This document discusses different theories of responsibility and accountability from an ethical perspective. It describes ethical rationalism, which argues that humans have the capacity for morality and are responsible for their deeds. It also discusses ethical voluntarism, which proposes the concept of acquisition to explain that people are responsible for voluntary actions but not involuntary ones. Acquisition differs from creation in terms of the agent's knowledge and relationship to the object. The responsibility for acquired actions is limited to aspects dependent on the power created in the person.

1. RESPONSIBILITY &
ACCOUNTABILITY
ETHICAL RATIONALISM
• -capacity as a precondition of morality
• -that the servant is the creator of his deeds, good or bad, and is
deserving of reward and punishment in the life to come for
whatever he does
• -God, it followed from this view, was to be exonerated from the
responsibility for human actions, whether good or bad, since
such responsibility belonged exclusively to man

2. • -their theory of generation, argued that ‘generated actions’ like
the pleasure caused by eating is ‘man own action and is
‘produced by the causes emanating from man’.
• -man are accordingly responsible for them
• -pertaining to the issue of the consciousness of the will to its
object; when the motive has determined the will of agent, he
cannot but will it, as a matter of necessity
• -for it is impossible for the agent should know what he is doing
without willing it; this would entail that he could hate what he is
doing

3. • -nevertheless, the will does not determine the action
necessarily; it would otherwise have to determine all the
consequences of this action, including others as well
• -this however is impossible for the will of the agent affect his
own action only
• -it follows that it is neither the will nor the object, but rather the
motive, that determines both

4. ETHICAL VOLUNTARISM
• -stand in between of all activity to God and man as the creator
of his deeds by proposing the concept of acquisition
• -the concept explains that man know instinctively the difference
between the voluntary actions and involuntary actions

5. • --both do differ in point the power create in him by God at the
moment of performing the voluntary action
• The different between acquisition and creating :
1) The mode or scope of the knowledge of the object by the
creator or agent
- the knowledge of the former is absolute, --He knows the
detail
- the latter has no more than a general knowledge
2) The type of relationship of the object to the agent
- the created power has no any effect on its object
- the created power of the former has a universal relationship
to a single object, which is being

6. • -while the latter only have a specific relation to a certain type of
object
• -in short, the responsibility for the acquired action can only be
to those aspects which depend on the created power of the
agent and are liable to change through his action
• -the created power can never be independent of God
• -the created power was created in man at every moment as is
proportionate to the production of the intended action

7. • -while the latter only have a specific relation to a certain type of
object
• -in short, the responsibility for the acquired action can only be
to those aspects which depend on the created power of the
agent and are liable to change through his action
• -the created power can never be independent of God
• -the created power was created in man at every moment as is
proportionate to the production of the intended action