This document summarizes combustible dust incidents and safety practices. It describes several historical dust explosions in industries like grain processing, candy production, and woodworking that killed dozens of workers. Examples from the 2000s are also provided, such as incidents at an Imperial Sugar refinery and several wood mills. The "typical" progression of a dust explosion is depicted in several diagrams. Key safety practices discussed include controlling dust, ensuring electrical equipment is properly rated, implementing dust collection systems, and regularly inspecting and cleaning areas prone to dust accumulation.
The document discusses respiratory protection standards and regulations, including definitions of respirator types, medical evaluation requirements, and hazard examples like silica, asbestos, and lead that require respiratory protection. It also provides case studies on improper asbestos removal and highlights Cal/OSHA's advisory on providing respirators to outdoor workers during wildfire smoke events.
This document discusses combustible dust hazards and safety. It provides examples of combustible dust accidents from 1980-2017 that resulted in injuries and deaths. It summarizes NFPA standards related to combustible dust hazards and outlines typical OSHA violations cited under the General Duty Clause for lack of explosion protection systems in dust collectors and inadequate housekeeping and controls for combustible dust. Employers are now testing dusts to determine combustibility and implementing safety management systems to control ignition sources and mitigate combustible dust hazards.
This document contains summaries of hazardous materials incidents from 1991 to 2014. It notes key details from each incident such as location, materials involved, cause of ignition, and consequences. Minimum training standards and good engineering practices are also referenced to help prevent future incidents.
This document discusses excavation safety and common issues from 2016-2017. It notes that over two dozen construction workers died in 2016 when trenches collapsed on them due to lack of shoring. Three key aspects of planning for safe excavations are mentioned: worker protection, protection of existing utilities, and proper construction. Several case studies from 2015-2017 are provided that describe trench collapses and other excavation accidents that killed or injured workers. Common safety issues from 2016 including unsecured holes, damaged rigging, lack of fall protection, unmarked utilities, and untrained workers. OSHA citations and fines from previous cases are also listed.
This document discusses combustible dust safety. It begins with a brief history of dust explosions, noting the first recorded incident in 1785 and 281 incidents in the US from 1980-2005 resulting in 119 deaths and 718 injuries. It then provides examples of combustible dust accidents in various industries that resulted in fatalities and injuries. The document discusses NFPA standards related to combustible dust hazards and provides data on combustible dust incidents in the US by industry and material type. It also lists potential ignition sources and describes OSHA's National Emphasis Program focused on combustible dust.
What is Combustible Dust, What are the Dangers, and how to lessen your riskCraig Rutledge
OSHA has put an increased emphasis on combustible dust due to an alarming number of injuries and fatalities relating to combustible dust fires and explosions. This presentation covers what is combustible, the dangers of combustible dust, and ways to mitigate your risk with a cleaning program.
The document discusses combustible dust explosions, providing background on incidents since 1995, types of dusts and industries involved, and recommendations to prevent future explosions. It defines combustible dust and outlines hazard mitigation techniques, emphasizing controlling ignition sources and proper ventilation to prevent the buildup and dispersion of dust.
The document discusses respiratory protection standards and regulations, including definitions of respirator types, medical evaluation requirements, and hazard examples like silica, asbestos, and lead that require respiratory protection. It also provides case studies on improper asbestos removal and highlights Cal/OSHA's advisory on providing respirators to outdoor workers during wildfire smoke events.
This document discusses combustible dust hazards and safety. It provides examples of combustible dust accidents from 1980-2017 that resulted in injuries and deaths. It summarizes NFPA standards related to combustible dust hazards and outlines typical OSHA violations cited under the General Duty Clause for lack of explosion protection systems in dust collectors and inadequate housekeeping and controls for combustible dust. Employers are now testing dusts to determine combustibility and implementing safety management systems to control ignition sources and mitigate combustible dust hazards.
This document contains summaries of hazardous materials incidents from 1991 to 2014. It notes key details from each incident such as location, materials involved, cause of ignition, and consequences. Minimum training standards and good engineering practices are also referenced to help prevent future incidents.
This document discusses excavation safety and common issues from 2016-2017. It notes that over two dozen construction workers died in 2016 when trenches collapsed on them due to lack of shoring. Three key aspects of planning for safe excavations are mentioned: worker protection, protection of existing utilities, and proper construction. Several case studies from 2015-2017 are provided that describe trench collapses and other excavation accidents that killed or injured workers. Common safety issues from 2016 including unsecured holes, damaged rigging, lack of fall protection, unmarked utilities, and untrained workers. OSHA citations and fines from previous cases are also listed.
This document discusses combustible dust safety. It begins with a brief history of dust explosions, noting the first recorded incident in 1785 and 281 incidents in the US from 1980-2005 resulting in 119 deaths and 718 injuries. It then provides examples of combustible dust accidents in various industries that resulted in fatalities and injuries. The document discusses NFPA standards related to combustible dust hazards and provides data on combustible dust incidents in the US by industry and material type. It also lists potential ignition sources and describes OSHA's National Emphasis Program focused on combustible dust.
What is Combustible Dust, What are the Dangers, and how to lessen your riskCraig Rutledge
OSHA has put an increased emphasis on combustible dust due to an alarming number of injuries and fatalities relating to combustible dust fires and explosions. This presentation covers what is combustible, the dangers of combustible dust, and ways to mitigate your risk with a cleaning program.
The document discusses combustible dust explosions, providing background on incidents since 1995, types of dusts and industries involved, and recommendations to prevent future explosions. It defines combustible dust and outlines hazard mitigation techniques, emphasizing controlling ignition sources and proper ventilation to prevent the buildup and dispersion of dust.
This presentation given to the delegates of the FEU conference on the Blueproof fire suppression project incorporates the work of the National Standards Institute NIST, Underwriters Laboratories UL and the New York Fire Department work on Governors Island. Smoke defeated for the first time in history.
This document provides information about a training presentation on combustible dust hazards. It was produced with funding from the Susan Harwood Training Grant through the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The presentation aims to define combustible dust, discuss historical dust explosions, identify at-risk industries, perform a risk analysis of dust hazards, and describe principal control methods including prevention and mitigation. It will cover topics such as definitions, risks, facility evaluation, applicable standards, and proposed OSHA regulations on combustible dust.
A explained presentation on fire and explosion hazard and their prevention in pharmaceutical and other chemical industry and transportation of flammable and explosive goods which could be helpful for pharmaceutical and other student who has hazard and there management in their syllabus
The document discusses combustible dust hazards, providing background information and definitions. It notes that combustible dust can cause fires, explosions, and injuries if not properly controlled. The document outlines National Fire Protection Association standards for assessing and controlling combustible dust hazards in various industries. It emphasizes performing a hazard assessment to identify hazards and necessary controls, such as engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment, to reduce the risk of combustible dust incidents.
Change of management with competent Team Needs to be done For any change in process.When design a plant or process lot of safety were their because of its design .When we change this it might get disturbed and hence revisiting same is required .Two options change should be apple to apple or MOC process and HAZOP study again of entire process.
The Flixborough disaster was the largest peacetime explosion in UK history, occurring on June 1st, 1974 at a chemical plant in Flixborough, UK. The explosion killed 28 workers and caused widespread property damage within a 6 mile radius. The public inquiry into the cause determined that the immediate cause was the rupture of a poorly designed 20-inch bypass pipe between two reactors. However, subsequent analysis suggested that the more likely cause was the presence of water in one of the reactors during startup when the stirrer was not operating, allowing an unstable water-cyclohexane azeotrope to form and violently erupt, causing the bypass pipe to fail without high pressure. The disaster highlighted the importance of considering all
here we have discuss about Flixborough disaster what are its causes, consequences, how to prevent such kinds of disasters.
it is my college presentation, I have uploaded this document so that it may help other students thank you :)
Study on Flame Retardancy, Mechanical, and Thermal Property on Epoxy Based Al...IRJET Journal
This document studies the effect of adding silica aerogel and aluminium hydroxide on the flame retardancy, mechanical, and thermal properties of epoxy resin composites. Different composite mixtures were prepared with varying percentages of epoxy resin, aluminium hydroxide, and silica aerogel. Limiting oxygen index, horizontal burning, and vertical burning tests were conducted to evaluate the flame retardancy. Tensile, compression, and thermal conductivity tests were performed to analyze the mechanical and thermal properties. The results showed that adding silica aerogel improved the flame retardancy and reduced the thermal conductivity compared to composites without aerogel. Composites with aerogel also demonstrated better mechanical properties than those with aluminium
CeramTec specializes in additive manufacturing of silicon carbide ceramics using 3D printing technology. This allows for maximum design freedom, flexibility for customization, and short lead times. The 3D printing process produces components with optimal material properties similar to conventionally manufactured parts. CeramTec leverages over 100 years of ceramics expertise to support customers through product development and manufacturing of silicon carbide components.
This document discusses combustible wood dust safety. It provides background on the history of dust explosions, noting the first recorded explosion in 1785. It then discusses examples of combustible dust accidents in various industries that have resulted in deaths and injuries. The document outlines National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards related to combustible dust, including standards on dust collectors, ventilation, and hazard classification. It also discusses the objectives of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) Combustible Dust National Emphasis Program inspections, including example questions inspectors may ask. Finally, it provides guidance on assessing dust hazards and implementing mitigation strategies like housekeeping, controlling ignition sources, ventilation, venting, suppression, and isolation
This document provides an overview of industrial disasters, including definitions and examples. It discusses different types of industrial disasters such as nuclear disasters exemplified by Chernobyl, chemical explosions like the 1921 Oppau disaster, chemical/gas leaks represented by the Bhopal gas tragedy, and chemical pollution illustrated by Minamata disease. Causes, effects, and lessons from several major disasters are outlined in detail. The timeline demonstrates increasing awareness of safety and environmental issues over the 20th century related to chemical and nuclear industries.
The Flixborough disaster was caused by an improperly designed and installed pipe modification at a chemical plant in Flixborough, UK. On June 1, 1974, the faulty pipe ruptured, releasing the entire contents of five reactors and forming a massive vapor cloud that ignited, resulting in an explosion. 28 people were killed and hundreds injured or had property damage. The disaster revealed failings in plant modification procedures, design standards, testing, and control room safety. It led to new regulations and emphasis on process safety, change management, and risk reduction to prevent such catastrophic accidents.
This document discusses pressure vessel accidents and safety approaches. It begins by defining pressure vessels as containers designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure different than ambient pressure. The pressure differential poses dangers and fatal accidents have occurred in pressure vessel history. To prevent accidents, pressure vessel design, manufacture and operation are regulated by engineering authorities through legislation. The document then examines reasons for pressure vessel failures, provides examples of major pressure vessel accidents including Feyzin, Flixborough, Seveso, San Juanico LPG, Bhopal and Baia Mare, and stresses the importance of proper design, construction, maintenance and operation to prevent such accidents.
This document discusses pressure vessel accidents and safety approaches. It begins by defining pressure vessels and noting their importance in process and petrochemical industries. Several major pressure vessel accidents over history are described in detail, caused by factors like improper design, maintenance issues, and human error. These resulted in numerous fatalities and injuries. The document emphasizes the need for strict safety standards and codes during pressure vessel design, manufacture, inspection, repair and operation. Regular testing and monitoring is needed to detect any leaks or damage early to prevent accidents. Maintaining accurate records and training qualified workers can help reduce risks. While fully eliminating accidents may not be possible, adopting best practices and safety measures can lower their occurrence.
The document discusses several incidents involving fires and explosions caused by improper handling and storage of flammables. It provides details on various accidents where workers were cutting barrels, tanks, or using welding torches and caused ignitions or explosions. The document also summarizes fire safety requirements for flammable storage, handling, ventilation, electrical classification, bonding, grounding, and other preventative measures.
This document describes several incidents that occurred in confined spaces involving hazardous atmospheres such as oxygen deficiency, toxic gases like hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide, and flammable atmospheres. It notes that confined spaces can be found in locations like sewers, wells, tanks, silos, and vaults. The document emphasizes the importance of atmospheric testing, ventilation, proper use of personal protective equipment including respirators, emergency planning, hazard communication including signage, and training in confined space entry procedures. Violations of confined space entry standards have resulted in fatalities and serious injuries for workers.
An oil depot fire in Jaipur, India in 2009 caused devastating damage. [1] A leak of about 1,000 tons of petrol occurred during a transfer operation between two tanks, forming a large vapor cloud that ignited in an explosion around 7:30pm. [2] The fire spread to all 11 tanks on site over the next five days. Eleven people died and 150 were injured in the explosions and fire. Nearby homes and businesses were damaged and 500,000 people had to be evacuated. Investigations found failures to follow safety procedures during the transfer and deficiencies in the site's fire protection systems contributed to the severity of the incident.
Mine fires pose serious safety and economic risks. The main cause of mine fires in India is spontaneous combustion of coal seams, while in the US it is more often due to welding or cutting operations. Early detection is important, as fires are easier to contain when found early. Common detection methods include monitoring for smoke, temperature changes, or gas levels. Once detected, fires can be fought by removing oxygen, fuel, or heat - for example through sealing areas, applying inert gases, or using water to absorb heat. Advanced technology continues to improve detection and firefighting methods.
The document summarizes concerns about a proposed gasification plant in Kamloops, BC that would burn creosote-treated wood ties. It notes that: 1) The operator is inexperienced in running such facilities; 2) Scaling up from small pilots to commercial plants often fails due to technical and economic issues; 3) While called a "gasifier", burning the produced gas makes it an incinerator that risks air pollution.
This document provides background information on combustible dust hazards and explosions. It discusses the conditions required for a dust explosion (combustible dust, oxygen, ignition source, and dispersion/confinement), and summarizes several catastrophic dust explosions that have occurred since 1995 involving metals, plastics, fibers, and other combustible materials. Key hazard mitigation techniques are identified, including controlling dust accumulations, ignition sources, and implementing designs to contain damage from potential explosions. Common processing equipment that poses dust explosion risks such as dust collectors, blenders, dryers and conveying systems are also outlined.
This presentation given to the delegates of the FEU conference on the Blueproof fire suppression project incorporates the work of the National Standards Institute NIST, Underwriters Laboratories UL and the New York Fire Department work on Governors Island. Smoke defeated for the first time in history.
This document provides information about a training presentation on combustible dust hazards. It was produced with funding from the Susan Harwood Training Grant through the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The presentation aims to define combustible dust, discuss historical dust explosions, identify at-risk industries, perform a risk analysis of dust hazards, and describe principal control methods including prevention and mitigation. It will cover topics such as definitions, risks, facility evaluation, applicable standards, and proposed OSHA regulations on combustible dust.
A explained presentation on fire and explosion hazard and their prevention in pharmaceutical and other chemical industry and transportation of flammable and explosive goods which could be helpful for pharmaceutical and other student who has hazard and there management in their syllabus
The document discusses combustible dust hazards, providing background information and definitions. It notes that combustible dust can cause fires, explosions, and injuries if not properly controlled. The document outlines National Fire Protection Association standards for assessing and controlling combustible dust hazards in various industries. It emphasizes performing a hazard assessment to identify hazards and necessary controls, such as engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment, to reduce the risk of combustible dust incidents.
Change of management with competent Team Needs to be done For any change in process.When design a plant or process lot of safety were their because of its design .When we change this it might get disturbed and hence revisiting same is required .Two options change should be apple to apple or MOC process and HAZOP study again of entire process.
The Flixborough disaster was the largest peacetime explosion in UK history, occurring on June 1st, 1974 at a chemical plant in Flixborough, UK. The explosion killed 28 workers and caused widespread property damage within a 6 mile radius. The public inquiry into the cause determined that the immediate cause was the rupture of a poorly designed 20-inch bypass pipe between two reactors. However, subsequent analysis suggested that the more likely cause was the presence of water in one of the reactors during startup when the stirrer was not operating, allowing an unstable water-cyclohexane azeotrope to form and violently erupt, causing the bypass pipe to fail without high pressure. The disaster highlighted the importance of considering all
here we have discuss about Flixborough disaster what are its causes, consequences, how to prevent such kinds of disasters.
it is my college presentation, I have uploaded this document so that it may help other students thank you :)
Study on Flame Retardancy, Mechanical, and Thermal Property on Epoxy Based Al...IRJET Journal
This document studies the effect of adding silica aerogel and aluminium hydroxide on the flame retardancy, mechanical, and thermal properties of epoxy resin composites. Different composite mixtures were prepared with varying percentages of epoxy resin, aluminium hydroxide, and silica aerogel. Limiting oxygen index, horizontal burning, and vertical burning tests were conducted to evaluate the flame retardancy. Tensile, compression, and thermal conductivity tests were performed to analyze the mechanical and thermal properties. The results showed that adding silica aerogel improved the flame retardancy and reduced the thermal conductivity compared to composites without aerogel. Composites with aerogel also demonstrated better mechanical properties than those with aluminium
CeramTec specializes in additive manufacturing of silicon carbide ceramics using 3D printing technology. This allows for maximum design freedom, flexibility for customization, and short lead times. The 3D printing process produces components with optimal material properties similar to conventionally manufactured parts. CeramTec leverages over 100 years of ceramics expertise to support customers through product development and manufacturing of silicon carbide components.
This document discusses combustible wood dust safety. It provides background on the history of dust explosions, noting the first recorded explosion in 1785. It then discusses examples of combustible dust accidents in various industries that have resulted in deaths and injuries. The document outlines National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards related to combustible dust, including standards on dust collectors, ventilation, and hazard classification. It also discusses the objectives of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) Combustible Dust National Emphasis Program inspections, including example questions inspectors may ask. Finally, it provides guidance on assessing dust hazards and implementing mitigation strategies like housekeeping, controlling ignition sources, ventilation, venting, suppression, and isolation
This document provides an overview of industrial disasters, including definitions and examples. It discusses different types of industrial disasters such as nuclear disasters exemplified by Chernobyl, chemical explosions like the 1921 Oppau disaster, chemical/gas leaks represented by the Bhopal gas tragedy, and chemical pollution illustrated by Minamata disease. Causes, effects, and lessons from several major disasters are outlined in detail. The timeline demonstrates increasing awareness of safety and environmental issues over the 20th century related to chemical and nuclear industries.
The Flixborough disaster was caused by an improperly designed and installed pipe modification at a chemical plant in Flixborough, UK. On June 1, 1974, the faulty pipe ruptured, releasing the entire contents of five reactors and forming a massive vapor cloud that ignited, resulting in an explosion. 28 people were killed and hundreds injured or had property damage. The disaster revealed failings in plant modification procedures, design standards, testing, and control room safety. It led to new regulations and emphasis on process safety, change management, and risk reduction to prevent such catastrophic accidents.
This document discusses pressure vessel accidents and safety approaches. It begins by defining pressure vessels as containers designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure different than ambient pressure. The pressure differential poses dangers and fatal accidents have occurred in pressure vessel history. To prevent accidents, pressure vessel design, manufacture and operation are regulated by engineering authorities through legislation. The document then examines reasons for pressure vessel failures, provides examples of major pressure vessel accidents including Feyzin, Flixborough, Seveso, San Juanico LPG, Bhopal and Baia Mare, and stresses the importance of proper design, construction, maintenance and operation to prevent such accidents.
This document discusses pressure vessel accidents and safety approaches. It begins by defining pressure vessels and noting their importance in process and petrochemical industries. Several major pressure vessel accidents over history are described in detail, caused by factors like improper design, maintenance issues, and human error. These resulted in numerous fatalities and injuries. The document emphasizes the need for strict safety standards and codes during pressure vessel design, manufacture, inspection, repair and operation. Regular testing and monitoring is needed to detect any leaks or damage early to prevent accidents. Maintaining accurate records and training qualified workers can help reduce risks. While fully eliminating accidents may not be possible, adopting best practices and safety measures can lower their occurrence.
The document discusses several incidents involving fires and explosions caused by improper handling and storage of flammables. It provides details on various accidents where workers were cutting barrels, tanks, or using welding torches and caused ignitions or explosions. The document also summarizes fire safety requirements for flammable storage, handling, ventilation, electrical classification, bonding, grounding, and other preventative measures.
This document describes several incidents that occurred in confined spaces involving hazardous atmospheres such as oxygen deficiency, toxic gases like hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide, and flammable atmospheres. It notes that confined spaces can be found in locations like sewers, wells, tanks, silos, and vaults. The document emphasizes the importance of atmospheric testing, ventilation, proper use of personal protective equipment including respirators, emergency planning, hazard communication including signage, and training in confined space entry procedures. Violations of confined space entry standards have resulted in fatalities and serious injuries for workers.
An oil depot fire in Jaipur, India in 2009 caused devastating damage. [1] A leak of about 1,000 tons of petrol occurred during a transfer operation between two tanks, forming a large vapor cloud that ignited in an explosion around 7:30pm. [2] The fire spread to all 11 tanks on site over the next five days. Eleven people died and 150 were injured in the explosions and fire. Nearby homes and businesses were damaged and 500,000 people had to be evacuated. Investigations found failures to follow safety procedures during the transfer and deficiencies in the site's fire protection systems contributed to the severity of the incident.
Mine fires pose serious safety and economic risks. The main cause of mine fires in India is spontaneous combustion of coal seams, while in the US it is more often due to welding or cutting operations. Early detection is important, as fires are easier to contain when found early. Common detection methods include monitoring for smoke, temperature changes, or gas levels. Once detected, fires can be fought by removing oxygen, fuel, or heat - for example through sealing areas, applying inert gases, or using water to absorb heat. Advanced technology continues to improve detection and firefighting methods.
The document summarizes concerns about a proposed gasification plant in Kamloops, BC that would burn creosote-treated wood ties. It notes that: 1) The operator is inexperienced in running such facilities; 2) Scaling up from small pilots to commercial plants often fails due to technical and economic issues; 3) While called a "gasifier", burning the produced gas makes it an incinerator that risks air pollution.
This document provides background information on combustible dust hazards and explosions. It discusses the conditions required for a dust explosion (combustible dust, oxygen, ignition source, and dispersion/confinement), and summarizes several catastrophic dust explosions that have occurred since 1995 involving metals, plastics, fibers, and other combustible materials. Key hazard mitigation techniques are identified, including controlling dust accumulations, ignition sources, and implementing designs to contain damage from potential explosions. Common processing equipment that poses dust explosion risks such as dust collectors, blenders, dryers and conveying systems are also outlined.
This document provides information on respiratory protection standards and requirements. It defines various types of respirators such as HEPA filters, SCBA, and SAR. It discusses OSHA's respiratory protection program requirements including medical evaluation, fit testing, selection, use, maintenance, training and recordkeeping. Case studies are presented that describe respiratory hazards and enforcement actions related to asbestos, silica, lead and other hazards. Selection, use limitations, training and maintenance requirements are covered for various respirator types including air purifying respirators, supplied air respirators, and self-contained breathing apparatus.
An explosion occurred at a British Petroleum oil refinery in Texas in 2005, killing 15 people and injuring 170. The explosion was caused by a buildup of hydrocarbon vapors from a malfunctioning isomerization process unit. An investigation found that safety systems had deficiencies, procedures were not followed, and organizational weaknesses like inadequate training and a culture of noncompliance contributed to the accident. The explosion resulted in OSHA fines against BP and lawsuits from victims' families.
An explosion occurred at a British Petroleum oil refinery in Texas in 2005, killing 15 people and injuring 170. The explosion was caused by a buildup of hydrocarbon vapors from a malfunctioning isomerization process unit. An investigation found that safety systems had deficiencies, procedures were not followed, and organizational weaknesses like inadequate training and a culture of noncompliance contributed to the accident. The explosion resulted in OSHA fines against BP and lawsuits from victims' families.
108b Presentation - Killing Rattlesnakes Before They Bite You.pptHenry Wong Chung
The document discusses a fire that occurred at a Port Arthur Light Olefins Unit (LOU) in 2006. The fire was caused by a sudden rupture of a corroded gas warm-up line due to severe corrosion under insulation from intermittent dripping of moisture. This released large amounts of flammable gas and fueled the fire. The investigation found 18 additional piping ruptures from extreme heat. Key learnings included improving inspections for corrosion under insulation, especially on top of pipes, and quickly fixing moisture leaks to prevent accelerated corrosion.
The document discusses the causes, effects, and prevention of industrial fires. It identifies the main causes as smoking, chemicals, dirt/untidiness, contractors' operations, process hazards, and flammable liquids. The effects of industrial fires include direct injuries and deaths as well as indirect costs to the company like lost production, costs of damage, and decreased employee morale. The document provides guidance on fire prevention through risk assessment, fire equipment, training, and good housekeeping practices.
Bhopal gas tragedy - best presentation everYousuf S A
The document summarizes the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy in India, one of the world's worst industrial disasters. On the night of December 2-3, 1984, a leak of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas from a pesticide plant owned by Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) resulted in extreme exposure and death for thousands of people in the surrounding area. Key factors that contributed to the magnitude of the leak included improperly storing MIC in large tanks at unsafe temperatures, failures of safety systems, lack of operator training, and negligence in maintaining safety protocols. The official death toll was over 3,000 though other estimates suggest thousands more may have died from long term effects of the toxic gas exposure.
Here are the answers to the quiz questions:
- A combustible liquid is identified by OSHA as one having a flash point at or above 100F.
- Fire extinguisher education is done initially and annually if required.
- Exit signs must be lit with 5 foot candles.
- Exit access width is minimum of 28 inches per OSHA.
- Over 25 gallons of a Class 1B requires a flammable liquid cabinet or flammable liquid storage room.
- A velocity of 100 fpm is required in a paint spray booth.
This document provides an overview of OSHA's new fall protection standard for general industry workplaces. Some key points:
- The standard clarifies that fall protection is required for unprotected sides or edges that are 4 feet or more above a lower level, unlike the construction standard of 6 feet.
- It defines terms like hole, designated area, and provides requirements for fall protection methods including guardrails, safety nets, personal fall arrest systems, and ladder safety systems.
- Training requirements are specified, requiring employees be trained on fall hazards, fall protection procedures and equipment by a qualified person.
This document discusses various industrial hygiene principles and health hazards. It provides examples of chemical hazards like mercury, trichloroethylene, lead, silica, copper fumes, iron oxide, carbon monoxide, chromium, cadmium, and methylene chloride. It also discusses ergonomic hazards like repetitive stress injuries. The document outlines methods for evaluating, controlling and preventing exposure to health hazards through engineering controls, work practices, PPE, and other means.
Supervisor reasonable suspicion training sl 2020John Newquist
The document summarizes a supervisor training on reasonable suspicion of drug use. It covers identifying impairment signs, documenting issues, addressing problematic employee behavior respectfully, and emphasizing job performance concerns over accusations. The training aims to help supervisors recognize potential drug abuse issues, follow policy procedures, and protect confidentiality when confronting employees.
Mechanical contractor lockout confined space awareness ppt 2021John Newquist
This month’s powerpoint is a custom one that I did for a large mechanical contractor. They wanted all employees to learn some lockout and confined space. The workers that would enter a confined space or lockout would take a four hour version. Custom training is the growing area of safety. They said the past lockout was only for machines that they would never lockout.
This document summarizes numerous excavation accidents that occurred between 2013-2020, highlighting the dangers of trench work and lack of proper safety protocols. It notes that over two dozen workers died in 2016 alone from cave-ins due to lack of trench shoring. Several incidents are described in detail where workers were buried, electrocuted, or overcame by gases in unprotected excavations. Statistics are presented on increasing construction fatalities, especially for excavation work. Common safety issues identified include unsecured trenches, lack of fall protection, protective systems, training, air monitoring and more. The importance of competent persons, planning, and following all OSHA excavation standards is emphasized.
The six-step process for conducting an incident investigation includes:
1) Preserving and documenting the scene immediately by taking photos, securing evidence, and interviewing witnesses while memories are fresh.
2) Collecting facts through interviews to understand what happened without blame.
3) Analyzing the collected information to determine the sequence of events.
4) Identifying the underlying causes that contributed to the incident.
5) Developing recommendations to address the root causes and prevent future incidents.
6) Writing a report of the investigation findings, causes, and corrective actions.
Industry Forklift and Meterial Handling 2020 John Newquist
This document discusses material handling safety and powered industrial trucks. It provides information on OSHA regulations regarding competency training, refresher training, certification of training, safe operating conditions, and examination for defects of powered industrial trucks. The document also summarizes several past accidents involving forklifts and other industrial equipment, and provides safety tips and best practices for operating powered industrial trucks, conducting inspections, training operators, and complying with regulations to prevent injuries and fatalities.
1. The document discusses noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and outlines requirements for an effective hearing conservation program, including noise monitoring, use of feasible engineering controls, provision of hearing protection, training, audiometric testing, and recordkeeping.
2. Key requirements of OSHA's hearing conservation standard include conducting noise monitoring if exposures equal or exceed 85 dBA, implementing feasible engineering controls to reduce noise below the permissible exposure limit of 90 dBA, providing hearing protectors to workers with exposures over the action level of 85 dBA, and conducting audiometric testing annually.
3. An effective hearing conservation program can help prevent NIHL and its impacts on safety, but challenges include ensuring proper use of
This document contains information about various rigging incidents and safety topics. It describes 5 incidents where hard hats saved workers from head injuries from falling objects. It also discusses proper material storage and handling, rigging equipment inspection, sling identification, and definitions. Several additional incidents are summarized that involved injuries from loads falling due to issues like sling failure, winds over the legal limit, or straps snapping. Rigging safety topics covered include center of gravity, load weights, sling inspection criteria, D/d ratios, and protecting slings from sharp surfaces.
The document discusses personal protective equipment (PPE) and hazard analysis. It provides examples of common types of PPE like hard hats, gloves, and respirators. It outlines the hierarchy of controls and OSHA's requirements for employer payment of PPE. It discusses respiratory protection standards including medical evaluation, fit testing, training, and record keeping. It provides guidance on selecting the appropriate type of respirator for different hazards.
OSHA Written HAzard Commnication Written ProgramJohn Newquist
This document discusses hazard communication programs and standards. It begins with an overview of the history of hazard communication laws from Upton Sinclair's 1906 book "The Jungle" to the establishment of the OSHA 1910.1200 hazard communication standard in 1985. It then lists the most frequently cited violations in general industry, with the top violation being for not having a written hazard communication program under 1910.1200(e)(1), which has resulted in over 1,500 citations. The document outlines the requirements for a written hazard communication program including maintaining SDS sheets and addressing non-routine tasks. It concludes with the author's contact information.
This document discusses caught-in and between hazards, which are the fourth leading cause of construction worker deaths. It defines caught-in/between hazards as injuries caused by being crushed by or caught between objects, machinery, or equipment. The document then provides examples of common caught-in/between hazards like unguarded machinery, trench collapses, and getting pinned between equipment and structures. It also outlines steps workers and employers can take to protect against these hazards, such as using proper machine guarding, fall protection, and trench shoring.
This document outlines the objectives and key elements of an introductory course on the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). It describes the major provisions of the OSH Act of 1970 that established OSHA, including its functions and positive impact on worker safety. Employer and worker rights and responsibilities are also covered. The document further explains the organization of OSHA standards in the Code of Federal Regulations, and the inspection, citation, and appeals processes.
This document discusses hand safety and proper hand protection. It notes that hands are important but vulnerable, as demonstrated by examples of common hand injuries like cuts, punctures, and crushed fingers. Several case studies describe specific hand injuries that occurred in woodworking facilities. The document emphasizes selecting the right gloves for the job and hazards, maintaining gloves, and following precautions like avoiding pinch points and using tools instead of hands. Proper hand protection, training, and precautions can help prevent disabling hand injuries.
The document provides information on tactical solutions for workplace safety during the coronavirus pandemic. It discusses the global spread of COVID-19 infections and deaths. It describes coronaviruses and explains what COVID-19 is. Symptoms, transmission, treatment, and prevention are compared between COVID-19 and influenza. When returning to work, employers should reduce transmission, maintain healthy operations, and keep the environment clean. The document also discusses potential treatments like hydroxychloroquine and supplies shortages of protective equipment.
This document discusses coronaviruses, COVID-19, and compares COVID-19 to influenza. It states that coronaviruses can cause illness in animals and humans, and that COVID-19 is a new coronavirus that emerged in Wuhan, China in late 2019 and has since spread globally. It outlines similarities between COVID-19 and influenza such as common symptoms, transmission through droplets, treatment by addressing symptoms, and prevention through hand washing and social distancing. It also notes key differences such as COVID-19's longer incubation period and lack of a current vaccine.
This document discusses hand safety and proper hand protection. It notes that hands are important but vulnerable, as demonstrated by the inability to tie shoes with thumbs tucked inside. The document then outlines common hand injuries like cuts, punctures, sprains and injuries from rotating machinery. It provides examples of past accidents and notes that woodworking and manufacturing jobs commonly involve hand injuries. The document emphasizes choosing the right gloves and PPE for hazards, maintaining focus, and proper preventative actions and precautions to avoid injuries.
The document discusses the history of hazard communication standards and regulations. It provides examples of safety data sheet formats and required elements. It also summarizes some notable industrial accidents and exposures that occurred between 1906-2015 that helped drive the development of standards and regulations to protect workers from chemical hazards.
This document discusses the Global Harmonized System (GHS) for classifying and labeling chemicals. It identifies the nine GHS pictograms and describes what hazards each one represents. It also describes the six mandatory elements that must be on GHS-compliant labels, including product identifier, signal words, hazard statements, pictograms, precautionary statements and contact information. The document outlines the required 16 sections of a safety data sheet and provides examples from methylene chloride and malathion SDSs. It also lists the elements of an employer's written hazard communication program and employee training requirements under the GHS standard.
The document lists the most frequently cited OSHA construction standards from 2019. The top 3 citations were for fall protection on residential roofs, ladder extensions over 3 feet, and eye and face protection. It also provides examples of violations and protective measures for each standard. Additional standards that were frequently cited but did not make the top 10 involved trenching, scaffolding, and training requirements. The document concludes with background on safety training classes and services provided by the author over 30 years.
Disampaikan pada FGD Kepmen Pertahanan tentang Organisasi Profesi JF Analis Pertahanan Negara
Jakarta, 20 Juni 2024
Dr. Tri Widodo W. Utomo, SH. MA.
Deputi Bidang Kajian Kebijakan dan Inovasi Administrasi Negara LAN RI
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
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FT author
Amanda Chu
US Energy Reporter
PREMIUM
June 20 2024
Good morning and welcome back to Energy Source, coming to you from New York, where the city swelters in its first heatwave of the season.
Nearly 80 million people were under alerts in the US north-east and midwest yesterday as temperatures in some municipalities reached record highs in a test to the country’s rickety power grid.
In other news, the Financial Times has a new Big Read this morning on Russia’s grip on nuclear power. Despite sanctions on its economy, the Kremlin continues to be an unrivalled exporter of nuclear power plants, building more than half of all reactors under construction globally. Read how Moscow is using these projects to wield global influence.
Today’s Energy Source dives into the latest Statistical Review of World Energy, the industry’s annual stocktake of global energy consumption. The report was published for more than 70 years by BP before it was passed over to the Energy Institute last year. The oil major remains a contributor.
Data Drill looks at a new analysis from the World Bank showing gas flaring is at a four-year high.
Thanks for reading,
Amanda
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New report offers sobering view of the energy transition
Every year the Statistical Review of World Energy offers a behemoth of data on the state of the global energy market. This year’s findings highlight the world’s insatiable demand for energy and the need to speed up the pace of decarbonisation.
Here are our four main takeaways from this year’s report:
Fossil fuel consumption — and emissions — are at record highs
Countries burnt record amounts of oil and coal last year, sending global fossil fuel consumption and emissions to all-time highs, the Energy Institute reported. Oil demand grew 2.6 per cent, surpassing 100mn barrels per day for the first time.
Meanwhile, the share of fossil fuels in the energy mix declined slightly by half a percentage point, but still made up more than 81 per cent of consumption.
2. Are These Materials Explosive?
sugar
metal
plastic
wood
coal
medicines
Combustible dust in a jar
video
3. Corn Products Explosion
•Jan 3 1924
•42 died
•Starch Dust
•Pekin IL
•Explosion in starch packing
house.
•Dumping buggies of starch
•Low moisture due to cold.
4. Brach’s Candy
•Sep 7, 1948
•18 died
•Spark from electrical
equipment ignited
suspended starch dust
•Open storage of starch.
5. Continental Grain Elevator - 1977
•Westwego, LA
•Grain Elevator
Explosion
•Dec 1977
• Spark ignited grain dust
• The explosion killed 36
people
6. Coal Dust
• Throughout a twenty‐five year
(1980‐2005) study of PRB
coal‐fired power plants, there
were an average of 11 fires or
explosions, 29 injuries, and 5
deaths per year.
• Another study conducted by the
United States Department of
Labor during the 1996‐2009
time period noted 437
workplace coal power‐related
deaths, averaging 33 deaths per
year in the United States..
Will County Power Plant Crusher Building Explosion
11. Ford River Rouge Power Plant
•2/1/1999
•Dearborn , MI
•MIOSHA General Duty
egregious
•$1,500,000 penalty
•Natural gas boiler explosion
triggered secondary coal
dust explosion that had
accumulated on building
and equipment surfaces
•No flame sensing interlock
for the gas lines
Killed six workers and injured 36
12. 12
Combustible Dust Explosions History
Jahn Foundry
Springfield, MA
February 26, 1999
3 dead
9 Injured
Phenolic resin dust
14. 14
Combustible Dust Explosions History
• January 29, 2003 - West
Pharmaceutical Services,
• Kinston, NC
–Six deaths, dozens of injuries
–Facility produced rubber
stoppers and other products for
medical use
–Plastic powder accumulated
above suspended ceiling ignited
16. 16
Combustible Dust Explosions History
• February 20, 2003 – CTA
Acoustics Corbin, KY
– Seven Workers died
– Facility produced
fiberglass insulation
for automotive
industry
– Resin accumulated
in production area
and was ignited
CSB VIDEO
17. 17
Combustible Dust Explosions History
• October 29, 2003
• Hayes Lemmerz
Manufacturing Plant
–Two severely
burned (one of the
victims died)
–Accumulated
aluminum
dust
–Facility manufactured
cast aluminum
automotive wheels
CBS Video Hayes Lemmerz
18. Chemical Safety Board
• From 2008 to 2012, our board documented,
50 combustible dust accidents that led to 29
fatalities and 161 injuries.
19. Imperial Sugar - 2008
• Feb 7, 2008
• 14 died
• 60 injured
• $180-220 million dollar est. loss
• $7,700,000 Fine – OSHA
Csb video
20. Metal Dust - 2011
• Hoeganaes plant TN
• Four dead, two explosions
• The plant manufactures metal
powder used in the automotive
industry
• CSB and OSHA investigations
• The company issued a
statement saying it has begun
a review “to ensure that we
fully understand the cause of
the fire and have
implemented appropriate
measures to prevent a
recurrence of this incident.”
• “We have already made
significant progress on some
of the issues raised by the CSB
and we won't resume
production until we are
confident that all issues have
been addressed.”
22. Jan 2012
• Babine Sawmill in Burns Lake BC
• 2 dead, 20 injured
• The dust collection system had been
unreliable for months.
• “You couldn’t see across the mill, that’s
how bad the dust levels were,” said
millworker Ryan Clay. “Even with the fans
going full blast, the dust was just
horrendous.”
Friction within the motor-reducer V-belt guard
provided ignition source
23. Apr 2012
• Lakeland Sawmill in Prince
George, B.C.
• 2 dead, 22 injured
• Once again, accumulated wood
dust was identified as the likely
fuel
• “ the dust is so thick it is visible in
the air as hazy, luminescent
dots.”
• “possible ignition have been
located at the conveyor level,
where electrical or mechanical
equipment was being operated in
contained areas.”
• $724,163
24. April 2014
Corrigan TX
Four people remain hospitalized, three in critical condition, after an explosion
and fire at a Polk County plywood mill
• a) dust collector bags impeded the venting area of the dust collector
deflagration vents.
• b) explosion vents releasing in the dust collector without taking measure
to protect employees from the fireball path
• c) dust collector vented and the deflagration traveled upstream to the
sander.
• d) responding to a fire within the sander dust collection system without
the main blower remaining in operation.
• e) responding to a fire within the sander dust collection system without a
choke between the sander dust collector and silo leading to the
briquetter.
25. Result
• $39 Million to survivor
• The suit claimed the wood dust collection system, which included a spark
detection and suppression system, failed to meet numerous industry
standards set by the National Fire Protection Association and FM Global
The jury assigned 51 percent of the fault to Aircon Inc., the company
which designed and installed the dust collection system, 26 percent to
GreCon, manufacturer of the spark detection and suppression system, and
the remaining 23 percent to Georgia-Pacific
• 2014 OSHA investigation of the explosion resulted in fines to G-P of
approximately $14,000 for two serious violations, including the lack of a
choke between the sander dust collector and silo leading to the
briquetter, dust collector bags which impeded the venting area of the dust
collector deflagration vents, and a lack of measures in place "to protect
employees from the fireball path."
26. August 2014
• 75 people were killed
and 185 others injured
after an explosion
ripped through a metal
products factory in
China’s eastern Jiangsu
Province
28. May 2017
NFPA requires that an explosion isolation
device be installed on all suction side
ducts that transport material with a KST
value above zero.
KST values are used to measure the speed
at which pressure rises during a standard
explosion severity test.
EcoMAXX™ No Return Valve
29. 29
Types of Dust Involved in incidents
Metal
20%
Wood
24%
Food
23%
Other
7%
Plastic
14%
Coal
8%
Inorganic
4%
30. 30
Types of Industries Involved in Dust Incidents
Other
7%
Food Products
24%
Lumber/
Wood
Products
15%
Chemical
Manufact'g.
12%Primary Metal
Industries
8%
Rubber &
Plastic
Products
8%
Electric
Services
8%
Furniture &
Fixtures
4%
Equipment
Manufact'g.
7%
Fabricated
Metal Products
7%
31. 31
Equipment Involved in Dust Explosions
Source: Guidelines for Safe Handling of Powders and Bulk Solids, CCPS, AICHE
Material
US (1985 – 1995) UK (1979 – 1988) Germany (1965 – 1980)
Number of
Incidents
% Number of
Incidents
% Number of
Incidents
%
Dust Collectors 156 42 55 18 73 17
Grinders 35 9 51 17 56 13
Silos/Bunkers 27 7 19 6 86 13
Conveying
Systems
32 9 33 11 43 10
Dryer/Oven 22 6 43 14 34 8
Mixers/Blenders >12 >3 7 2 20 5
Other or
Unknown
84 23 95 31 114 27
Total 372 100 303 100 426 100
53. Dust Control
• Use cleaning methods that do not generate dust clouds, if ignition
sources are present;
54. Dust Control
• Only use vacuum cleaners approved for dust collection
• Typically sold as “Explosion Proof Industrial Vacuum Cleaners”
55. Dust Control
• Locate relief valves away from dust hazard areas; and
Vent in a safe location
56. Dust Control
• Develop and implement a hazardous dust inspection, testing,
housekeeping, and control program (preferably in writing with established
frequency and methods).
77. Sample OSHA Questions
• What is the Plant’s
Housekeeping program?
• Is there dust accumulation
of 1/32 inch thick?
• Dust collectors located
inside of buildings?
• Explosion relief venting
distributed over the
exterior walls of buildings
and enclosures?
78. Sample OSHA Questions
• Does the facility have
isolation devices to prevent
deflagration propagation
between pieces of
equipment connected by
ductwork?
• Does the facility have an
ignition control program,
such as grounding and
bonding?
Fire through a duct is bad
79. Sample OSHA Questions
• Are Vacuum cleaners
used in dusty areas and
approved for the hazard
classification?
• Are separator devices
to remove foreign
materials used?
• Can tramp metal ignite
combustible dusts in
the dust collection
systems? Check the label for Class II
80. Sample OSHA Questions
• Is the exhaust from the
dust collectors
recycled?
• Does the dust collector
system have spark
detection and
explosion/deflagration
suppression systems?
81. Sample OSHA Questions
• Are ducts designed to maintain
sufficient velocity to ensure the
transport of both coarse and fine
particles?
• What is the design basis for the
ventilation?
• Are duct systems, dust collectors,
and dust-producing machinery
bonded and grounded to minimize
accumulation of static electrical
charge?
82. Sample OSHA Questions
• Is metal ductwork used?
• Are bulk storage containers
constructed of
noncombustible materials?
• Are employees trained in
the hazards of the
combustible dust?
• Are MSDSs for the
chemicals which could
become combustible dust
under normal operations
available to employees?
83. 83
Housekeeping
• OSHA
1910.22(a)(1) - All places of employment, passageways, storerooms, service rooms, and
walking-working surfaces are kept in a clean, orderly, and sanitary condition.
86. 86
Dust Layer Thickness Guidelines
• 1/8” in grain standard
• Rule of thumb in NFPA 654
–1/32” over 5% of area
–Bar joist surface area
equals about 5% of floor area
–Max 20,000 SF
–Idealized
89. Electrical Classification
• “if the workplace has a Class II location, then citations under 29 CFR
1910.307 may be issued to those employers having electrical equipment
not meeting the standard’s requirements. “
Class 2 HVAC
92. Flame Resistant Clothing
Citations under 1910.132(a) (the general requirement to provide and assure the use
of protective equipment, including protective clothing) may be issued, if an
employee exposure to potential burn injuries can be documented.
96. Training
• 1910.272(e)(1)(i) General safety precautions associated with the facility,
including recognition and preventive measures for the hazards related to
dust accumulations and common ignition sources such as smoking; and,
• 1910.272(e)(1)(ii) Specific procedures and safety practices applicable to
their job tasks including but not limited to, cleaning procedures for
grinding equipment, clearing procedures for choked legs, housekeeping
procedures, hot work procedures, preventive maintenance procedures
and lock-out/tag-out procedures.
98. Training
• July 7 2010 Imperial Sugar Settlement agreed to 5 training points
• 1. The physical hazards and hazardous properties including, but not
limited to, combustibility and explosivity of sugar, powdered sugar,
cornstarch and coal dusts
• 2. The prevention and mitigation of combustible dust hazards including,
but not limited to, dust accumulation, ignition sources, and housekeeping
• 3. The specification, ordering, development of electrical classification
drawings, installation, maintenance and control of change of electrical
equipment, with an emphasis on approved electrical equipment for
hazardous classified areas designated in OSHA’s standards at Subpart S –
Electrical
• 4. The hazard recognition and reporting of electrical equipment which is
not properly installed or maintained, e.g., unapproved extension cords or
box fans in hazardous locations, frayed electrical conductors on a product
machine, the addition of an “ordinary” light fixture in a hazardous
classified area, etc.
• 5. Reasons for wearing fire retardant clothing
101. Hot Works
• Around collection points and
ductwork or in areas where
hazardous levels of dust
accumulations may occur
• In section 5(a)(1) cases a hot
work permit system may be
noted as a feasible abatement
method.
102. Hot Works
• Use Alternatives
• Analyze the Hazards
• Monitor the Atmosphere
• Test the Area
• Use Written Permits
• Train Thoroughly
• Supervise Contractors
104. Grounding
All equipment used in the
dust generating process
must be thoroughly
grounded to remove static
electricity.
“Recommended Practice on
Static Electricity,” NFPA 77,
should be followed.
Inspection and cleaning of all electrical equipment must be done regularly and
frequently (at least weekly).
Ground connections should be checked visually on a daily basis by the
operators.
106. Typical 5(a)(1) Violations
• Compressed Air was
used for cleaning
• Tip: Clean fugitive dust
• Regular program
• Access to hidden areas
• Safe cleaning methods
• Maintain dust free as possible
• No blow down unless All
electrical power and
processes have been
shutdown and other means
cannot work.
• See NFPA
114. Typical 5(a)(1) Violations
• Systems were not
provided to prevent
deflagration
propagation from
dust collectors to
other parts of the
plant.
October 29, 2003 - Hayes Lemmerz
Manufacturing Plant, IN
Shawn Boone, 33, died in the
Aluminum Dust explosion
115. Typical 5(a)(1) Violations
• Not maintaining duct
velocity
• Aluminum Conveyor
velocity might be 4500
ft/min for pneumatic
conveyors
116. Typical 5(a)(1) Violations
• No explosion relief
venting distributed
over the exterior
walls and roofs of the
buildings.
CTA Acoustics 2003 – 7 dead
Fiberglass fibers and excess phenolic resin
powder probably went to the oven while
workers were using compressed air and
lance to break up a cogged bag house
filter
118. Typical 5(a)(1) Violations
• A means of tramp metal
protection was not
provided to keep any
unwanted metal
fragments out of the
air-material separators
From Duramag
120. Strategy for Employers
• Test for Combustible
Dust
• Find Applicable NFPA
standards
• Implement a Safety
Management System
• Housekeeping
• Electrical Classification
• Conduct Process Hazard
Analysis for Dust
Generation Processes
• Control Ignition sources
• Develop safety
procedures for working
on dust collectors
• Investigate leaks, hot
spots, near misses
• Train Employees in
hazards of combustible
dust
• Plan for fires and
emergencies