2. At the end of the lecture, the participants would be able to:
Session Objectives
Describe the Industrial Hygiene principles
Identify different environmental hazards in
the construction industry
Know the applicable control measures to
eliminate or minimize hazards in the
construction industry
3. EXPOSURE:
Variety of Health Hazards: Changes from job to job, day to
day and even by the hour
Duration: Intermittent, short duration (likely to reoccur)
ENVIRONMENT: Constantly changing work
environment
SEVERITY: Concentration and duration of
exposure for a particular job
WORK: High Labor Turnover
Facts on Construction Industry
4. Why Environmental Safety?
We need to know the environmental
factors which may affect workers’ health
What will happen to you and your family if
you get injured and can no longer work?
What will you lose if you get injured or
sick?
5. What is Industrial Hygiene ?
The science and art devoted to
ANTICIPATION, RECOGNITION,
EVALUATION and CONTROL of
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS or
stresses arising in or from the
workplace that may cause
sickness, impaired health and well-
being, or significant discomfort
among workers or among citizens
of the community.
https://www.aiha.org/about-aiha
6. Industrial Hygiene
• Raw Materials
• Operations
• Processes
• Conditions
• Work
Environment
Measurement
• Results
• Comparison
With the
Standards
Engineering, Administrative &
Personal Protective Equipment
Involves with…..
7. Work Environment Contamination
Raw Materials
1
Work Process
2
https://cdn1.iconfinder.com/data/icons/construction-civil-engineering-earthworks-worker/473/construction-worker-001-512.png
https://cdn3.iconfinder.com/data/icons/construction-worker-and-engineer-1/512/919-37-512.png
https://image.flaticon.com/icons/png/512/90/90456.png
https://media3.giphy.com/media/kcrO3B49pOPAkxUHsD/200w.webp?cid=ecf05e4769f645b8f2f0f9da2caed6ff7bfb74b793f54ef3&rid=200w.webp
Work Environment Contamination
3
12. Nature or Forms of Chemical Hazards
MISTS
VAPORS
GASES
DUSTS
FUMES
Plog, B. A., & Quinlan, P. (2012). Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene (6th ed.). Itasca, IL: National Safety Council.
13. Chemical Hazards
Chemical Hazards Nature / Form
Organic Solvents Vapor
Acids / Bases Mists
Dust / Particulates Powder / Fibers
Heavy Metal Fumes
Gases Gas
14. Suspended solid
particles in the air;
generated by
processes like
grinding, drilling and
crushing operations
DUST
https://ehssafetynews.files.wordpress.com/2017/08/silica.jpg
15. SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
SILICA DUST
METAL
DUST
WOOD
DUST
ASBESTOS
FIBERS
• Building
materials
such as
stone,
bricks and
concrete
• Leaded
paint
• Metallic
lead
• Flooring
• Wood
fixtures
• Thermal and
acoustic insulation
• Fire resistant
walls and
partitions
• Asbestos cement
sheets and
flooring
DUST: Particulates
17. • Greek word that means “incombustible”
• Naturally occurring fibrous mineral
silicates
• Known physical properties: sound
absorption, tensile strength, resistant
to fire, heat and electricity.
DUST: Asbestos
20. Suspended liquid
droplets when
vapor condenses
back to a liquid
MIST
https://i0.wp.com/primepressurecleaning.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Acid-Brick-Cleaning.jpg?ssl=1
Occupational Exposure
21. Substances in the
gaseous state at
room temperature
and pressure
GASES
https://vividlearningsystems.com/assets/uploads/blog/vivid-learning-systems-OSHA-How-To-Protect-Against-The-Dangers-Of-Hydrogen-Sulfide.jpg
https://static.wixstatic.com/media/b3ce8f_b7725ead0b024dcd801acacf0bea5a7b~mv2.jpg/v1/fit/w_2500,h_1330,al_c/b3ce8f_b7725ead0b024dcd801acacf0bea5a7b~mv2.jpg
23. Gases formed when
liquid evaporates;
associated with
solvents, adhesives,
alcohols and etc.
Vapor
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/0XIFL52qZw6oNP8pPGoU5b9F2iE2ZhOCaPivwNJOY1ZMJ1cV96Sm9jrGeea1B_ktyJg_pBRYgXPisE_-
HXxm_sd3LYNKI9Qrrt81zgyLoiDqkArya7lQsswcAYE5VjDpNdY4WLxAgmnHHI7BOrfX
25. Volatilized solids that
condense when in contact
with air; associated with
molten metals and
processes like welding
and soldering
Fumes
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg/1200px-AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg
26. Occupational Exposure
Use of Paint
Use of Adhesive
https://www.metalconstructionnews.com/media/MCN-Images/_mediumImage/MCN_ProdFeature_OCT17_2.jpg
https://images.stockfreeimages.com/1389/sfixl/13899010.jpg
Soldering
Welding
27. Degree of Exposure to Chemical Hazards
Nature, Toxicity
and
Concentration
of EXPOSURE
of CHEMICAL
Intensity,
Frequency
and Duration
Individual
Susceptibility
Depends on the:
of WORKER
29. • Form of energy caused by the vibration of air
• Unit of Measurement: Decibels (dBA)
• Becomes hazardous when it is unwanted and
excessive
Noise
NOISE
Continuous
Intermittent
Impact
30. SOURCE OF NOISE dB
Riveting machine 110
Dozers, Dumpers 96
Pneumatic Machine 100
Graders, trucks, concrete pumps & mixers,
generators
>85
Rebar Worker 95
Electric Drill 102
Noise Levels (dB) of Common Construction
Equipment
31. SOURCE OF NOISE dB
Pavers 101
Carpenter 90
Hoist Operator 100
Tunnel Workers 107
Tile Setter 92
Blasting 138
Compactor 108
Noise Levels (dB) of Common Construction
Activities
35. Change in the ALTITUDE or ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES
Underwater Tunneling
High-rise building Construction
Extreme Pressure
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/8c/2f/9d/8c2f9d9f41b36d8ccb2bb324a380af33.jpg
https://img.izismile.com/img/img6/20130501/640/an_underground_look_at_the_construction_of_a_nyc_subway_building_640_01.jpg
36. The measure of the stream of light falling on a
work surface
Sources of Light
Illumination
Artificial
Natural
37. General Lighting
Provides uniform
illumination over
the whole working
area
Types of Workplace Lighting
https://www.ccohs.ca/images/oshanswers/lighting/light050.gif
https://www.razorlux.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/construction-site-lighting.jpg
38. provides different
levels of illumination
in different parts of
the same working
area. It matches the
level of illumination to
the needs of specific
tasks
Types of Workplace Lighting
https://www.ccohs.ca/images/oshanswers/lighting/light050.gif
https://cdn1.bikebandit-images.com/blog/images/2015/hi-vis-motorcycle-gear-guide-road-crew.jpg
Local Lighting
39. Localized General
Lighting
Uses overhead
fixtures in addition to
ceiling fixtures to
increase lighting
levels for particular
task
Types of Workplace Lighting
https://www.ccohs.ca/images/oshanswers/lighting/light050.gifhttps://www.mountbarker.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0027/119376/bh20night.jpg.jpeg
41. • mechanical energy
oscillations which are
transferred to the body as
a whole
Occupational Exposures
Weaving looms, harvester-
thresher, tractors, etc.
Whole Body Vibration (Low Frequency)
https://utilitycontractoronline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Cat-326-Excavator.jpg
42. • Transfer of vibration from
a tool to a worker’s hand
and arm
Occupational Exposures
Hand driven power tools
such as chain saw, portable
grinder and polishers
Hand-Arm Vibration (High Frequency)
https://utilitycontractoronline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Cat-326-Excavator.jpg
https://www.homestratosphere.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/An-Electric-Drill.jpg
43. Emission or transmission of energy in the form
of waves or particles through space or through a material
medium at the speed of light
Types of Radiation
1. Non-ionizing
2. Ionizing
Radiation
https://i2.wp.com/www.jakirelectronics.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/7.png?fit=849488&ssl=1
44. Any type of electromagnetic
radiation that does not carry
enough energy per quantum
to ionize atoms or molecules
Occupational Exposure
Microwave, Infrared (IR), Power Lines,
Radio & Cell phones, Electric Arc
Welding
Radiation
Non-Ionizing
45. Ionizing
enough energy to produce ions
by breaking molecular bonds
and displace (or remove)
electrons from atoms or
molecules;
can damage the cells
Occupational Exposure
X-ray Inspection of Welds – for
detecting weakness of metal structure
Radiation
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/WXf-xniIeHDiJlo6eMlH5sNpjLXpia5PBz_KY1r8SzkBqGFvmpbbdhaDItQPAm9MAy0VVw=s120
Non Destructive Testing
46. Ventilation is the process
of supplying or removing
air by natural or
mechanical means to
and from any space
Ventilation is not a
hazard but
Inadequate ventilation
may contribute to the
hazardous conditions
Inadequate Ventilation
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/gxnHgiGxIaWjuHgmdD5s_W8dDTEL3AXJWxvnyXnlRLPXrAZLf2CRqgrzsbqNA_ZeJlQe=s103
47. Inadequacy of ventilation has many factors to
consider:
Inadequate Ventilation
• Air flow / velocity
• Contaminant / Chemical hazard
generation
• Hazard controls present
• Heat controls
• Design of the ventilation system
https://dribbble.com/shots/42669
49. • Poor sanitation and housekeeping
• Communicable diseases
• Removal of industrial waste and sewage
• Poor personal cleanliness
• Poor food handling and storage
• Stray pets and pet waste in the
construction site
Occupational Exposures
https://bestcrimescenecleanuputah.com/the-dangers-of-biological-hazards/
50. Philosophy of Ergonomics
“FIT the TASK to the
PERSON”
ERGONOMICS
process of designing or arranging
workplaces, products and systems
so that they fit the people who use
them
Ergonomic Hazards
51. Work Conditions:
Improperly designed
tools or work areas
Improper lifting
Poor visual condition
Repeated motions in
awkward positions
Ergonomic Hazards Examples
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/h7YBWOs6eCxzdeIQbvVnmuvy96TlxI_GHKCWYijPgLGr3W_GpLjI6TQQD2EgL62HIxdkTkg=s170
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/h7YBWOs6eCxzdeIQbvVnmuvy96TlxI_GHKCWYijPgLGr3W_GpLjI6TQQD2EgL62HIxdkTkg=s170
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/b6eiYxMNgvzEWngg9jlTmll5LeqkC2W_Y7gLCOHRafc3tsVG0EYO3potD_cm-DrVjpHN6Q=s170
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/kTOl3JwwoGw8PGX692SZ6qMryP4FQHmF8YNnSDpkS_rQcp4KPyADK9Qqf-w14DC9NmHn=s170
52. THE WRONG WAY THE SAFER WAY
Safe Work Practices
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/ergonomics/controlhazards.html
53. THE WRONG WAY THE SAFER WAY
Safe Work Practices
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/ergonomics/controlhazards.html
54. THE WRONG WAY THE SAFER WAY
Safe Work Practices
https://ascelibrary.org/cms/asset/cc0ed655-04f8-41f1-b65e-b38ff356cbc1/figure8.jpg
55. Workplace stressors
Employment is intermittent
& constantly changing
Limited control
(dependent on weather
or state of economy)
Limited social support
Heavy workload
Psychosocial Hazards
https://ontarioconstructionnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Construction-worker-1.png
56. Confined Spaces
https://www.mattchlor.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/watertank-disinfection.jpg
An enclosed or partially enclosed space that:
• not designed or intended for continuous occupancy of workers
except for the purpose of performing work
• Has restricted means of access and egress
• May become hazardous to any person entering it
Occupational Exposures
• Storage Tank
• Boiler Room
• Tunnel
• Sewer
• Manhole
• Pipeline
• Trench
• Pit
• Silo
• Vats
• Well
58. Remember that..
• Hazardous conditions in confined space
can exist ANYWHERE and ANYTIME.
• Never trust your SENSES, always use a
calibrated gas detection instrument.
Confined Spaces
59. Hazard identification
• Chemical
• Physical
• Biological
• Ergonomic
https://www.freepik.com/premium-photo/engineer-safety-officer-construction-site_2262244.htm
You as a Safety Officer
60. Walk-through survey/ocular
inspection (supervisors,
contractors)
Knowing your task
Reviewing process involved
Knowing the raw materials
used, products and by-
products
Gathering of workers’
complaints
Chemical labels and SDS
Hazard Identification
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/27QuEWwa29l2QgzTojzrZI-Pf9KdrNU4t78PKtMpdtvbe_h63QGjh5neW4OLs_LioyLQug=s98
61. Safety Data Sheet
A summary of the
important health, safety
and toxicological
information on the
chemical or the mixture
ingredients.
What is an SDS?
https://www.cpp.edu/ehs/portals/chemical/index.shtml
62. Safety Data Sheet
• Properties and uses of a
substance
• Health hazard information
• Precautions for use
• Safe handling
requirements
What is an SDS?
https://www.cpp.edu/ehs/portals/chemical/index.shtml
Provides details on the:
63. 1. Product and company
information
2. Hazards Identification
3. Composition
information on
ingredients
4. First aid measures
5. Fire fighting measures
6. Accidental release
7. Handling and storage
8. Exposure controls,
personal protection
9. Physical, chemical
properties
10. Stability and reactivity
11. Toxicological
information
12. Ecological information
13. Disposal
considerations
14. Transport information
15. Regulatory
information
16. Other information
GHS - SDS Format
65. • Printed or graphic information elements that are affixed
to, printed on, or attached to the immediate container of
a hazardous product, or to the outside packaging of a
hazardous product.
What is a LABEL?
Be sure:
• That the original label from the
supplier or manufacturer
remains attached to the
container.
• To read labels before
beginning work
• Not to deface or remove the
label and
• To replace labels if necessary
https://www.pcimag.com/ext/resources/PCI/2016/February/ghs/pci0216-Avery-GHS_label-1-900.jpg?height=635&t=1453905681&width=1200
67. Guidelines for Implementation of Globally
Harmonized System (GHS) in Chemical
Safety Program in the Workplace
Dept. Order No. 136-14
Sources of Information
LABELS
SAFETY DATA
SHEETS
77. Principles of Industrial Hygiene:
1. Hazard Identification
• Anticipation
• Recognition
2. Evaluation of hazards
• Measurement
• Data analysis
3. Control the hazards
Industrial Hygiene
78. Determination of the magnitude, level or degree of
health hazards posed by environmental stresses
with the use of IH equipment through WEM
Analysis of samples
Comparison of results of environmental
measurements with the Standards
Evaluation of Hazards
79. Evaluation of Results of WEM
http://www.oshc.dole.gov.ph/images/OSH-
Standards-2019-Edition.pdf
https://www.amazon.com/2019-TLVs-BEIs-
ACGIH/dp/1607261057
ACCEPTED STANDARDS
Identification
Measurement
Data Analysis
and others…
https://www.ashrae.org/Image%20Library/content-images/logo_ashrae.png
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/US-OSHA-Logo.svg/720px-US-
OSHA-Logo.svg.png
80. Shall mean sampling and analysis carried
out in respect of the atmospheric working
environment and other fundamental
elements of working environment for the
purpose of determining actual conditions
therein.
RULE 1077, OSHS
Work Environment Measurement
81. Rule 1070: Occupational Health and
Environmental Control, OSHS
Rule 1077 : Working Environment Measurement (WEM)
• The employer shall exert efforts to maintain and control
the working environment in comfortable and healthy
conditions for the purpose of promoting and maintaining the
health of his workers.
• The employer shall carry out the WEM in indoor or other
workplaces where hazardous work is performed and
shall keep a record of such measurement which shall be
made available to the enforcing authority.
• The WEM shall be performed periodically as may be
necessary but not longer than annually.
82. Rule 1077 : Working Environment
Measurement (WEM), OSHS
• The WEM shall be performed by the safety and
medical personnel who have taken adequate
training and experience in WEM (internal
monitoring)
• In the event of inability to perform the WEM, the
employer shall commission the Bureau / OSHC /
Regional Office concerned and other institutions
accredited or recognized by the Bureau, to
perform the measurement.
83. Purpose of WEM
• To determine the magnitude of harmful environmental
agents;
• To periodically check the environment through
measurement;
• To predict harmfulness of new facilities, raw materials,
production processes and working methods;
• To monitor worker’s exposure to harmful substances;
• To evaluate the effectiveness of environmental control
measures adopted to improve the workplace; and;
• To maintain favorable environment conditions.
84. Types of Monitoring
Personal
2
Area/Environmental
1 Biological
3
https://www.lhsfna.org/LHSFNA/assets/File/air%20monitoring.png
https://media.nurse.org/cache/26/a8/26a8d40fd87ae0c80a728fed8ccacf10@2x.jpg
https://ehs.ua.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ih1-e1385485054806.jpg
85. WEM Equipment
ILLUMINATION
LUX METER
1
AIR MOVEMENT
ANEMOMETER
2
GASES &
CHEMICALS
MULTI-GAS
MONITOR
3
https://www.newegg.com/p/0AF-001K-00042
https://www.castleshop.co.uk/hotwire-thermo-anemometer-vt-100.html
https://www.airmet.com.au/mx6-ibrid-portable-multi-gas-monitor
86. WEM Equipment
HEAT
WET BULB
GLOBE
TEMPERATURE
4
NOISE
SOUND LEVEL
METER
2
TEMPERATURE
& HUMIDITY
PSYCHROMETER
3
http://www.davis.com/Product/QT_34_3_QUESTemp_34_with_sensor_bar_assembly2_and_2_style_globe_sensor/DO-26837-04
https://www.newegg.com/p/2Z3-002B-00043
https://szgs100.diytrade.com/sdp/558790/4/pd-2897590/5514523-2653168/TES-1353_Integrating_Sound_Level_Meter_RS-232.html
https://www.agriculturesolutions.com/extech-psychrometer-and-30-1-infrared-thermometer-plant-stress
87. Threshold Limit Values
Airborne concentrations of
substances and represent conditions
under which it is believed that nearly
all workers may be repeatedly
exposed to day after day without
adverse health effects.”
- ACGIH
(American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists)
88. TIME
WEIGHTED
AVERAGE
Variable exposure
through a full shift
8 HOURS
TLV - TWA
SHORT TERM
EXPOSURE
LEVEL
limit of exposure
during a short period
15 MINUTES
TLV - STEL
CEILING
absolute maximum
level of exposure
NOT TO BE
EXCEEDED
ANY TIME
TLV - C
Threshold Limit Values
89. Minimum Illumination Requirements
TYPE OF WORK / ACTIVITY
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
* Fine detail discrimination, paint
mixing precision machine works
*Passageways, warehouses
rough materials handling
* Office works, medium inspection
medium carpentry & machine works
* Medium assembly, rough bench
& carpentry works, planning
* Rough assembly, machine rooms
elevators, locker rooms
* Finishing works, fine inspection,
accounting, painting
*Yards, roadways, surroundings
90. Permissible Noise Exposure Level*
Duration/day, Hours (hr)
Sound Level,
dB(A)
8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1 ½ 102
1 105
1/2 110
1/4 115**
*OSHS, DOLE
**Ceiling value: No exposure in excess of 115 dBA is allowed.
91. Guidelines (ACGIH)
Screening Criteria for Heat Stress Exposure (WBGT* values in °C]
Allocation of Work
in a Cycle of Work
and Recovery
Work Load
Light Moderate Heavy Very Heavy
Acclimatized
75 % to 100% 31.0 28.0 ------ -----
50% to 75% 31.0 29.0 27.5 -----
25% to 50% 32.0 30.0 29.0 28.0
0% to 25% 32.5 31.5 30.5 30.0
Action Limit for Heat Stress Exposure (WBGT* values in °C]
75 % to 100% 28.0 25.0 ----- -----
50% to 75% 28.5 26.0 24.0 -----
25% to 50% 29.5 27.0 25.5 24.5
0% to 25% 30.0 29.0 28.0 27.0
* WBGT- Wet bulb globe temperature
92. Example of Work Loads
Source: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
Work Load Work Activities
Rest Sitting
Light
Sitting or standing to control machines; performing
light hand or arm work (e.g. using a table saw);
occasional walking; driving
Moderate
Walking about with moderate lifting and pushing or
pulling;
walking at moderate pace;
e.g. scrubbing in a standing position
Heavy
Pick and shovel work, digging, carrying,
pushing/pulling heavy loads;
walking at fast pace; e.g. carpenter sawing by hand
94. Principles of Industrial Hygiene:
1. Hazard Identification
• Anticipation
• Recognition
2. Evaluation of hazards
• Measurement
• Data analysis
3. Control the hazards
Industrial Hygiene
95. Generalized Diagram of Methods of Control
Plog, B. A., & Quinlan, P. (2012). Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene (6th ed.). Itasca, IL: National Safety Council.
96. 1. Engineering control
2. Administrative control
3. Use of Personal
Protective Equipment
Hierarchy of Controls
97. First line of defense against workplace hazards wherever feasible
Engineering Controls
ELIMINATION
Physically
removes the
hazards
1
SUBSTITUTION
Replacement of a
less hazardous
material than the
existing hazard
(Solvent-based to
water-based paint)
2
MODIFICATION
Change or
alteration of a
process to
minimize exposure
(pneumatic hammer to
impact hammer)
3
VENTILATION
General: Adequate fresh
air to control temperature,
humidity or radiant heat
load
Local Exhaust: at the
point of generation or
dispersion of
contaminants (i.e.welding)
4
ISOLATION
Enclosure of work
operation to reduce
number of
employees exposed
or enclosure of a
worker in a control
booth or area
5
OTHERS
• Maintenance of
equipment
• Wet work
methods (dust
reduction)
• Shielding
6
99. • Business Continuity Planning
• Risk Assessments (General safety and Bio-risk
assessment)
• Signage and Infographics
• Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
• Safety or Tool Box meetings and reporting
Other Administrative Controls
100. 1. Dust / Gas Respirators
2. Safety Goggles/Spectacles
3. Face Shields
4. Earplugs / Earmuffs
Personal Protective Equipment
5. Aprons
6. Safety Shoes
7. Helmets
8. Gloves
101. Uses of PPEs
a. where temporary control measures are
necessary before engineering controls are
installed.
b. to supplement engineering controls in reducing
exposure during maintenance and repair.
c. during emergencies.
d. If there is a direct exposure to the hazard. It is
the last line of defense.
108. Control Measure Advantages Disadvantages
Elimination &
Substitution
Immediate reduction of risk
Not always feasible and
available
Other Engineering
Controls
Efficient and effective in
eliminating hazard but
depends on the
characteristic or property of
the hazard
Cost and complexity of the
process
Administrative
Authority approach,
Standard Operating
Procedures (SOP)
Indirect approach, primarily
depends on human factor
Personal Protective
Equipment
Direct protection to
workers, ease of use
Does not eliminate hazard,
direct exposure to hazard,
limitation of ability and user
Advantages and Disadvantages
111. Practice of Industrial Hygiene Principles
Safe environment
in construction site
Protecting the workers thru
providing improvements in
the work environment.
Safe & healthy
construction
workers
The preventive approach to
eliminate or minimize the
occurrence of occupational
diseases.
=
Summary
