Respirators 2018

Respirators
John Newquist
Draft 2 10 2018

Definitions Pretest
A. High efficiency particulate air
(HEPA) filter
B. Immediately dangerous to life
of health (IDLH)
C. Negative pressure respirator
D. Oxygen deficient atmosphere
E. Positive pressure respirator
F. Powered air-purifying
respirator
G. Self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA)
H. Supplied-air respirator (SAR)
I. Escape-only respirator
J. Tight-fitting facepiece

Standard Overview
• Definitions
• Program
Requirements
• Selection
• Medical Evaluation
• Fit Testing
• Maintenance/Use
• Training
• Recordkeeping

Dec 2017
• Cal/OSHA Issues Advisory on
Respiratory Protection for Harmful
Exposure to Wildfire Smoke.
• When outdoor workers are exposed to
air quality that is designated
"Unhealthy", "Very Unhealthy" or
"Hazardous" by local air quality
management districts, employers are
required to provide filtering
respirators such as masks labeled N95
and certified by the National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH).

December 2014
• Evanston IL
• $132,000 to six contractors
• OSHA's inspection found that
onsite asbestos consultant
directed the HVAC contractor
to cut and remove 60 feet of
piping that contained asbestos
insulation without PPE.
Typical asbestos pipe.

• PPE Assessment
• Payment
• Training
• Audit
Overview

Payment
• Employers pay for almost all
personal protective equipment
that is required by OSHA’s
general industry standards.
• Metatarsal foot protection;
• Rubber boots with steel toes;
• Non-prescription eye
protection;
• Hard hats/Bump Caps;
• Hearing Protection;
• Personal fall protection; and
• Reflective work vests.
• It does not require payment for
uniforms, items worn to keep
clean, or other items that are
not PPE.
• Sturdy work shoes;
• Non-specialty slip-resistant,
non-safety-toe footwear;
• Prescription Eye wear

Some Caveats
• PPE is used as a last resort
• The use of PPE signifies
that the hazard could not
be controlled by other
methods, such as:
– administrative controls
(i.e., shift rotation)
– engineering or industrial
hygiene controls

Back to the caveats...
• The use of PPE signals that the
hazard still exists in the
workplace
• Unprotected individuals in the
same area will be exposed
• Failure of PPE means that the
worker will be exposed
• PPE can be combined with
other controls

Clean Air Paradox
• Quality of Air
• 78.1% Nitrogen
• 20.9% Oxygen
• 0.9% Argon
• 0.03% Carbon Dioxide

Units Seem Small
1 % = 10,000 ppm
PEL = Permissible
Exposure Limits (OSHA)
5 Mg/M3 is very small
2 f/cc = 2,000,000f/M3

Health Effects
• Irritation
• Asphyxiation
• Organ Specific Effects
• Mutagen
• Teratogen
• Acute/Chronic
• Reversible vs.
Nonreversible

Factors
• Genetics
• Age
• Health status
• Route of entry
• Frequency and
duration of exposure

Exposure Limits
• Animal Studies
• Epidemiological
studies
• Industrial Experience
• STEL – 15 minutes
• Ceiling – never
exceeded
• Threshold Limit Value

Sampling
• Qualified person
• Appropriate
instrument
• Duration of sampling
• Pre and post
calibration

Hierarchy of Controls
• Engineering
• Administrative
• Personal Protective
Equipment
• Training

Lead
• Requires compliance with 1910.1025
• Overexposure can occur in less than 5 minutes
when torch cutting or painting

Lead effects
• Chronic overexposure - severe damage to
the blood-forming, nervous, urinary, and
reproductive systems
• High levels will require medical removal
• Bridge Painting/Removal continues to be
ones of the consistent lead issues in
construction

Residential Lead
• Lead can be 20%
• Cadmium and arsenic above 10
micrograms
• Written Program. L, C, A
• Training L, C, A
• Determination above AL
• Protective Clothing
• Change Areas
• Decon
• Sanitary Issues for lunch
Can anyone comply?

Lead
• Vacuum equipment
can be used

Children Lead – Work?
• 2014 greater than 5 ug/dL
• Cook – 29,547 w 821
• Lake – 8,419 w 20
• Dupage – 5,485 w 14
• Kane – 13,120 w 77
• Will – 9,555 w 20
• Dekalb – 1448 w 2
• McHenry – 1,762 w 5
• Lake Co IN – 2001 w 10
http://www.vox.com/2016/1/21/10811004/lead-poisoning-cities-us

Silica
• Cutting, hammering,
drilling, blasting can
create high silica
levels
• Use wet methods and
wear respirators
• One of the oldest
occupational diseases

June 2014
• If he has a
respirator, is
it safe?

Silica
• 150-200 deaths a year
(2009)
• 1150-1200 deaths a
year (1968)
• Yet….one company
had 3 silicosis and
10x+ severe
respiratory diseases
Gauley Bridge in 1930’s had
workers die in months.

Copper Fumes - Welding
• Copper is inhalation
hazard affecting
respiratory system
• Mild steel (red iron)
and carbon steel
contain manganese
• Manganese may
cause Parkinson's
disease
What do you see?

Total Dust
• All the things not
regulated.
• Good, bad, or
indifferent?
• Air blowing!

Iron Oxide -Welding
• Metal fume fever
• Direct Draw or forced
ventilation should be
used
• Personal Protective
Equipment should be
used
• Bystanders should be
protected as well

Carbon Monoxide
• Generators are most
common problem of
CO
• Heaters out of tune
are another cause
• CO TWA is 50 ppm
• Others set levels 25
ppm

Carbon Monoxide
• 11/8/1991
• A couple and their eight
children were found dead
late today, their bodies
scattered throughout
their small house on the
city's Southwest Side.
• The police said it
appeared that the family
died of carbon monoxide
poisoning.
• "Apparently a spot weld in a
flue pipe gave way, leaving a
three-inch gap [ that ] caused
byproducts of combustion,
including carbon monoxide, to
recirculate throughout the
home.“
• A neighbor said he saw
repairmen working at the
house last week

Carbon Monoxide
• April 7 2015
• Princess Anne MD

Hex Chrome
• Stainless steel
contains nickel and
chromium
• Plating, grinding,
welding are problems
• Some cements

Cadmium
• Overexposure to
cutting cadmium
bolts, coated poles
• Torch cutting should
never be used
• Use hydraulic bolt
cutters
• Comply with
1926.1127 Cadmium bolts are often
found in sprinkler pipe use.

Methylene Chloride
• Paint stripping
• Parts cleaners
• Cancer causing

Asbestos
• Common Fireproofing
material used pre-
1980s
• Found in pipe
insulation, ceiling tiles,
and floor tiles
• Must comply with
1926.1101 or
1910.1001

June 2014
• The asbestos lawsuit that
saw a $1 million award
• Richard Rost has
Mesothelioma
• Defendants included Ford
Motor Company (Ford),
General Electric,
Westinghouse and Ingersoll-
Rand.
• However, the latter three
defendants settled with the
plaintiffs out of court,
before the trial had an
opportunity to begin.
Overall, nearly 3,000 people
are diagnosed with mesothelioma each
year in the United States, which represents
0.02 percent of all U.S. cancer cases.

Examples of Asbestos Use
 Shingles
 Floor tiles
 Asbestos cement
 Roofing felts
 Insulation & acoustical
products
 Steam pipes, boilers
 “Popcorn” ceilings
 Patching, joint compounds,
textured paint, asbestos paper
tape
 Brakes, clutch facings
 Plastics, fabrics, paints, paper

Asbestos
• 3000 die in the US
• Some are spouses
or kids of asbestos
workers
• Stephanie Harper
of the North Texas
city of Bonham Action Item #2 – CDC must
continue to track asbestos
deaths.

Jan 2016
Action Item #3 EPA should put clearance sample in 10,000 f/m3
EPA-recommended clearance criteria for reoccupancy into work area
following asbestos abatement, often cited as 0.01 f/cc.

2013
• Franklin “Al” Bieri, 54, of
Lebanon, Ill., was sentenced in
federal court to five months in
prison, followed by three
months of home confinement.
• Disposed in dumpster with no
bagged or labels
Failed to notify
Environmental Protection
Agency at least 10 working
days prior to beginning the
asbestos work an offense
punishable under the Clean
Air Act.

2015
• $1.8 million dollar fine to IL
Roofer for OSHA violations
for asbestos.
• “This case stands out
because of the outrageous
behavior of Joseph Kehrer,”
said Assistant Secretary of
Labor for Occupational
Safety and Health David
Michaels.
• Workers were threatened
with firing if they spoke to
investigators, Michaels said.

Case Study #1
• Aurora
• White Powder from
pipe Insulation
• Hires 3 Homeless
people for $60
each to remove it
• Asbestos over the
surfaces
• Cited 2 Willful
Old Pipe insulation
can contain
asbestos

Case Study #2
• Church notices tile in
basement area peeling.
• One of the members
offers to remove it.
• Mastic used to set it
was source of an
OSHA asbestos
complaint.
• What should have
been done?
Example of tile type used.

Case Study #3
• Middle School
• Employees on renovation
job concerned about
possible asbestos in
dumper
• Hi-flow pumps used
• Asbestos abatement
hired to clean it after
notified
High Flow Pump
Asbestos on
mastic, floor tile,
and ceiling tiles.

Paint Solvents
• Ventilation is required
or overexposure can
result
• Fire Hazard
• Electrical must be
Class I if within 20 feet
during open spraying
with flammable paints Tank painting. What could go
wrong?

Tank Coating
• What issues are
needed if spraying
a rust resistance
coating?

Isocyanates
• Isocyanates in roof
glues and paints in
construction

Mold
• Stachybotrys chartarum (also
known as Stachybotrys atra)
• Aspergillus sp.
• Penicillium sp.
• Fusarium sp.
• Trichoderma sp.
• Memnoniella sp.
• Cladosporum sp.
• Alternaria sp.

Legionella
• August 2015
• 7 dead, 87 sickened
• Transmission of Legionnaires’
disease occurs when
microscopic airborne droplets
of water that contains LDB are
inhaled by an at-risk host
• Early symptoms can include
low fever, headache, aching
joints and muscles, fatigue and
lack of energy, and loss of
appetite.

Respiratory
Protection
• 1910.134
– Written program #2
– Medical evaluation #1
– Fit testing #3, #6
– Selection, Evaluation of
exposure #5
– Maintenance, Storage, and
Care #9
– Annual Training #8
– Program evaluation #10
– Beards #7
Voluntary use App D - #4

Written Program Requirements
Program Elements:
• Selection procedures
• Medical Evaluations
• Fit testing procedures for
tight-fitting respirators
• Proper use procedures -
routine & emergency
• Procedures & schedules for
maintenance
• Supplied air quality &
quantity
• Hazards Training - routine
& emergency
• Respirator use training
• Program auditing

Selection of Respirators
• Employer must select
and provide an
appropriate respirator
based on the respiratory
hazards

Uses/Limitations
• Will only work with corresponding filters or cartridges
• Can protect you from hazardous levels of materials
• If worn properly and in the right atmosphere, respirators can
save your life

Uses / Limitations
Never use an air purifying
respirator:
• If Oxygen level is below 19.5%
or above 21%
• in an IDLH atmosphere;
• for ABRASIVE BLASTING;
• for FIRE FIGHTING;
• which is not APPROVED for the
contaminant of concern;
• with FACIAL HAIR.

Training
• Silica training needs to be done.
• The employer shall ensure that each
employee covered by this section can
demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of at least the following:
• Specific tasks in the workplace that could
result in exposure to respirable crystalline
silica
1926.1153(i)(2)(i)(C)

Training
• Specific control measures including
engineering controls, work practices, and
respirators to be used
1926.1153(i)(2)(i)(C)

OSHA sets out a hierarchy of
controls for silica

What is the hierarchy of
controls in silica exposure?
1. Engineering and work practice controls
(unless contractor shows NOT feasible)
a. Substitution
b. Isolation
c. Ventilation
d. Dust suppression
2. Respiratory protection

Controlling exposures
• Table 1 lists 18 construction tasks
• Contractor must fully and properly implement engineering
controls, work practices and respiratory protection listed for
the task in Table 1 UNLESS contractor assesses the worker
exposure to silica and limits it as the rule sets out
• Does it have silica?

Handheld and stand-
mounted drills
(including impact and
rotary hammer drills)
Use drill equipped with
commercially available
shroud or cowling with
HEPA dust collection
system
Operate and maintain
tool in accordance with
manufacturer's
instructions to
minimize dust
emissions
Use a HEPA-filtered
vacuum when cleaning
holes

Jackhammering Use tool with water
delivery system that
supplies a
continuous stream
or spray of water at
the point of impact:
When used outdoors
None APF 10
When used indoors or in an
enclosed area
APF 10 APF 10

Training
• The contents of the OSHA Silica Standard
1926.1153(i)(2)(i)(D)

Silica regulations
 Notice of proposed
rulemaking issued in
2013; rules targeted
to general industry
(manufacturing) and
construction
 Contains a more
protective
permissible exposure
limit (PEL)
 Final rule in
construction effective
Sept. 23, 2017

Scope of rule
 Applies to all occupational
exposures in construction to
crystalline silica EXCEPT where
worker exposure will remain
below the action level of 25
micrograms per cubic meter
of air as an eight-hour time-
weighted average (TWA)
under any foreseeable
conditions

Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
• Maximum amount or concentration of a chemical or physical
agent a worker may be exposed to under OSHA regulations.
• PEL is set at 50 micrograms per cubic meter of air as an eight-
hour TWA; a microgram is one-thousandth of a milligram or
one-millionth of a gram.

Training
• The identity of the competent person
designated by the employer
1926.1153(i)(2)(i)(E)

Competent person
• The employer shall designate
a competent person to make
frequent and regular
inspections of job sites,
materials, and equipment to
implement the written
exposure control plan.
1926.1153(g)(4)
Per
OSHA:

Written exposure control plan
• Following elements:
• A description of the tasks
• A description of the engineering
controls, work practices, and
respiratory protection for each
task;
• A description of the housekeeping
measures
• A description of the procedures
used to restrict access to work
areas
• Review annually and update it as
necessary.
1926.1153(g)(1)

Written exposure
control plan
Operation: Hand-held power saw (any blade
diameter)
Engineering control: Water delivery system to
blade (water must be applied at flow rate that
minimizes release of visible dust)
Respirator required:
If four hours or less per day—none
If more than four hours per day—APF 10
respirator

Training
• The purpose and a description of the
medical surveillance program.
1926.1153(i)(2)(i)(F)

Medical surveillance program.
 Use of Table 1 triggers medical surveillance
requirements on the 30th work day performing a
task where respirator use is a listed requirement.

Medical
surveillance
Medical surveillance is needed for workers
required by the new rule to wear a respirator for
30 or more days per year.
The following medical exams should be
conducted by a physician or other licensed
health care professional:
• History and physical
• Chest X-rays by NIOSH-certified B
Reader
• Pulmonary function test
• Latent TB test
An exam within 30 days after the worker’s
initial assignment must be done for
medical and work history, pulmonary
function, and other related issues.
1926.1153(h)

Notification
• Contractors must notify employees
of the results of an exposure
assessment within five days after
results are complete.
• If there is exposure above the PEL,
a description of the contractor’s
corrective action must be included

… contractor has to make sure no worker is exposed to
respirable silica in an amount exceeding the PEL.
If tasks are not listed in Table 1
or the OSHA-mandated controls
are not fully implemented …

Exposure assessment
A contractor is required to assess the
exposure of any worker who is exposed, or
may reasonably be expected to be exposed,
to crystalline silica at or above the action
level of 25 micrograms per cubic meter of
air (half the PEL). This can be accomplished
by:
(1) The performance option, defined as any
combination of air monitoring (personal
breathing zone [PBZ] sampling) or use of
objective data.

(2) The scheduled monitoring option
 If below action level, monitoring
can be discontinued
 If at or above action level but at or
below PEL, periodic monitoring
must be done every six months; if
above PEL, monitoring must be
done at least every three months
 Reassess in the case of new
processes, practices or controls

Objective data
Objective data is defined by OSHA as
information, such as air-monitoring data
from industry-wide surveys or
calculations, that demonstrates worker
exposure to RCS associated with a
particular product or material or a
specific process, task or activity.
Such data must reflect workplace
conditions resembling current operations
or with a higher exposure potential than
current processes, materials, control
methods, work practices and
environmental conditions.

Housekeeping
• Wet sweeping or HEPA
vacuuming of RCS dust is
preferred to dry sweeping
or brushing unless
infeasible.
• Compressed air may not be
used to clean clothing or
surfaces if it could
contribute to worker
exposure.

Safety Data Sheets (SDSs)
Under the GHS
format of SDSs,
Section 3 should
contain the
components of a
product as in these
examples.

SDSs
 SDSs may list quartz, sand or silica. Sometimes, none will be listed in
Section 3 as the regulation requires, but you may find language elsewhere
as the example here indicates. The callout below is found in the
“Composition Notes” below the list of ingredients. This highlights the
importance of both the contractor and workers being familiar with the
contents of all SDSs.

Product labeling under
OSHA HCS
 New products that
have silica, quartz or
sand listed as a
component or
ingredient in SDS
Section 3,
“Composition/informa
tion on ingredients,”
should also have
pictograms conveying
a hazard, such as:

Respiratory protective
equipment
Selection of suitable
type by competent
person
Factors:
• nature of hazards
• measured concentrations
• period of exposure
• vision
• communications
• confined spaces
• personal suitability

equipment
Training in the use
of equipment must
be given
Stored in a clean
place with
protective enclosure

equipment
Disposable face mask:
• light, comfortable, cheap
• one user only
• eight hour maximum use, but
less if high dust levels
• dispose of after use
• May not be ok for silica
• Not for lead and asbestos

equipment
Half-mask dust respirator:
• easily maintained
• freedom of movement
• may have ‘shelf life’
• colour coded cartridges

Anatomy of a half-mask respirator

equipment
• High efficiency
particulate air (HEPA)
dust respirator:
• full face protection
• correct fitting and use
• beards, spectacles, etc.
may lessen efficiency

equipment
Positive pressure powered
respirator:
• for long periods of work
• pump and filter
• approximately seven hours
use
• air leaks go outwards
• requires battery and filter
maintenance

equipment
Helmet and visor respirator:
• battery-operated fan
and filter
• comfortable
• not for all hazards
• requires maintenance
schedules

Self-contained Air Supply for Escape.
Supplied air respirators are not
to be used in an atmosphere
which is immediately
dangerous to life and health
(IDLH) unless it is equipped
with a self-contained air supply
for escape.

Air Created by an Oil Lubricated
Compressor?
• For oil-lubricated compressors,
the employer shall use a high-
temperature or carbon
monoxide alarm, or both, to
monitor carbon monoxide
levels.
• If only high-temperature
alarms are used, the air supply
shall be monitored at intervals
sufficient to prevent carbon
monoxide in the breathing air
from exceeding 10ppm

Hose Length
• The total system
length can be up to
350 ft. with 100 ft.
maximum from the
pump to the
respirator and 250
ft. from the pump
to the inlet filter.

equipment
Compressed airline breathing
apparatus:
• mask or hood with
compressed airline
• requires pure air at correct
pressure, humidity and
temperature
• air hose can restrict
movement

equipment
Self-contained breathing
apparatus:
• mask, air regulator and
cylinder
• used only by a trained
person
• selected by competent
person
• cylinder duration is 20 – 30
minutes

Evaluation
• "The employer shall identify
and evaluate the respiratory
hazard(s) in the workplace; this
evaluation shall include a
reasonable estimate of
employee exposures to
respiratory hazard(s) and an
identification of the
contaminant's chemical state
and physical form
• Does not require air sampling
but……

Training Requirements
• Training must be provided
prior to use
• Retraining is required
annually, and when:
– changes in the workplace
or type of respirator
render previous training
obsolete
– there are inadequacies in
the employee’s
knowledge or use
– any other situation arises
in which retraining
appears necessary

Voluntary Use Requirements
(other than filtering facepiece respirator)
• Medical evaluations
• Maintenance, Cleaning,
Storage
• Appendix D
• The basic advisory information in
Appendix D must be provided to
employees who wear respirators
when use is not required by this
standard or by the employer

Voluntary Use Requirements
(Filtering facepiece only)
Appendix D only:
• Read and Heed all instructions
• Use approved respirators
• Properly selected
• Keep track of your respirator

#1 1910.134(e)(1)
• The employer shall provide a medical
evaluation to determine the employee's
ability to use a respirator, before the
employee is fit tested or required to use
the respirator in the workplace.
• The employer may discontinue an
employee's medical evaluations when the
employee is no longer required to use a
respirator

Medical Evaluation Requirements
• Evaluation completed prior to wearing respirator
• Annually thereafter
• Evaluation include information in Sections 1 and 2, Part 1
Of Appendix C
• Conducted by a physician or licensed health care
professional

Medical Signs and Symptoms
• The following are signs or
symptoms that may
prevent the use of a
respirator:
– Seizures
– Claustrophobia
– Asthma
– Emphysema
– Pneumonia
– Collapsed Lung
– Lung Cancer
– Broken Ribs
– Chest
Injuries/Surgeries
– Any other lung
problems
– Heart or Circulation
problems
– Anxiety

Fit Testing
Quantitative fit testing uses a machine to
measure the actual amount of leakage
into the face piece and does not rely
upon your sense of taste, smell, or
irritation in order to detect leakage
The fit test shall be administered
using an OSHA-accepted QLFT or
QNFT protocol.
Fit test not done before use. #6
Fit test not done annually #3

Fit Testing
• Qualitative fit testing is
normally used for half-
mask respirators - those
that just cover your
mouth and nose.
• Half-mask respirators can
be filtering facepiece
respirators - often called
"N95s" - as well as
elastomeric respirators.

TSI Qfit
• Qualitative respirator fit
tester is the only OSHA-
compliant (29CFR
1910.134) automated
pump-driven nebulizer for
Bitrex and Saccharin to
qualitatively test the
integrity of respirators to
the specific users wearing
them.

User Seal Check
An action conducted by the respirator
user to determine if the respirator is
properly seated to the face.
Positive Pressure
Check
Negative Pressure
Check

Training
Requirements
• Training must be provided prior to use, unless acceptable
training has been provided by another employer within the
past 12 months
• Retraining is required annually, and when:
– changes in the workplace or type of respirator render previous
training obsolete
– there are inadequacies in the employee’s knowledge or use
– any other situation arises in which retraining appears necessary
• The basic advisory information in Appendix D must be
provided to employees who wear respirators when use is not
required by this standard or by the employer

Employee Responsibilities
• Dirty respirator
• Wear PPE when necessary
and required
• Attend PPE training
sessions annually
• Care for, clean,
maintaining, and dispose
of PPE properly.
• Report any damaged or
defective PPE
immediately.

Cleaning Protocol
• Dismantle
• Wash
• Rinse
• Drain
• Sanitize
• Rinse
• Dry
• Reassemble
• Test
1. Hypochlorite solution or
2. Aqueous solution of iodine
or,
3. Other manufacturer
cleansers

Maintenance and Care
• Clean and disinfect at the following
intervals:
– as often as necessary when issued for
exclusive use
– before being worn by different individuals when
issued to more than one employee
– after each use for emergency respirators and
those used in fit testing and training

Storage
• Protect Respirator
from:
– Dust
– Sunlight
– Damaging chemicals
– Heat
– Extreme cold
– Excessive moisture

Inspection
• Dirt
• Cracks
• Tears
• Holes
• Distortion
• Broken parts
• Missing parts
• Elasticity
• Corrosion
• Valve test

Background
• Classes: OSHA 10/30 Hour,
Incident Investigation,
Confined Space, Excavation
Safety, Cranes Signaling and
Rigging, Fall Protection,
Scaffold Safety, and many more
• Services: Mentoring new safety
professionals, Mock OSHA
Inspections, Site Safety Audits,
OSHA Litigation Consultation,
Expert Witness, Reducing
Worker Compensation Risk,
Improving Site safety
143
• 34 years working with top
companies to achieve ZERO
injuries
• Certified Safety Professional
• OSHA 1983-2012
• Founding Member of ANSI Z359
• 815-354-6853
• Johnanewquist@gmail.com

Respirators 2018

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