This presentation is intended for Restricted Use Pesticide Dealers in Alabama. This presentation gives a brief overview of major insecticide groups based on IRAC recommendations. Extension resources available for producers and distributors is also included. Readers are strongly advised to subscribe to the Alabama IPM Communicator newsletter (just needs your email) by visiting www.aces.edu/ipmcommunicator.

1. New Restricted Use Insecticide Choices
in
Peanuts, Vegetables
Dr. Ayanava Majumdar (Dr. A)
Ext. Entomologist &
State SARE Coordinator
Auburn, AL 36849
Tel: (251) 331-8416
bugdoctor@auburn.edu
Pesticide Dealer Meetings, Nov 2014

2. What is IPM?
• “Integrated pest management (IPM) is a threshold
based decision management system which leads to
judicious use of multiple pest control tactics.”
• IPM is currently insecticide-intensive…
• Major losses occur due to:
• Lack of early detection of insects
• Insecticide resistance by misuse
• Loss of natural control with insecticides

3. Decision making in IPM…
• Insect detection & monitoring
• Insect identification
• Population pressure
• Economic threshold
• Make treatment decision
• Choosing right insecticide

4. Insecticide Mode of Action (MoA)
Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC): 8 MoAs
Sensory neuron
Receiving neuron
Inhibit enzyme that breaks
down neurotransmitter
Carbamates, OP (act in
the synaptic gap)
Cyclodienes,
Pyrethroids (act
on receiving neuron)
Neonicotinoids,
Spinosyn (mimic
neurotransmitter)
Flow of info

5. Trends in synthetic chemistries
• Early insecticides were short
chain>>quick activation
• New insecticides: need “activation”
by insect enzyme systems (target-specific)
Carbaryl
Malathion
Zeta-cypermethrin Imidacloprid
Spinetoram
Chlorantraniliprole
Indoxacarb

6. Spider mites: Don’t flare
them up!
• Extensive webbing on leaves/stems
• Rapid buildup in hot dry weather
• Really flares up with too much insecticide use
• May be difficult to control in late outbreak

7. Step-by-step handbook use
• Identify the pest vs. beneficial
• Misidentification is common!
• E.g., predatory stink bug (A) vs. phytophagous stink
bug (B)
Source: Clement Akotsen-Mensah, Alabama IPM Communicator newsletter, 2011, Vol. 2, Issue 3

8. NEW EPA BEE ADVISORY BOX

9. Peanut IPM
Guide
New section in 2013:
Cowpea aphids
More selective insecticides
in the market!
New section in 2011, 2012:
Burrower bugs
New section in 2009, 2010:
Lesser cornstalk borer
Major upgrades to the
Guide

10. Alabama Peanut IPM Website
www.aces.edu/go/88

12. LIKE ‘Peanut IPM’ on Facebook!
Advantages: Live updates, chat with researchers,
videos and photos, IPM contest

13. Insecticide recommendations for
soil insects (updated in 2013)
LCSB
Chlorpyrifos
(banded over
row and pegging
zone)
SCRW
Chlorpyrifos
(banded over
row and pegging
zone)
Wireworms
Chlorpyrifos
(preplant
broadcast spray
on soil +
incorporate OR
Burrower bugs
Chlorpyrifos
(banded over
row)
What affects insecticide efficacy? banded)
Timing & placement, soil temp. & moisture
Aphids
Imidacloprid
(directed spray
at plant base, 2
applications)
Irrigation + soil insecticide + vigorous peanut variety = integrated
pest management (IPM) to prevent insect build-up

14. Lesser cornstalk borer survey, 2010
Counties on alert:
Geneva, Henry, Houston
(drought-prone areas of AL)
+ Baldwin, Washington &
Escambia (may see outbreak if
drought in 2011)
461
56
327
585
361 563 763
290
90
1046
357
Total = 5,664 in 2010
Numbers indicate total trap catches on
commercial peanut farms in a county through the
entire production season (June-Sept.)
Lee county peanuts
contaminated with LCB, 2010

15. Insect Survey – burrower bugs, 2010
Counties on alert: Baldwin,
Escambia, Monroe, Henry,
Houston
Worst cases in Baldwin & Henry
Counties.

16. Compared to July 2009
Activity was 4X in 2010

17. Compared to July 2009
Activity was 10X in 2010

18. Thrips biocontrol test, Fairhope
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Untr. check: 40 thrips/10 plants, 2-7 virus hits per 60 ft row

19. Thrips biocontrol test, Fairhope
1
Spinoteram = Radiant, wipes out thrips and caterpillars

20. PEST ALERT: Cowpea aphids
• Not a new pest (since 1975)
• One of several aphid species
• Cowpea aphid abundance in
GA peanuts – Highland et al.
1981
• Host plants: alfalfa, cotton,
cowpea, wheat, etc.
• Scouting: look for nymphs at
pegs or look for exuviae
(molted skin)
• Management: Imidacloprid
directed to the plant base (1 to
2 appl.)

21. Reference for this talk:
2013 SE Vegetable Production Handbook
Download at
http://www.thegrower.com/so
uth-east-vegetable-guide/

22. New Extension Resources
Coming in print in November 2014

23. Alternative IPM Slide Chart (General Use)
Pest Management Slide chart available from 2014.
Great for use by small, organic , and new producers. Save your copy!

24. www.aces.edu/go/87
24

25. Join Vegetable IPM on Facebook!
Advantages: Rapid pest alerts, interactive, insect ID
photos and videos, success stories, IPM contest

26. The Alabama IPM Communicator Newsletter
Online edition or Printable file
TO SUBSCRIBE VISIT WWW.ACES.EDU/IPMCOMMUNICATOR AND
CLICK ON SUBSCRIBE TAB.

27. Common
name
Product Pesticide type Oral
LD50 (mg/kg)
Best against
Malathion Malathion In (Co) 1000+ FB, CB, SqB,
SB??
Acephate Orthene In (Sys) 800+ FAW, Aph, Thr
Diazinon Diazinon (RUP) I (Co) 400 WW, MGT, SqB
Chlorpyrifos Lorsban 15G In (Co) 95 MGT, CW, WW,
FAW
Dimethoate Dimethoate IN (Sys) Aph,
leafhoppers,
psyllids, thrips
IRAC Chemical class: 1B (Organophosphates)
MoA: inhibitor of enzyme (AChE), hyperexcites insects

28. IRAC Chemical class: 3A (Pyrethroids)
MoA: Act on sodium channels (receiving neuron)
Contact/stomach: use for quick knock-down, nonselective
Common name Product Pesticide
type
Oral LD50
(mg/kg)
Best against
Cyfluthrin Baythroid XL In (Co, St) 1200+ ImCW, SqVB, CW, SB
Gamma cyhalo Proaxis 0.5EC In (Co) - FB, CB, ECB, ImCW, SqVB,
CW
Fenpropathrin Danitol 2.4EC In, Ac (Co,
St)
450 ImCW, SqVB, SqB
Zeta-cyper Mustang Max
0.8 EC
In (Co) 150-400 FB, CW, CB, SB, ImCW,
SqVB
Bifenthrin Brigade 2EC In, Ac (Co) 54 FB, CB, ImCW, SqVB, CW
Asana® XL insecticide

29. IRAC Chemical class: 4A (Neonicotinoids)
MoA: Mimic neurotransmitter at neuromuscular joints, hyperactivity
Systemic action: many weeks of protection against pests, apply early
Common name Product Pesticide type Oral
LD50 (mg/kg)
Best against
Thiamethoxam Platinum SC In (Sys) >5000 Aph, FB, CB, SB
Dinotefuran Venom 70SG In (Sys) >5000 FB, CPB, CB, SB, WF
Clothianidin Belay 3G In (Sys) 4700 FB, CPB, SqB, CB
Imidacloprid Admire 1.6F
Provado F
In (Sys, Co,
St)
450 FB, CPB, Aph, SB
CPB, CB, Aph, Thr
Acetamiprid Assail 30SG In (Sys) - Aph, CPB, Thr
Assail® insecticide

30. Aphid Management IPM Plan
NOTE: Use chemical control only when needed. Use selective materials
when biological control agents (BCA) are at peak activity!
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Class 4A
(systemic)
Aphid pop.
Wk 1 Wk 2 Wk 3 Wk 4 Wk 5 Wk 6 Wk 7
Early season (preventive tret.)
Mid/late-season (therapeutic tret.)
Class 9B
(pymetrozine)
Class 3
(bifenthrin
– ONLY if needed)
BCA

31. Common name Product Pesticide type Oral
LD50 (mg/kg)
Best against
Sulfoxaflor Closer In Aph, leafhopper,
scale insects
IRAC Chemical class: 4C
MoA: Nerve poison, primarily by ingestion
Limited to 2 applications/season

32. Common name Product Pesticide
type
Oral
LD50 (mg/kg)
Best against
Spinosyn A, D Entrust (SpinTor
phase out)
In (St) >5000 CPB, ImCW, CEW, FAW,
BAW, CL, DBM
Spinetoram Radiant 1SC In (St) >5000 CPB, CEW, ECB, ImCW,
CL, Thr
IRAC Chemical class: 5 (Spinosyns)
MoA: Mimic neurotransmitter, hyperexcite insects
Spinetoram (Radiant 1SC):
• Microbial fermentation derivate
• Application rate = 6-8 oz
• Preharvest interval (PHI) = 1-3 days
• Registered for many leafy veg., fruit crops, root crops, etc.
Entrust: for ORGANIC producers

33. Growth Regulator Insecticides
IRAC Chemical class: 7C, 16, 17, 18
Common name Product Pesticide
type
Oral
LD50 (mg/kg)
Best against Less effective
Methoxyfenozide Intrepid 2F I (Co) >5000 CL, FAW, ImCW DBM, SqVB
Buprofezin Courier I, Mi (Co) >5000 WF
Pyriproxifen Knack I (Co) >5000 WF
Growth regulators:
• Methoxyfenozide forces molting, long-lasting,
4-10 oz, 1 day PHI
• Buprofezin inhibits chitin biosynthesis
(homopteran), 9-13 oz, 7 day PHI
• Pyriproxifen mimics juvenile hormone
(homop.), 8-10 oz, 14 day PHI

34. IRAC Chemical class: 9 (new chemistry)
MoA: Unknown; selective homopteran feeding blockers
Common name Product Pesticide type Oral
LD50 (mg/kg)
Best against
Pymetrozine (9B) Fulfill 50WDG In (St) >5000 Aph, WF
Flonicamid (9C) Beleaf 50SG In(St) >2000 Aph
Fulfill 50WDG (Syngenta):
• Selective insecticide for aphid control
• Good residual, rainfast
• Application rates low: 2-2.8 oz/acre product
• PHI = 0 days

35. Novaluron (IGR, Chitin Inhibitor)
• Group 15 insecticide
• Application rate: 9 to 12 fl oz/A
• Stops chitin production in caterpillar pests
• Has ovi-larvicidal action
• 1 d PHI in tomato, okra, sweetpotato, potato

36. IRAC Chemical class: 28 (new chemistry-diamides)
MoA: Ryanodine receptor modulators (acts inside muscles)
Common name Product Pesticide type Oral
LD50 (mg/kg)
Best against
Chlorantraniliprole Coragen 1.67SC In (St, Co, Sys) >5000 CPB, CEW, ECB, FAW,
BAW, CL, SqVB, SB
Flubendiamide Belt 4SC In (Sys) >2000 CEW, ECB, CL, ImCW,
BAW, FAW
Diamides:
• Rapid inhibition of feeding, paralysis
• Selective insecticides, contact/stomach action
• No aphid or mite flaring
• Appl. rate = 3-5 oz (Coragen), 2 oz (Belt)
• 1 day PHI
Coragen has
great
translaminar
and systemic
properties for
early season
protection!

37. Spider mite management
CAUTION: Many synthetic pyrethroids can flare up spider mites by
removing predatory mites and other beneficial insects.
Abamectin (AgriMek, 8-16 fl oz/acre):
• Good rescue insecticide (may get some thrips)
• Contains synthetic abamectin and provides long-term
residual control of TSM.
• Do not apply more than two sequential applications of
abamectin.
• PHI on tomatoes is 7 days.

38. Spider mite management
Bifenazate (Acramite, 0.75-1 lb/acre):
• MOA: GABA agonist
• Contact poison against motile stage of TSM
• Has some ovicidal action (kills eggs)
• Reduced toxicity to predaceous mites and beneficial
arthropods.
• Do not make more than one application per season.
• PHI on tomatoes is 3 days.
• Available in small packaging.

39. Spider mite management
Fenpyroximate (Portal, 2 pts/acre):
• Mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor
(METI), blocking cellular respiration
• Stops mite feeding & egg laying, 7 days to kill
• Good late season rescue insecticide
• Limit to one application per year
• Softer on predatory mites
• Complete coverage essential

40. Spider mite management
Etoxazole (Zeal, 2 to 3 oz/acre):
• Good contact miticide but not labeled on
many crops
• Kills eggs and stops molting of immatures
• Sterilize adults
• Has translaminar movement
• Could take several days to act

41. (Boring?)
Data Slides
But pictures
can make it
interesting!!

42. Tomato Fruit Protection – Late Season Pest Pressure
Cullman, AL, 2012
Crop: Tomato, planting date: July 9, insecticides applied using C02 sprayer at 40 GPA. Replications = 4.
Insecticide treatment dates: Sept. 6, 14, 21. Data indicates percent damaged fruits (10 fruits/plot).
Treatments (lb/A) AI Sept. 24 Oct. 4
Range of
damage (%)
Average
damage (%)
Range of
damage (%)
Average
damage (%)
Radiant Spinetoram 10-50 30.0 30-50 37.5
Belt (#1) Flubendiamide 10-40 20.0 10-30 22.5
Sniper Bifenthrin 20-40 30.0 10-40 30.0
Fulfill + Radiant Tank-mix 10-50 35.0 20-60 30.0
Coragen Chlorantraniliprole 20-40 27.5 10-50 30.0
Venom Dinotefuran 30-40 35.0 10-30 17.5
Untreated check 90-100 95.0 40-80 55.0
*OMRI-approved for organic vegetable production

43. % Caterpillar damage on tomato fruits
Cullman, AL (2013)
25
12.5
7.5
2.5
5
Untreated check
Radiant (spinetoram)
Sniper (bifenthrin)
0
Variety: Bella Rosa
12.5
0
Belt
% damaged fruits (7DAT2, Aug. 15) % damaged fruits (7DAT4, Sept. 6)

44. Tomato plant stand with Spinetoram
(Clanton, 2012)
Untreated check
Radiant (spinetoram) 8 oz +
0.25% NIS
Severely reduced stand results
in poor crop yield.
Timely insecticide treatments can
result in high crop yield.

45. Fruit quality with Radiant (Clanton, 2013)
Check plots Radiant 8 oz + 0.25% NIS (7DAT2)
Untr. Check: 45 to 70% crop loss
with live caterpillars
<17% fruit damage after foliar
applications. Good fruit quality.

46. Fruit quality with Belt (flubendiamide)
Cullman, 2012
Untreated check
Belt
90% fruit
damage <10% fruit
damage

47. Efficacy of VETICA for Caterpillar Control, Clanton 2012
(flubendiamide 3.8% + buprofezin 26.4%)
9
19
8 7
2
7
1
3
9
2
0
1
25 July
(caterpillars)
2 Aug.
(caterpillars)
30 Aug. (worm
holes on fruits)
30 Aug. (SB
feeding on fruits)
Untreated check
Vetica 17 oz + 0.25% NIS
Radiant 8 oz + 0.25%NIS
7 DAT 15 DAT
Fruit quality is very good!
Crop was tomatoes . Location: Chilton REC, Clanton, AL. Treatment dates: 18 July, 26 July
Caterpillar numbers indicate number of caterpillars in 40 plants/treatment (10 plants/plot).
Fruit quality was assessed by randomly harvesting 40 fruits/treatment (10 fruits/plot).

48. Tomato plant stand with Vetica (Clanton, 2012)
Check plot Vetica 17 oz + 0.25% NIS

49. Fruit quality with Vetica (Clanton, 2012)
Check plots Vetica 17 oz + 0.25% NIS

50. % Caterpillar damage on tomato fruits
Cullman, AL (2013)
25
Variety: Bella Rosa
12.5
17.5
10
Untreated check
Grandevo
Xentari+Pyganic
Neem drench
Neem foliar
Pyola
Neem+Pyganic
2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
0
7.5
5
12.5
7.5
% damaged fruits (7DAT2, Aug. 15) % damaged fruits (7DAT4, Sept. 6)

51. Fruit quality with Xentari (Bta) + Pyganic,
Clanton, AL 2013
Xentari + Pyganic foliar
(tank-mix, 7DAT4)
Untr. Check: 45-70% crop loss with
live caterpillars (Aug 12)
<25% fruit
loss. Good
fruit quality.
STINK BUG
damage
noticeable.

52. Efficacy of TORAC for Caterpillar Control 2012
(tolfenpyrad 15%, good against caterpillars, also thrips & mites)
8
13
17
3
5
9
5
3 4
Untreated check
Torac 21 oz + 0.25% NIS
Radiant 8 oz + 0.25%NIS
25 July (7 DAT1) 2 Aug. (7 DAT2) 9 Aug. (15 DAT2)
Crop was tomatoes. Location: Chilton REC, Clanton, AL. Treatment dates: 18 July, 26 July
Caterpillar numbers indicate number of caterpillars in 40 plants/treatment (10 plants/plot).
Fruit quality was assessed by randomly harvesting 40 fruits/treatment (10 fruits/plot).