1. The Respiratory System
•a biological system consisting of
specific organs and structures used
for the process of respiration in
an organism.
•involved in the intake
and exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide between an organism and
the environment.
2. “Respiratory Organs”
Gills
• Designed for water breathing.
• Two types:
*Internal Gills
*External Gills
Gas Bladders
• A gas filled-sac helps in buoyancy control and
respiration.
*Lungs-designed for air breathing and
respiration.
*Swim Bladders-designed for buoyancy
control
4. • Lungs
*Ventral to the digestive tract
*Paired
*Venous return enters the heart
separately from the general
systematic circulation
• Swim Bladder
*Dorsal to the digestive tract
*Single
*Returning blood drains to the
general systematic
circulation before entering the heart
5. Cutaneous Respiratory Organs
• Respiration through the skin, can take place
through air, water and or both.
• Called cutaneous respiration
Accessory Air-breathing Organs
• A system of air chambers formed by
outgrowths from the mouth or gill region of
those fish that occasionally leave the water.
Breathing and Embryos
• It refers on how embryos of all kinds of
animals breathe within.
6. “Ventilatory Mechanisms”
Cilia – tiny hairs that helps respiratory organs on
large vertebrates filter the air while on smaller
vertebrates support the exchange of gases.
Muscular Mechanisms
7. • Water Ventilation:Dual Pump- buccal and
opercular action operating in tandem drives
water in a nearly continuous unidirectional
flow across the gill curtain between them
• Air Ventilation:Buccal Pump- the dual pump is
modified into an inhalation/exhalation phase
• Air Ventilation:Aspiration Pump- air is sucked
in, or aspirated, by low pressure created
around the lungs
8. Phylogeny
Agnathans -its primitive features are indicated by
the large number of gill pouches and the
structural arrangement of the gills.
Elasmobranchs -gill slits are not covered, but lie in
a row behind the head. A modified slit called
a spiracle lies just behind the eye
Bony fishes -water enters the gill chamber through
a fish's mouth and exits through gill openings
under the operculum. Blood flowing through the
gill filaments absorbs oxygen from the water.
9. Overview of Fish Respiration
• Gills - usually consist of thin filaments of tissue, branches, or
slender, tufted processes that have a highly folded surface to
increase surface area
• Lungs and Swim Bladders -an internal gas-filled organ that
contributes to the ability of a fish to control its buoyancy,
and thus to stay at its current water depth without having to
waste energy in swimming.
Amphibians -Respiratory gas exchange is conducted
through the thin, gas-permeable skin and the gills
• Amphibian Larvae -the gills degenerate,
paired lungs develop, and the metamorphosing
larvae begin making excursions to the water
surface to take air breaths.
• Amphibian Adults -are simple saclike structures
that internally lack the complex spongy
appearance of the lungs of birds and mammals
Editor's Notes
The respiratory system (called also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological systemconsisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration in an organism. The respiratory system is involved in the intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment.
There are five ways for breathing , first is the gills
G-Internal gills- are associated with pharyngeal slits and pouches. They are covered by soft skinfolds such as the interbranchial septum or operculum , depending of the group of fish. Internal gills act as a muscular pump of the buccal cavity, driving water across the internal gills
External gills- found also on the branchial region as filamentous capillary beds it stand-out or sticks out into the water. External gills depends on the flow of the water current in order for the water to sweep its muscles back and forth for ventilation. Basically the process of ventilation for gills is the water enters the fishes mouth and crosses on its gillls. The water gives oxygen to the blood in the gill filaments and receives carbon dioxide in exchange.
GB-When we say respiration this refers to the lungs , while buoyancy control refers to swim bladders.
Lungs expands when air is inhaled and decreases in exhalation.
When we say respiration this refers to the lungs , while buoyancy control refers to swim bladders.
Lungs expands when air is inhaled and decreases in exhalation.
CRO-Examples of animals that respire through skin, are amphibians, the lungless family of salamanders and earthworms.
AABO-Meaning these organisms gulps air and swallows it into its stomach and from their it diffuses and goes into the bloodstream. Example of these are mostlyt catfishes, snakeheads and electric eels. The swim-bladder also may serve as an accessory respiratory organ.
BaE- So either its viviparous or oviparous, viviparous are those animals that developed inside the parent like us so how do we viviparous breathe knowing that most of our organs are not fully developed, so we breathe through our mothers respiratory organs like the lungs and also with the help of their circulatory organs through umbilical cord and the placenta. So Oviparous animals that are produced through eggs, so how do they breathe,Directly under the egg's shell are two membranes. When the eggs are laid by the mother they’re very warm, and as they cool the material inside the egg shrinks a little bit. The two membranes pull apart a little and create a small pocket or sack of air called the air sack filled with oxygen. As the animal develops it uses the oxygen, which must be replenished, and it also has to release carbon dioxide through pores, in the shell.
Ventilatory Mechanisms these are other organs in the respiratory system that ventilates in order to help exhange gases like the cilia and the muscles in it. First is the cilia, the cilias function on larger vertebrates like us is they clear or remove impurities on the air. It is located on our nasal passageways and other part of the respiratory tract like the linings of the lungs. They does their job through secreting mucus to trap dust and other particles. They are also the one that moves the mucous up into the pharynx. Cilia are also found on small aquatic organisms such as protochordates that has low metabolic demands , it helps to move water across the respiratory surfaces and support the exhange of gases between tissues and the environment.
• dual pump - buccal and opercular action operating in tandem drives water in a nearly continuous unidirectional flow across the gill curtain between them- the suction phase begins with compressed buccal and opercular cavities and closed valves - as the buccal cavity expands, the internal oral valves open and water moves into the buccal cavity and across the gill curtain - during the force phase, the oral valve closes and water is forced out through the opercular valve• pulse pump - the dual pump is modified into an inhalation/exhalation phase- the exhalation phase begins with transfer of spent air from the lungs into the buccal cavity - the exhalation phase concludes with expulsion of air from the buccal cavity to the outside either through the mouth or under the operculum - the inhalation phase begins with the organism taking fresh air into the mouth - the inhalation phase concludes with transfer of air from the buccal cavity into the lungs• aspiration pump - air is sucked in, or aspirated, by low pressure created around the lungs- the lungs are located within the pump so that the force required to ventilate them is applied directly - a moveable diaphragm and rib cage cause pressure changes rather than the action of the buccal cavity
