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Restricted Use Insecticides in Peanuts and Vegetables
The document discusses integrated pest management (IPM) strategies and new insecticide options for managing pests in peanuts and vegetables. It highlights the importance of early detection, proper insecticide use to prevent resistance, and careful pest identification to enhance effectiveness. Additionally, it provides detailed insecticide recommendations and emphasizes the potential negative impacts of certain insecticides on beneficial species.
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More from Ayanava Majumdar (Dr. A), Alabama Cooperative Extension System
Restricted Use Insecticides in Peanuts and Vegetables
- 1. New Restricted UseInsecticide Choices in Peanuts, Vegetables Dr. Ayanava Majumdar (Dr. A) Ext. Entomologist & State SARE Coordinator Auburn, AL 36849 Tel: (251) 331-8416 bugdoctor@auburn.edu Pesticide Dealer Meetings, Nov 2014
- 2. What is IPM? • “Integrated pest management (IPM) is a threshold based decision management system which leads to judicious use of multiple pest control tactics.” • IPM is currently insecticide-intensive… • Major losses occur due to: • Lack of early detection of insects • Insecticide resistance by misuse • Loss of natural control with insecticides
- 3. Decision making inIPM… • Insect detection & monitoring • Insect identification • Population pressure • Economic threshold • Make treatment decision • Choosing right insecticide
- 4. Insecticide Mode ofAction (MoA) Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC): 8 MoAs Sensory neuron Receiving neuron Inhibit enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitter Carbamates, OP (act in the synaptic gap) Cyclodienes, Pyrethroids (act on receiving neuron) Neonicotinoids, Spinosyn (mimic neurotransmitter) Flow of info
- 5. Trends in syntheticchemistries • Early insecticides were short chain>>quick activation • New insecticides: need “activation” by insect enzyme systems (target-specific) Carbaryl Malathion Zeta-cypermethrin Imidacloprid Spinetoram Chlorantraniliprole Indoxacarb
- 6. Spider mites: Don’tflare them up! • Extensive webbing on leaves/stems • Rapid buildup in hot dry weather • Really flares up with too much insecticide use • May be difficult to control in late outbreak
- 7. Step-by-step handbook use • Identify the pest vs. beneficial • Misidentification is common! • E.g., predatory stink bug (A) vs. phytophagous stink bug (B) Source: Clement Akotsen-Mensah, Alabama IPM Communicator newsletter, 2011, Vol. 2, Issue 3
- 8. NEW EPA BEEADVISORY BOX
- 9. Peanut IPM Guide New section in 2013: Cowpea aphids More selective insecticides in the market! New section in 2011, 2012: Burrower bugs New section in 2009, 2010: Lesser cornstalk borer Major upgrades to the Guide
- 10. Alabama Peanut IPMWebsite www.aces.edu/go/88
- 12. LIKE ‘Peanut IPM’on Facebook! Advantages: Live updates, chat with researchers, videos and photos, IPM contest
- 13. Insecticide recommendations for soil insects (updated in 2013) LCSB Chlorpyrifos (banded over row and pegging zone) SCRW Chlorpyrifos (banded over row and pegging zone) Wireworms Chlorpyrifos (preplant broadcast spray on soil + incorporate OR Burrower bugs Chlorpyrifos (banded over row) What affects insecticide efficacy? banded) Timing & placement, soil temp. & moisture Aphids Imidacloprid (directed spray at plant base, 2 applications) Irrigation + soil insecticide + vigorous peanut variety = integrated pest management (IPM) to prevent insect build-up
- 14. Lesser cornstalk borersurvey, 2010 Counties on alert: Geneva, Henry, Houston (drought-prone areas of AL) + Baldwin, Washington & Escambia (may see outbreak if drought in 2011) 461 56 327 585 361 563 763 290 90 1046 357 Total = 5,664 in 2010 Numbers indicate total trap catches on commercial peanut farms in a county through the entire production season (June-Sept.) Lee county peanuts contaminated with LCB, 2010
- 15. Insect Survey –burrower bugs, 2010 Counties on alert: Baldwin, Escambia, Monroe, Henry, Houston Worst cases in Baldwin & Henry Counties.
- 16. Compared to July2009 Activity was 4X in 2010
- 17. Compared to July2009 Activity was 10X in 2010
- 18. Thrips biocontrol test,Fairhope 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Untr. check: 40 thrips/10 plants, 2-7 virus hits per 60 ft row
- 19. Thrips biocontrol test,Fairhope 1 Spinoteram = Radiant, wipes out thrips and caterpillars
- 20. PEST ALERT: Cowpeaaphids • Not a new pest (since 1975) • One of several aphid species • Cowpea aphid abundance in GA peanuts – Highland et al. 1981 • Host plants: alfalfa, cotton, cowpea, wheat, etc. • Scouting: look for nymphs at pegs or look for exuviae (molted skin) • Management: Imidacloprid directed to the plant base (1 to 2 appl.)
- 21. Reference for thistalk: 2013 SE Vegetable Production Handbook Download at http://www.thegrower.com/so uth-east-vegetable-guide/
- 22. New Extension Resources Coming in print in November 2014
- 23. Alternative IPM SlideChart (General Use) Pest Management Slide chart available from 2014. Great for use by small, organic , and new producers. Save your copy!
- 24.
- 25. Join Vegetable IPMon Facebook! Advantages: Rapid pest alerts, interactive, insect ID photos and videos, success stories, IPM contest
- 26. The Alabama IPMCommunicator Newsletter Online edition or Printable file TO SUBSCRIBE VISIT WWW.ACES.EDU/IPMCOMMUNICATOR AND CLICK ON SUBSCRIBE TAB.
- 27. Common name ProductPesticide type Oral LD50 (mg/kg) Best against Malathion Malathion In (Co) 1000+ FB, CB, SqB, SB?? Acephate Orthene In (Sys) 800+ FAW, Aph, Thr Diazinon Diazinon (RUP) I (Co) 400 WW, MGT, SqB Chlorpyrifos Lorsban 15G In (Co) 95 MGT, CW, WW, FAW Dimethoate Dimethoate IN (Sys) Aph, leafhoppers, psyllids, thrips IRAC Chemical class: 1B (Organophosphates) MoA: inhibitor of enzyme (AChE), hyperexcites insects
- 28. IRAC Chemical class:3A (Pyrethroids) MoA: Act on sodium channels (receiving neuron) Contact/stomach: use for quick knock-down, nonselective Common name Product Pesticide type Oral LD50 (mg/kg) Best against Cyfluthrin Baythroid XL In (Co, St) 1200+ ImCW, SqVB, CW, SB Gamma cyhalo Proaxis 0.5EC In (Co) - FB, CB, ECB, ImCW, SqVB, CW Fenpropathrin Danitol 2.4EC In, Ac (Co, St) 450 ImCW, SqVB, SqB Zeta-cyper Mustang Max 0.8 EC In (Co) 150-400 FB, CW, CB, SB, ImCW, SqVB Bifenthrin Brigade 2EC In, Ac (Co) 54 FB, CB, ImCW, SqVB, CW Asana® XL insecticide
- 29. IRAC Chemical class:4A (Neonicotinoids) MoA: Mimic neurotransmitter at neuromuscular joints, hyperactivity Systemic action: many weeks of protection against pests, apply early Common name Product Pesticide type Oral LD50 (mg/kg) Best against Thiamethoxam Platinum SC In (Sys) >5000 Aph, FB, CB, SB Dinotefuran Venom 70SG In (Sys) >5000 FB, CPB, CB, SB, WF Clothianidin Belay 3G In (Sys) 4700 FB, CPB, SqB, CB Imidacloprid Admire 1.6F Provado F In (Sys, Co, St) 450 FB, CPB, Aph, SB CPB, CB, Aph, Thr Acetamiprid Assail 30SG In (Sys) - Aph, CPB, Thr Assail® insecticide
- 30. Aphid Management IPMPlan NOTE: Use chemical control only when needed. Use selective materials when biological control agents (BCA) are at peak activity! 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Class 4A (systemic) Aphid pop. Wk 1 Wk 2 Wk 3 Wk 4 Wk 5 Wk 6 Wk 7 Early season (preventive tret.) Mid/late-season (therapeutic tret.) Class 9B (pymetrozine) Class 3 (bifenthrin – ONLY if needed) BCA
- 31. Common name ProductPesticide type Oral LD50 (mg/kg) Best against Sulfoxaflor Closer In Aph, leafhopper, scale insects IRAC Chemical class: 4C MoA: Nerve poison, primarily by ingestion Limited to 2 applications/season
- 32. Common name ProductPesticide type Oral LD50 (mg/kg) Best against Spinosyn A, D Entrust (SpinTor phase out) In (St) >5000 CPB, ImCW, CEW, FAW, BAW, CL, DBM Spinetoram Radiant 1SC In (St) >5000 CPB, CEW, ECB, ImCW, CL, Thr IRAC Chemical class: 5 (Spinosyns) MoA: Mimic neurotransmitter, hyperexcite insects Spinetoram (Radiant 1SC): • Microbial fermentation derivate • Application rate = 6-8 oz • Preharvest interval (PHI) = 1-3 days • Registered for many leafy veg., fruit crops, root crops, etc. Entrust: for ORGANIC producers
- 33. Growth Regulator Insecticides IRAC Chemical class: 7C, 16, 17, 18 Common name Product Pesticide type Oral LD50 (mg/kg) Best against Less effective Methoxyfenozide Intrepid 2F I (Co) >5000 CL, FAW, ImCW DBM, SqVB Buprofezin Courier I, Mi (Co) >5000 WF Pyriproxifen Knack I (Co) >5000 WF Growth regulators: • Methoxyfenozide forces molting, long-lasting, 4-10 oz, 1 day PHI • Buprofezin inhibits chitin biosynthesis (homopteran), 9-13 oz, 7 day PHI • Pyriproxifen mimics juvenile hormone (homop.), 8-10 oz, 14 day PHI
- 34. IRAC Chemical class:9 (new chemistry) MoA: Unknown; selective homopteran feeding blockers Common name Product Pesticide type Oral LD50 (mg/kg) Best against Pymetrozine (9B) Fulfill 50WDG In (St) >5000 Aph, WF Flonicamid (9C) Beleaf 50SG In(St) >2000 Aph Fulfill 50WDG (Syngenta): • Selective insecticide for aphid control • Good residual, rainfast • Application rates low: 2-2.8 oz/acre product • PHI = 0 days
- 35. Novaluron (IGR, ChitinInhibitor) • Group 15 insecticide • Application rate: 9 to 12 fl oz/A • Stops chitin production in caterpillar pests • Has ovi-larvicidal action • 1 d PHI in tomato, okra, sweetpotato, potato
- 36. IRAC Chemical class:28 (new chemistry-diamides) MoA: Ryanodine receptor modulators (acts inside muscles) Common name Product Pesticide type Oral LD50 (mg/kg) Best against Chlorantraniliprole Coragen 1.67SC In (St, Co, Sys) >5000 CPB, CEW, ECB, FAW, BAW, CL, SqVB, SB Flubendiamide Belt 4SC In (Sys) >2000 CEW, ECB, CL, ImCW, BAW, FAW Diamides: • Rapid inhibition of feeding, paralysis • Selective insecticides, contact/stomach action • No aphid or mite flaring • Appl. rate = 3-5 oz (Coragen), 2 oz (Belt) • 1 day PHI Coragen has great translaminar and systemic properties for early season protection!
- 37. Spider mite management CAUTION: Many synthetic pyrethroids can flare up spider mites by removing predatory mites and other beneficial insects. Abamectin (AgriMek, 8-16 fl oz/acre): • Good rescue insecticide (may get some thrips) • Contains synthetic abamectin and provides long-term residual control of TSM. • Do not apply more than two sequential applications of abamectin. • PHI on tomatoes is 7 days.
- 38. Spider mite management Bifenazate (Acramite, 0.75-1 lb/acre): • MOA: GABA agonist • Contact poison against motile stage of TSM • Has some ovicidal action (kills eggs) • Reduced toxicity to predaceous mites and beneficial arthropods. • Do not make more than one application per season. • PHI on tomatoes is 3 days. • Available in small packaging.
- 39. Spider mite management Fenpyroximate (Portal, 2 pts/acre): • Mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor (METI), blocking cellular respiration • Stops mite feeding & egg laying, 7 days to kill • Good late season rescue insecticide • Limit to one application per year • Softer on predatory mites • Complete coverage essential
- 40. Spider mite management Etoxazole (Zeal, 2 to 3 oz/acre): • Good contact miticide but not labeled on many crops • Kills eggs and stops molting of immatures • Sterilize adults • Has translaminar movement • Could take several days to act
- 41. (Boring?) Data Slides But pictures can make it interesting!!
- 42. Tomato Fruit Protection– Late Season Pest Pressure Cullman, AL, 2012 Crop: Tomato, planting date: July 9, insecticides applied using C02 sprayer at 40 GPA. Replications = 4. Insecticide treatment dates: Sept. 6, 14, 21. Data indicates percent damaged fruits (10 fruits/plot). Treatments (lb/A) AI Sept. 24 Oct. 4 Range of damage (%) Average damage (%) Range of damage (%) Average damage (%) Radiant Spinetoram 10-50 30.0 30-50 37.5 Belt (#1) Flubendiamide 10-40 20.0 10-30 22.5 Sniper Bifenthrin 20-40 30.0 10-40 30.0 Fulfill + Radiant Tank-mix 10-50 35.0 20-60 30.0 Coragen Chlorantraniliprole 20-40 27.5 10-50 30.0 Venom Dinotefuran 30-40 35.0 10-30 17.5 Untreated check 90-100 95.0 40-80 55.0 *OMRI-approved for organic vegetable production
- 43. % Caterpillar damageon tomato fruits Cullman, AL (2013) 25 12.5 7.5 2.5 5 Untreated check Radiant (spinetoram) Sniper (bifenthrin) 0 Variety: Bella Rosa 12.5 0 Belt % damaged fruits (7DAT2, Aug. 15) % damaged fruits (7DAT4, Sept. 6)
- 44. Tomato plant standwith Spinetoram (Clanton, 2012) Untreated check Radiant (spinetoram) 8 oz + 0.25% NIS Severely reduced stand results in poor crop yield. Timely insecticide treatments can result in high crop yield.
- 45. Fruit quality withRadiant (Clanton, 2013) Check plots Radiant 8 oz + 0.25% NIS (7DAT2) Untr. Check: 45 to 70% crop loss with live caterpillars <17% fruit damage after foliar applications. Good fruit quality.
- 46. Fruit quality withBelt (flubendiamide) Cullman, 2012 Untreated check Belt 90% fruit damage <10% fruit damage
- 47. Efficacy of VETICAfor Caterpillar Control, Clanton 2012 (flubendiamide 3.8% + buprofezin 26.4%) 9 19 8 7 2 7 1 3 9 2 0 1 25 July (caterpillars) 2 Aug. (caterpillars) 30 Aug. (worm holes on fruits) 30 Aug. (SB feeding on fruits) Untreated check Vetica 17 oz + 0.25% NIS Radiant 8 oz + 0.25%NIS 7 DAT 15 DAT Fruit quality is very good! Crop was tomatoes . Location: Chilton REC, Clanton, AL. Treatment dates: 18 July, 26 July Caterpillar numbers indicate number of caterpillars in 40 plants/treatment (10 plants/plot). Fruit quality was assessed by randomly harvesting 40 fruits/treatment (10 fruits/plot).
- 48. Tomato plant standwith Vetica (Clanton, 2012) Check plot Vetica 17 oz + 0.25% NIS
- 49. Fruit quality withVetica (Clanton, 2012) Check plots Vetica 17 oz + 0.25% NIS
- 50. % Caterpillar damageon tomato fruits Cullman, AL (2013) 25 Variety: Bella Rosa 12.5 17.5 10 Untreated check Grandevo Xentari+Pyganic Neem drench Neem foliar Pyola Neem+Pyganic 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0 7.5 5 12.5 7.5 % damaged fruits (7DAT2, Aug. 15) % damaged fruits (7DAT4, Sept. 6)
- 51. Fruit quality withXentari (Bta) + Pyganic, Clanton, AL 2013 Xentari + Pyganic foliar (tank-mix, 7DAT4) Untr. Check: 45-70% crop loss with live caterpillars (Aug 12) <25% fruit loss. Good fruit quality. STINK BUG damage noticeable.
- 52. Efficacy of TORACfor Caterpillar Control 2012 (tolfenpyrad 15%, good against caterpillars, also thrips & mites) 8 13 17 3 5 9 5 3 4 Untreated check Torac 21 oz + 0.25% NIS Radiant 8 oz + 0.25%NIS 25 July (7 DAT1) 2 Aug. (7 DAT2) 9 Aug. (15 DAT2) Crop was tomatoes. Location: Chilton REC, Clanton, AL. Treatment dates: 18 July, 26 July Caterpillar numbers indicate number of caterpillars in 40 plants/treatment (10 plants/plot). Fruit quality was assessed by randomly harvesting 40 fruits/treatment (10 fruits/plot).