This document discusses several newer classes of insecticides and their modes of action, including neonicotinoids, spinosyns, avermectins, oxadiazines, fiproles, pyrroles, and others. It explains that these newer insecticides were developed to address resistance issues with older chemicals and have novel modes of action that are safer for the environment. Each section provides examples of chemical names and trade names for insecticides in that class, and summarizes their specific modes of action at the neural or physiological level that results in insect paralysis or death. The document concludes that these newer compounds are more selective and effective at lower doses while being safer, but cautions that judicious integrated pest management is needed to

1. Newer Group of insecticides & their
management

2. Introduction
 Indiscriminate use of insecticides, leads to resistance
development by insect and ill effect posed on environment
opened the new modern era of chemicals having novel mode of
action with higher bioefficacy on insect control and safer to
environment.
 These new group of insect control insecticides includes
neonicotinoids, spinosyns, avermectins, oxadiazines, IGR’s,
fiproles, pyrroles, pyridine azomethine, ketoenols and
benzenedicarboxamides.
 Most of the people know that these insecticides kill insects
but the way in which they work is a mistery to most of use.
(Patil and Rajanikantha, 2004.)

3. Newer Insecticides
Group of pesticide Common name Examples of trade names In India
Neonicotinoid Imidacloprid (Admire, Advantage, Confidor,Gaucho,
Marathon, Merit, Premier, Provado)
Confidor.
Tata mida, Jumbo
etc.
Acetamiprid (Assail, Chipco, Pristine Pride
Clothiamidin (Poncho) Dantop
Thiacloprid (Calypso)
Thiamethoxam (Actara, Cruiser, Platinum) Actara,
Spinosyn Spinosad (Entrust,NaturaLyte, SpinTor, Success,
Tracer)
Success, Tracer
Hydrazine carboxylate Bifenazate (Acramite,Floramite)
Avermectin Abamectin B1 (Advert, Affirm, Agri-Mek, Avid, ,Clinch,
Vertimec, Zephyr)
Vertimec,
Emamectin benzoate (Denim, Proclaim) Proclaim

4. Group of
pesticide
Common name Examples of trade names In India
Phenyl pyrazole Fipronil (Regent) Regent)
Pyrazole Tebufenpyrad (Masai,Pyranica)
Pyrrole Chlorfenapyr (Alert, Pirate, ,Pylon)
Oxadiazine Indoxacarb (Avaunt,Steward) Avaunt,
Benzoylurea
(IGR )
Novaluron (Diamond,Pedestal, Rimon) Rimon
Hexaflumuron (Conhex)
Diflubenzuron (Adept,Dimilin, Micromite) Dimilin
Lufenuron (Zyrox)
Newer Insecticides

5. Affects on Nerves

6. Groups of insecticides
and
their mode of action

7. (A) Neonicotinoids
 A new class of insecticides with a new mode of action.
 More recently referred to as Chloronicotinyls.
 Effective against sucking insects like aphids,
thrips, leafhoppers, whiteflies, leaf miners etc.
 Classified into, 1st generation which includes
imidacloprid, acetamiprid and nitniazine and 2nd
generation which includes desmethyl thiomethaxam,
nitenpyrum, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam and
clotihionidin.

8. Mode of action
 Neonocotinoids act agonistically on the nicotinic
acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) at the synapses in the
insect central nervous system, first stimulating the
post-synaptic membranes, then paralyzing nerve
conduction.
(Yamamoto,1996)

9. (B) Spinosyns
Spinosad (Tracer, Naturalyte)
 Fermentation metabolite of the actinomycetes
Saccharopolyspora spinosa, a soil inhabiting microorganism.
Has both contact and stomach activity against lepidopteran
larvae, leaf miners, thrips and termites with long residual
activity in cotton, pigeonpea and vegetables.

10. Mode of action
 It over stimulates nerve cells by prolonging electical impulses
across synapes by acting like acetyl choline (Ach), attaches
itself to a distinct site on the nicotinic Ach receptors, leading
to involuntory muscle contraction, Prostration with
tremors and Paralysis and death.
(Salgado, 1997)

11. (C) Avermectines
Series of closely related macro cyclic lacton derivatives
produced as fermentation metabolites of Streptomyces
avermitilis .
Used for the control of spider mites, leafminers and other
difficult to control greenhouse pests and internal parasites
of domestic animals.

12. Mode of action
By inhibiting signal transmission at the neuromuscular junction.
Affected by stimulating releasing of the inhibitory
neurotransmitter Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) from
the pre-synaptic nerve terminals and by potentiating its binding
at the post-synaptic receptors.
(Murugan and Ramachandran, 2004)

13. (D) Oxadiazines
Indoxacarb (Avaunt, Steward)
Novel reduced-risk broad spectrum lepidoptericide discovered
by Du Pont.
In addition to lepidopterans, it is also effective against certain
leafhoppers, some Coleopterans and certain Hemipterans.

14. Mode of action
Active ingredient in indoxacarb works by inhibiting sodium ion
entry into nerve cells, resulting in paralysis and death of
targeted pests.
Primary entry is through ingestion of treated foliage with some
additional absorption through the pest cuticle. (Cole et al.,

15. (E) Fiproles/Phenylpyrazoles
Fipronil(Regent)
Only insecticide in this new class, introduced in 1990 and
registered in U.S.A. in 1996.
Systemic compound with contact and stomach activity.
Use for the control of many soil
and foliar insects (eg. Corn rootworm, Colorado potato
beetle
and rice water weevil) on a variety of crops, primarily corn,
turf and for public health insect control.

16. Mode of action
Fipronil blocks the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
regulated
chloride channel in neurons, thus antagonizing the
“calming”
effect of GABA, similar to the action of the Cyclodienes.

17. (F) Pyrroles
Chlorfenapyr (Alert)
It is first and only member of this unique chemical group.
Both a contact and stomach insecticide cum miticide.
Derived from natural product dioxapyrrolomycin produced
from a culture of Streptomyces fumanus.
Used on cotton, corn, soybean, vegetables to control
whitefly,
thrips, caterpillars, mites, leafminers, aphids and Colorado

18. Mode of action
Act by disrupting the proton gradient across mitocondrial
membrane and prevent mitochondria from producing ATPs.
Loss of energy production results in the destruction and
subsequent death of the affected pest
organism.
(Kelley et al., 1999)

19. (G) Pyridine azomethine/ Amino triazinones
Pymetrozine (Fulfill)
New type of reduced-risk insecticide from Ciba Ltd. that
affects nerves, which control feeding after injestion.
Mode of action
Causes immediate and irreversible cessation of feeding,
blocking of stylte penetration.
(Kelley et al., 1999)

20. (H) Ketoenols
Spiromesifen (Oberon)
Acts as insecticide against whitefly and acaricides against
Tetranychus sp.
Mode of action
Acts as an inhibitor of acetyl-CoA-carboxylase, a lipid
metabolism enzyme and interferes with insect development.
(Kelley et al., 1999)

21. (I) Pyrethroids (New isomers)
Bifenthrin (Talstar) and Fenpropathrin (Meothrin)
New isomers of synthetic pyrethroids.
Activity against borers, whiteflies and mite pests of cotton,
pulses and vegetables.
Mode of action is similar to the existing synthetic pyrethroids.
(Kelley et al., 1999)

22. (J) Benzenedicarboxamides
Developed by Bayer Crop Science, Germany.
Effective against lepidopterous insect pest by targeting
Ca2+ through stomach poison.
Flubendiamide (RIL-038)
Novel chemical developed by Nihon Nohyaku Ltd.,
Japan.
Specific for the management of lepidopteran pests
having stomach and contact activity.
(Kelley et al., 1999)

23. (K) Insect Growth Regulators
IGRs act on endocrine or hormone system of insects.
Chitin synthesis inhibitors
i. Benzoylureas
First benzoylureas were introduced in 1978 by Bayer of
Germany, Triflumuron (Alsystin).
Chorfluazuron (Atabron), Teflubenzuron (Dart),
Hexaflumuron (Trueno), Flufenoxuron (Cascade).

24. Mode of action
Act on the larval stage of most insects.
By inhibiting or blocking the synthesis of chitin (by preventing
the acetylation of glucose to form glucoseamine), a vital and
almost indesrructible part of the insect exoskeleton.
Effect on developing larvae are, the rupture of malformed
cuticle or death by starvation.
(Sidde Gowda et al., 2004)

25. ii. Thiadizines
Buprofezin (Applaud)
An acaricide cum insecticide with both stomach and
contact
action.
Active against certain Homoptera (aphids, scales,
mealybugs,
leafhoppers etc.) in rice, potatoes, cotton, vegetables and
citrus.

26. iii. Thio-ureas
Diafenthiuron (Polo)
New type of acaricide cum insecticide developed by Ciba-
Geigy Ltd.
Effective against mites and sucking pests of cotton, vegetables,
ornamentals and various field crops.

27. iv. Pyridines: JH mimics (Juvenoids)
Mode of action
Suppression of embryogenesis, metamorphosis and adult
formation.
 Deformation, extra stadium, sterilization and reduced egg
hatch.
Fenoxycarb (Torus)
 Effective against whiteflies, scales, fungus gnats and shore
flies.
 Used for fire ant management under the trade name
“LOGIC”.

28. Pyriproxyfen(Esteem)
Juvenile hormone mimic (agonist) used against public
health pest such as flies, beetles, midges and mosquitoes.
Applied to breeding sites such as swamps and livestock
houses.
Also effective against scales, whiteflies, psyllids on cotton,
citrus, vegetables and pome fruit.
(Horowitz and Ishaaya, 1992)

29. v. Diacylhydrazines: Ecdysone agonist
Mode of action
 Mimics natural moulting hormone, 20-
hydroxyecdysone
propelling larvae in to premature lethal moult within
hours of ingested food.
Larva treated with Tebufinozide

30. Tebufenozide (Confirm)
New class of IGR known as a
ecdysone receptor agonist.
Methoxyfenozide
Second generation moult accelerating
compound which mimics the natural
insect moulting hormone, 20
hydroxyecdysone.

32. (L) Anthranilic Diamidas
 controls insect pest by activating insect ryanodine
receptors.
 Contraction of muscle cells require a regulated release of
calcium from internal stores into the cell cytoplasm.
 It binds to RyR causing uncontrolled release and depletion of
internal calcium, preventing further muscle contraction.

33. Conclusions
Increasing problems of insect resistance to broad
spectrum conventional insecticides leads to need for new
class of insecticides with selective activity spectrum and
preferentially a new mode of action.
All the newer molecules have different modes of action
with greater selectivity, required at very low dosage,
safer to natural enemies and higher animals including
man.
Judicious use of these novel insecticides in integrated
approach was required to safeguard their efficacy in pest
control.

34. Thank You !
2019