Jason Boyd, representing Sloan presents on water efficient bathroom design to the Toronto Sustainable Building Advisor Program.

1. Restroom Design:
The Water Efficient Factor

2. Presenter: – Jason Boyd, LEED AP
Marketing Manager, Dobbin Sales Ltd.
Presentation: Restroom Design, the water
efficient factor.
Adapted from the American Institute of Architects,
Continuing Education Series, developed by Sloan.

3. Presentation Outline
• Water: what the numbers say
• LEED – Leadership in energy and environmental design
• Effective product selection
• Questions and Answers

4. How much water do we use?
• Canadians rank second only to the United States
in terms of highest per capita water use in the
developed world.
• A “general lack of awareness” about the
pressures placed on Canadian water supplies,
combined with a “lack of strong water
conservation ethic, which is encouraged by the
myth of water abundance” helps to explain this
poor standing.
• 44% of water users in Canada are not metered.
• Average Canadian water cost is .86 cents/ 1000
litres.
Source: Dan Shrubsole and Dianne Draper “On Guard for Thee? Water (Ab)uses and Management in
Canada” in Eau Canada, Ed. Karen Bakker, UBC Press: 2007.

5. Canada’s Abundant Supply?
• Growing pressure on Canada to export its fresh water in bulk (as
opposed to via bottled water) as populations balloon in increasingly
arid areas. According to U.S. Drought Monitor, 54.25% of the
continental U.S. Was in moderate drought condition in Sept. 2012.
(http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/)
• Global Warming – A temperature increase of two to four per cent
could lower the average flow from Lake Ontario by 24 per cent,
because of higher rates of evaporation and drier soils reducing
runoff. A decrease of that magnitude in Lake Ontario, the major
source for the St. Lawrence could result in a one-metre drop in
water levels in some areas of the river. (Environment Canada)
• Twenty Canadian and U.S. cities flush about 90 billion litres of
untreated sewage into the Great Lakes each year. (Ecojustice)

6. Rising Costs To Canadians
• Canada’s aging water and wastewater infrastructure is in
need of serious investment to upgrade it to continue
meeting the water use needs of Canadians.
• In 1996 Canada’s water infrastructure deficit was
estimated at between $38 and $49 billion, and the
projected cost to meet futures needs until 2016 was $70 to
$90 billion.
• Water is going to become more expensive and an even
larger focus of conservation efforts in all sectors of the
Canadian economy.
Source: Dan Shrubsole and Dianne Draper “On Guard for Thee? Water (Ab)uses and
Management in Canada” in Eau Canada, Ed. Karen Bakker, UBC Press: 2007.

7. Commercial Water Use
2.44%
17.07%
60.98%
14.63%
4.88%
Leaks
Laundry
Toilets/Faucets
Washing/Sanitation
Kitchen
Denver Water Administration Building
1600 W. 12th Ave.
Denver, CO 80204-3412
Typical Indoor Commercial
Water Use

8. Indoor Domestic Water Use
Source: AWWA Research “Residential
End Uses of Water”

9. Water Use Conclusion
In summary: Whether it is a commercial or domestic
building, restrooms use the highest percentage of water!

10. LEED® Rating Systems
New Construction
• LEED-NC (LEED 2009)
• LEED-CI (commercial
interiors)
• LEED-CS (core and shell)
• LEED for Schools
• LEED for Retail
• LEED for Healthcare
• LEED for Homes
• LEED for Neighborhood
Development
We will focus on LEED 2009.
Existing Building
LEED-EB: O&M (existing
buildings)

11. LEED®
v2.2 vs. LEED 2009
Focusing on the Water
Efficiency section only:
LEED-NC v2.2
- No prerequisite
- 5 possible points
- Indoor water use
reduction can account for
up to 4 points
LEED 2009
- Prerequisite
- 10 possible points
- Indoor water use
reduction can account for
up to 7 points

12. LEED®
2009: Water Efficiency
WE Credit 3: Water Use Reduction (2-4 points)
Intent: “Further increase water efficiency within buildings
to reduce the burden on municipal water supply and
wastewater systems. ”
Use 30%, 35%, or 40% less water than the water
use baseline calculated for the building (not including
irrigation).
Innovation in Design Credit
A possible additional point can be earned for every milestone
reached above and beyond WE Credit 3. For example, reducing
indoor water use by 45% could qualify for an additional point.

13. Creating the Baseline
LEED National Efficiency Baseline is a combination of the:
1. 1992 Energy Act and subsequent rulings by the Department of
Energy, requirements of the Energy Policy Act of 2005.
2. Plumbing code requirements as stated in the 2006 editions of
the Uniform Plumbing Code or International Plumbing Code.
Note: The lowest criteria of the combination would be used.

14. National Efficiency BASELINES
Commercial Fixtures, Fittings
and Appliances
Flow Requirement
Commercial Toilets 1.6 gpf, except blow-out fixtures: 3.5-
gpf
Commercial Urinals 1.0 gpf
Commercial Lavatory (restroom)
Faucets
2.2-gpm at 60 psi - Private applications
only (hotel-motel guest rooms, hospital
patient rooms)
0.5 gpm at 60 psi, all others except
private applications 0.25 gallons per
cycle for metering faucets
Commercial prerinse spray valves
(for food service applications)
Flow rate less than or equal to 1.6 gpm
(no pressure specified, no performance
requirement)
LEED®
2009: Water Efficiency

15. National Efficiency BASELINES
Residential Fixtures, Fittings
and Appliances
Flow Requirement
Residential Toilets 1.6 gpf
Residential Lavatory (restroom)
Faucets
2.2 gpm at 60 psi
Residential Kitchen Faucets 2.2 gpm at 60 psi
Residential Showerheads 2.5 gpm at 80 psi per shower stall
LEED®
2009: Water Efficiency

16. Baseline Calculation
Example:
One-story building with two restrooms. There are 500 people
who occupy the building during office hours: 250 men and
250 women.
1. Men’s restroom
 Two urinals
 Two closets
 Two sinks with manual faucets
2. Women’s restroom
 Four closets
 Two sinks with manual faucets
Assumption: Males uses urinals twice per day; closets once per
day; females use closets three times per day. Both males and
females use faucets three times per day.

17. Design Calculation
Example (cont.):
In calculating the Design Case, do NOT change the number of
building occupants, the number of work days or the
frequency data.
Assume the following:
1. Waterfree urinals will be used
2. 1.0 gpf pressure-assist water closets will be used
3. Electronic faucets with low-flow aerators (0.5 gpm) will
be used. The electronics have been factored as reducing
sink duration by 20% (to 12 seconds).

18. Daily uses Fixture
type
Duration
(flushes);
faucets (min.)
Flow rate (gpf);
faucets (gpm)
Water use (gal)
250 Men’s Water Closet 1 1.6 400.00
750 Women’s Water Closet 1 1.6 1200.00
500 Men’s Urinal 1 1.0 500.00
1500 Conventional Metering Faucet 0.25 0.5 187.50
Daily Total 2,287.50
Annual Work Days 260
Total Annual Volume (gal) 594,750
Calculations
Baseline Calculation
Daily uses Fixture
type
Duration
(flushes);
faucets (min.)
Flow rate (gpf);
faucets (gpm)
Water use (gal)
250 Men’s Water Closet (ultra low flow) 1 1.0 250.00
750 Women’s Water Closet (ultra low
flow)
1 1.0 750.00
500 Men’s Urinal (waterfree) 1 0 0
1500 Electronic Faucet 0.20 0.5 150.00
Daily Total 1,150.00
Annual Work Days 260
Total Annual Volume (gal) 299,000
Design Calculation
295,750 gal
Annual
Savings

19. Calculations
That’s a 50% reduction in annual water use for the building
– greater than the 30%, 35%, or 40% reduction
benchmarks required for this LEED-NC (2009) credit!
This puts you well on your way to achieving up to 6 points!

20. So many products…
How to choose…

22. An HET is a fixture with an average flush volume of
1.28 gpf or less, and must meet the performance
requirements of ASME 19.2/CSA B45.1 and pass the 350
grams MaP. Dual-flush devices (1.6/1.1 gpf) are considered
HET.
That’s 20% less than most toilets on the market today.
The current toilet standard is 1.6 gpf.

23. High Efficiency Toilets
Manual Battery Powered Hardwired
Note: Single-flush 1.28 gpf models.

24. High Efficiency Toilets
Manual Dual Flush
• Requires highly efficient
1.6 gpf bowl (Later
generation 1.6 bowls)
• Retrofits to existing valve
• Available as a complete
valve

25. Dual-Flush Flushometers (Battery)
High Efficiency Toilets

26. Electronic
Dual Flush
Electronic
Single Flush
High Efficiency Toilets
Solar-Powered Flushometers

27. Pressure Assist Toilets
• Air compressed as inner
tank refills
• Compressed air increases
flush velocity
• 1.6 gpf, 1.28 gpf and
1.0 gpf products
High Efficiency Toilets

29. An HEU is a urinal with a maximum flush volume of 0.5 gpf
or less, and must meet the performance requirements of
ASME 19.2/CSA B45.1.
That’s 50% less than today’s standard! The current urinal
standard is 1.0 gpf.

30. High Efficiency Urinals
Manual Battery Powered Hardwired
Retrofit Note: If you already have a wash down type urinal,
you may just need to replace the diaphragm kit with lower gpf.

31. More Ways to Conserve
Greywater System

32. Real World Examples: Hard Costs VS.
Environmental Cost
• Purdue University initially installed dual flush products in
2004
• Study of one campus building showed a 30% reduction in
water use. Straight meter readings –only the flush valves were
changed.
• Water cost = 91.7 cents per 1000 gallons and waste water
cost of 5.34 per 1000 gallons meant that the fixture change
was paid for in less than a year.
• Cost concerns? Often over exaggerated and not truly
measured against actual utility readings and potential savings.

33. • Meets the needs of the facility
– Hygiene
– Water Conserving
– Sensor
– Approved by Local Code
• Easy to maintain
• Low cost of ownership
• Easily available parts and service
• Saves water but does NOT sacrifice
performance!!
What to Consider

34. Questions
THANK YOU!