The document discusses the respiratory system, highlighting the process of gas exchange in the lungs, which includes ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration. It details how oxygen is delivered to the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is expelled, facilitating cellular respiration necessary for energy production. Additionally, it mentions lung capacity and various diseases affecting the bronchial and pulmonary systems.

1. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
GAS EXCHANGE IN LUNGS
By group:4A
Submitted to:Dr.Bushra Zahoor

2. Gaseous Exchange
• Delivery of Oxygen from lungs to
blood stream and Elimination of
Carbondioxide from blood stream to
lungs .
• It occurs in lungs between alveoli
and a network of tiny blood vessels
called capillaries, which are located
in walls of alveoli.

3. BREATHING
1. Ventilation: inspiration and expiration.
• Sequence of events that results in gas exchange .
• In terrestrial vertebrates it includes 3 steps:
2. External respiration: Gas exchange between air (in
lungs) and blood.Blood then transport Oxygen to the
body tissue cells.
3. Internal respiration: Gas exvhange between blood and
tissue fluid. Blood then transports carbondioxide to the
lungs.

5. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
• Is the process whereby organism uses oxygen and food to produce
energy (ATP) and 2 by products. E.g. Water and carbondioxide
Therefore gaseous exchange is necessary for to get oxygen for
cellular respiration.

7. GAS EXCAHNGE BETWEEN ALVEOLAR
SPACES AND CAPILLARIES
• Fucntion: Excahnge two gases:
Oxygen and carbondioxide
• Exchange take place in millions of
alveoli in the lungs and capillaries
that envelop them.
• As shown, inhaled oxygen moves from
the alveoli to blood in the capillaries,
and carbondioxide mives from blood
in the capillaries to the air in the
alveoli.

9. Breathing- The process whereby air (gases) move in and
out of the body.

10. TIDAL VENTILATION MECHANISM
• Air moves in and out of the body via the same route.
• All terrestrial vertebrates do this except for birds.
• The lungs are not completely emptied during each breathing
cycle.
• The air entering mixes with used air remaining in the lungs.
• This help to conserve water, but decrease gas-exchange
efficiency.

11. DETERMINING LUNG CAPACITY

12. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
• Gas exchange between air in
lungs and blood.
• Gas exchanhe between blood
and tissue fluid.
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
GAS EXCHANGE
• Movement driven by diffusion
gradient.
• Gasses exerts pressure, the
amount of pressure each gas
exerts is called –partial pressure
( Poxygen and Pcarbondioxide )
• Movement driven by diffusion
gradient.
• Gases exerts pressure, the amount of
pressure each gas exerts is called – partial
pressure ( Poxygen and Pcarbondioxide
)

13. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

14. INTERNAL RESPIRATION

15. TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN

16. HEMOGLOBIN MOLECULE

17. TRANSPORT OF CARBONDIOXIDE

19. COMMON BRONCHIAL AND
PULMONARY DISEASES

20. PNEUMONIA

21. PULMONARY FIBROSIS

22. PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS

23. EMPHYSEMA

24. BRONCHITIS

25. ASTHMA

26. SMOKING AND LUNG DISORDERS

27. Thank you.