introduced 1982: TCP/IP protocol suite formalized 1991: World Wide Web (WWW) 1996: Hotmail free web-based e-mail 3. packet switching the store-and-forward feature why? A. Prior to the deployment of the Internet, computers were connected via a variety of point-to- point techniques, with many smaller computers using dial-up connections. The UUCP store-and- forward protocols allowed a message (typically e-mail) to move across the collection of computers and eventually reach its destination. Late in the 20th century, store and forward techniques evolved into packet switching which replaced it for most purposes. 4. our internet has a full mesh topology true or false Why? A.True, A mesh network is a local area network (LAN), wireless local area network (WLAN) or virtual LAN (VLAN) that employs one of two decentralized connection arrangements: full mesh topology or partial mesh topology. In a full mesh topology, each network node(workstation or other device) is connected directly to each of the others. In a partial mesh topology, some nodes are connected to all the others, but others are only connected to those nodes with which they exchange the most data. 5. how many types of network delays? What are they? A. Network delay is an important design and performance characteristic of a computer network or telecommunications network. All of us want Internet and its services to be able to move as much data as we want between two end users or hosts, instantaneously and without any loss of data. Unfortunately, this is just an imaginary perception that is cannot be done in reality. Infact computer networks necessarily introduce delays between hosts and can actually lose packets. · Processing delay – time routers take to process the packet header · Queuing delay – time the packet spends in routing queues · Transmission delay – time it takes to push the packet\'s bits onto the link · Propagation delay – time for a signal to reach its destination 6. what are the difference between transmission and propagation delay? A. Propagation delay is the time taken by a bit(Mostly MSB ,Here 1) to reach from sender(A) to receiver(B). Transmission Delay: This is the amount of time required to transmit all of the packet\'s bits into the link. Transmission delays are typically on the order of microseconds or less in practice Propagation delay is how long it takes one bit to travel from one end of the \"wire\" to the other (it\'s proportional to the length of the wire, crudely). Transmission delay is how long it takes to.

1. Review Questions -1
1.Is web server an end system ?
A. There is no difference between a host and an end system. In the internet, all devices are called
hosts and end systems. So, hosts and end systems are used interchangeably. The types of end
systems are PCs, Workstations, Web servers, email servers, PDAs, TVs, Cell Phones, Tablets,
etc
2. which service was invented first place them in order -web, first email
program,Ethernet,TCP/IP
A. 1980: Ethernet standard introduced
1982: TCP/IP protocol suite formalized
1991: World Wide Web (WWW)
1996: Hotmail free web-based e-mail
3. packet switching the store-and-forward feature why?
A. Prior to the deployment of the Internet, computers were connected via a variety of point-to-
point techniques, with many smaller computers using dial-up connections. The UUCP store-and-
forward protocols allowed a message (typically e-mail) to move across the collection of
computers and eventually reach its destination. Late in the 20th century, store and forward
techniques evolved into packet switching which replaced it for most purposes.
4. our internet has a full mesh topology true or false Why?
A.True, A mesh network is a local area network (LAN), wireless local area network (WLAN) or
virtual LAN (VLAN) that employs one of two decentralized connection arrangements: full mesh
topology or partial mesh topology. In a full mesh topology, each network node(workstation or
other device) is connected directly to each of the others. In a partial mesh topology, some nodes
are connected to all the others, but others are only connected to those nodes with which they
exchange the most data.
5. how many types of network delays? What are they?
A. Network delay is an important design and performance characteristic of a computer network
or telecommunications network. All of us want Internet and its services to be able to move as
much data as we want between two end users or hosts, instantaneously and without any loss of
data. Unfortunately, this is just an imaginary perception that is cannot be done in reality. Infact
computer networks necessarily introduce delays between hosts and can actually lose packets.
· Processing delay – time routers take to process the packet header
· Queuing delay – time the packet spends in routing queues
· Transmission delay – time it takes to push the packet's bits onto the link
· Propagation delay – time for a signal to reach its destination

2. 6. what are the difference between transmission and propagation delay?
A. Propagation delay is the time taken by a bit(Mostly MSB ,Here 1) to reach from sender(A) to
receiver(B). Transmission Delay: This is the amount of time required to transmit all of the
packet's bits into the link. Transmission delays are typically on the order of microseconds or less
in practice
Propagation delay is how long it takes one bit to travel from one end of the "wire" to the other
(it's proportional to the length of the wire, crudely).
Transmission delay is how long it takes to get all the bits into the wire in the first place (it's
packet_length/data_rate).
7. Definition of network protocol?
A. A network protocol defines rules and conventions for communication between network
devices. Network protocols include mechanisms for devices to identify and make connections
with each other, as well as formatting rules that specify how data is packaged into messages sent
and received. Some protocols also support message acknowledgement and data compression
designed for reliable and/or high-performance network communication.
8. List five layers of protocols and why do we do layering?
A.Higher layers pass information to lower layers. Each layer adds information called a header to
the data being passed to it. This header contains information the layer needs to perform its job.
We will start at the Application Layer.
the Application layer is where applications requiring network communications live. Examples of
these applications include email clients and web browsers. These applications use the Transport
Layer to send requests to connect to remote hosts.
The Transport layer establishes the connection between applications running the Network layer
to access the TCP/IP network.
The Network layer is responsible for creating the packets that move across the network. It uses
IP addresses to identify the packet’s source and destination.
The Data Link layer is responsible for creating the frames that move across the network. These
frames encapsulate the packets and use MAC addresses to identify the source and destination.
The Physical layer encodes and decodes the bits found in a frame and includes the transceiver
that drives and receives the signals on the network.
Review Questions(2)
1.List at least two ways to access a web page
A. You can access the web page through an Internet service provider, an online service provider,
or a wireless service provider. An Internet service provider (ISP) provides temporary Internet
connections to individuals and companies. An online service provider (OSP) also supplies
Internet access, in addition to a variety of special content and services. A wireless service

3. provider (WSP) provides wireless Internet access to users with wireless modems or Web-enabled
handheld computers or devices.
2. Difference between get and post?
A. Two commonly used methods for a request-response between a client and server are: GET
and POST.
Some other notes on GET requests:
Some other notes on POST requests:
3.URL consists of which two names
www.clarkson.edu/people/index.html
A. Sub-Domain and Domain Name
The www.clarkson.edu is called sub-domain (www) and domain name (clarkson.edu . They are
unique names that will identify a specific location on your website on the Internet.
4. Using http version 1.1,write two required http headerlines to request above web page
www.clarkson.edu/people/index.html
Host: www. clarkson.edu:80
[blank line here]
5. Describe a Http request format(Header+Body)
A. Request-header: These header fields have applicability only for request messages.
A message body is the one which carries the actual HTTP request data (including form data and
uploaded, etc.) and HTTP response data from the server ( including files, images, etc.). Shown
below is the simple content of a message body:
Solution
Review Questions -1
1.Is web server an end system ?
A. There is no difference between a host and an end system. In the internet, all devices are called
hosts and end systems. So, hosts and end systems are used interchangeably. The types of end
systems are PCs, Workstations, Web servers, email servers, PDAs, TVs, Cell Phones, Tablets,
etc
2. which service was invented first place them in order -web, first email
program,Ethernet,TCP/IP
A. 1980: Ethernet standard introduced
1982: TCP/IP protocol suite formalized
1991: World Wide Web (WWW)

4. 1996: Hotmail free web-based e-mail
3. packet switching the store-and-forward feature why?
A. Prior to the deployment of the Internet, computers were connected via a variety of point-to-
point techniques, with many smaller computers using dial-up connections. The UUCP store-and-
forward protocols allowed a message (typically e-mail) to move across the collection of
computers and eventually reach its destination. Late in the 20th century, store and forward
techniques evolved into packet switching which replaced it for most purposes.
4. our internet has a full mesh topology true or false Why?
A.True, A mesh network is a local area network (LAN), wireless local area network (WLAN) or
virtual LAN (VLAN) that employs one of two decentralized connection arrangements: full mesh
topology or partial mesh topology. In a full mesh topology, each network node(workstation or
other device) is connected directly to each of the others. In a partial mesh topology, some nodes
are connected to all the others, but others are only connected to those nodes with which they
exchange the most data.
5. how many types of network delays? What are they?
A. Network delay is an important design and performance characteristic of a computer network
or telecommunications network. All of us want Internet and its services to be able to move as
much data as we want between two end users or hosts, instantaneously and without any loss of
data. Unfortunately, this is just an imaginary perception that is cannot be done in reality. Infact
computer networks necessarily introduce delays between hosts and can actually lose packets.
· Processing delay – time routers take to process the packet header
· Queuing delay – time the packet spends in routing queues
· Transmission delay – time it takes to push the packet's bits onto the link
· Propagation delay – time for a signal to reach its destination
6. what are the difference between transmission and propagation delay?
A. Propagation delay is the time taken by a bit(Mostly MSB ,Here 1) to reach from sender(A) to
receiver(B). Transmission Delay: This is the amount of time required to transmit all of the
packet's bits into the link. Transmission delays are typically on the order of microseconds or less
in practice
Propagation delay is how long it takes one bit to travel from one end of the "wire" to the other
(it's proportional to the length of the wire, crudely).
Transmission delay is how long it takes to get all the bits into the wire in the first place (it's
packet_length/data_rate).
7. Definition of network protocol?
A. A network protocol defines rules and conventions for communication between network
devices. Network protocols include mechanisms for devices to identify and make connections

5. with each other, as well as formatting rules that specify how data is packaged into messages sent
and received. Some protocols also support message acknowledgement and data compression
designed for reliable and/or high-performance network communication.
8. List five layers of protocols and why do we do layering?
A.Higher layers pass information to lower layers. Each layer adds information called a header to
the data being passed to it. This header contains information the layer needs to perform its job.
We will start at the Application Layer.
the Application layer is where applications requiring network communications live. Examples of
these applications include email clients and web browsers. These applications use the Transport
Layer to send requests to connect to remote hosts.
The Transport layer establishes the connection between applications running the Network layer
to access the TCP/IP network.
The Network layer is responsible for creating the packets that move across the network. It uses
IP addresses to identify the packet’s source and destination.
The Data Link layer is responsible for creating the frames that move across the network. These
frames encapsulate the packets and use MAC addresses to identify the source and destination.
The Physical layer encodes and decodes the bits found in a frame and includes the transceiver
that drives and receives the signals on the network.
Review Questions(2)
1.List at least two ways to access a web page
A. You can access the web page through an Internet service provider, an online service provider,
or a wireless service provider. An Internet service provider (ISP) provides temporary Internet
connections to individuals and companies. An online service provider (OSP) also supplies
Internet access, in addition to a variety of special content and services. A wireless service
provider (WSP) provides wireless Internet access to users with wireless modems or Web-enabled
handheld computers or devices.
2. Difference between get and post?
A. Two commonly used methods for a request-response between a client and server are: GET
and POST.
Some other notes on GET requests:
Some other notes on POST requests:
3.URL consists of which two names
www.clarkson.edu/people/index.html
A. Sub-Domain and Domain Name
The www.clarkson.edu is called sub-domain (www) and domain name (clarkson.edu . They are
unique names that will identify a specific location on your website on the Internet.

6. 4. Using http version 1.1,write two required http headerlines to request above web page
www.clarkson.edu/people/index.html
Host: www. clarkson.edu:80
[blank line here]
5. Describe a Http request format(Header+Body)
A. Request-header: These header fields have applicability only for request messages.
A message body is the one which carries the actual HTTP request data (including form data and
uploaded, etc.) and HTTP response data from the server ( including files, images, etc.). Shown
below is the simple content of a message body: