Pharmacology Lecture Slides on COPD - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by Sanjaya Mani Dixit Assistant Professor of Pharmacology at Kathmandu Medical College
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its management
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs.
COPD typically has a clear cause and a clear path of prevention, and there are ways to slow the progression of the disease.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders COPD is a [preventable and treatable disease with some significant extra pulmonary effects that may contribute to the severity in individual clients.
It is characterized by airflow limitation that is not completely reversible.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease basis of drugs used in treatment and Describe the factors which affect the quality of life of individuals suffering from COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its management
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs.
COPD typically has a clear cause and a clear path of prevention, and there are ways to slow the progression of the disease.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders COPD is a [preventable and treatable disease with some significant extra pulmonary effects that may contribute to the severity in individual clients.
It is characterized by airflow limitation that is not completely reversible.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease basis of drugs used in treatment and Describe the factors which affect the quality of life of individuals suffering from COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) called as Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease.
COPD is characterized by difficulty in exhaling air.
It is slowly progressive disease and irreversible.
The most common cause of COPD is Cigarette Smoking.
COPD may include diseases that cause airflow obstruction (eg., Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis) or combination of these disorders.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation that is slowly progressive. It is also known as Chronic obstructive lung disease. “(COLD)”
It refers to Chronic Bronchitis and emphysema, a pair of two commonly coexisting disease of the lungs in which the airways become narrowed.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) called as Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease.
COPD is characterized by difficulty in exhaling air.
It is slowly progressive disease and irreversible.
The most common cause of COPD is Cigarette Smoking.
COPD may include diseases that cause airflow obstruction (eg., Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis) or combination of these disorders.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation that is slowly progressive. It is also known as Chronic obstructive lung disease. “(COLD)”
It refers to Chronic Bronchitis and emphysema, a pair of two commonly coexisting disease of the lungs in which the airways become narrowed.
General Pharmacology Lecture Slides on Essential Drugs and Rational use of Medicines by Sanjaya Mani Dixit Assistant Professor of Pharmacology at Kathmandu Medical College
Dental Pharmacology Lecture Slides on Sialogogues and Antisialogogues by Sanjaya Mani Dixit Assistant Professor of Pharmacology at Kathmandu Medical College
Pharmacology Lecture Slides on Autonomic Nervous System Introduction by Sanjaya Mani Dixit Assistant Professor of Pharmacology at Kathmandu Medical College
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
5. COPD
WORLD COPD DAY
-November 14 ( 2012)
-November 20 ( 2013)
Chronic obstructive lung
disease (COLD)
Chronic obstructive airways
disease (COAD)
In 2000, the WHO
estimated 2.74
million COPD deaths
worldwide.
6. COPD
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
is a preventable and treatable disease state
characterized by airflow limitation that is not
fully reversible.
• The airflow limitation is usually progressive
and is associated with an abnormal
inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious
particles or gases, primarily
caused by cigarette smoking.
7. COPD
C.O.P.D.is a mixture of 3
separate disease processes.
Chronic bronchitis,
Emphysema and,
Asthma (to a lesser extent).
Each case of COPD is unique in the blend of processes.
Chronic obstructive lung disease produces an
obstruction to airflow and ultimately can affect both the
mechanical function of the lung and the gas exchange
capability of the lung.
8.
9.
10.
11. Orthopneic -- difficult or painful breathing except in an erect sitting or
standing position
12.
13. Causes of COPD
• Cigarette smoking has been shown
to be contributing factor in the
early development and severity of
COPD.
• Air pollution and occupational
exposures play roles too.
• Modern medicine has created an
ever increasing geriatric
population. As people live longer,
the problem of COPD become more
and more a sociologic problem as
well as medical problem.
14. COPD- Precipitating factors
• The word chronic indicates an ever present and continuing
entity, therefore , COPD is a progressive irreversible , and
degenerative process.
• The major obstructive lung disorders are usually divided into
many categories which are due to:
1-Reversabile factor --e.g. inflammation, bronchospasm,
mucus plugging
2-Irreversible factors --e.g. thickened fibrotic airway wall,
damaged alveoli leading to loss of radial traction and
unsupported airways.
3-Localized lesion-- e.g. tumor, foreign body.
16. Treatment goals for COPD:
1) prevention of disease progression;
2) relief of symptoms;
3) improvement in exercise tolerance;
4) improvement in health status;
5) prevention and treatment of exacerbations;
6) prevention and treatment of complications;
7) a reduction in mortality; and
8) minimization of side-effects from treatment
17. Drugs in COPD
• Oxygen therapy
• Bronchodilators
• Corticosteroids (Acute Exacerbations)
• Antibiotics for COPD exacerbation
18. Bronchodilators
• Provides symptomatic benefit
• Bronchodilators are the most important agents in the
pharmacologic management of patients with COPD.
• Do not decrease decline in lung function but offer
improvement in airflow, symptoms, exercise tolerance, and
overall health status.
1. Anticholinergic -- Ipratropium bromide
2. Short-acting Beta2-agonists---Salbutamol, Terbutaline
(Inhalation route)
3. Oral Theophylline
19. Ipratropium bromide
• Anticholinergic drug (Antimuscarinic)-short acting
• Bronchodilators of choice in COPD.
• Produce slower response than inhaled sympathomimetics hence
better suited for regular prophylaxis rather than acute cases.
• Patients of asthamatic bronchitis and psychogenic asthma
respond better to anticholinergic drugs.
• Combination of inhaled Ipratropium with B2-agonist produces
more marked & longer lasting bronchodilatation.
S/E
Dry mouth and decreased mucociliary clearance
Dilated pupil, photophobia , blurred vision
Urinary continence problem
20. Salbutamol
• Highly selective Beta2 adrenergic agonist
• Quicker actions on inhalation
• Produces bronchodilation within 5 mins and action
lasts for 2-4 hrs.
C/U
– COPD
– Asthma attacks
S/E
Muscle tremors, throat irritation, ankle edema
Palpitation, restlessness, nervousness
21. Terbutaline
Terbutaline is a Beta2-selective bronchodilator.
It is effective orally, subcutaneously, or by inhalation.
Effects are observed rapidly after inhalation or parenteral
administration; after inhalation, its action may persist for 3–6
hours.
Terbutaline is used for
• COPD
• Long-term treatment of obstructive airway diseases
• Acute bronchospasm
• Emergency treatment of status asthmaticus
22. Methylxanthine
• Theophylline produces modest improvements in
expiratory flow rates and vital capacity and a slight
improvement in arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide
levels in patients with moderate to severe COPD.
• Theophylline directly relaxes human airways smooth
muscle in vitro and, like β2- agonists, acts as a
functional antagonist, preventing and reversing the
effects of all bronchoconstriction agonists.
23. Corticosteroids
• Potent immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory
• Oral corticosteroids (equivalent to 0.5 mg/kg/d of
prednisone for 14–21 days) and inhaled (fluticasone)
(6–12 weeks of therapy) corticosteroids are common.
• Long term use has serious disadvantages
• S/E-
– Stomach irritation, such as indigestion, Peptic ulcer (long)
– Tachycardia, nausea, insomnia, metallic taste
– Weight gain, thinning skin, muscle weakness, weakening of
bones (osteoporosis), high blood pressure
26. Methylprednisolone
• Usually given in IV form for initiation of steroid
therapy, although PO form theoretically equally
efficacious.
• Two forms: . equal in potency,
• time of onset, and
• adverse effects.
• Inhaled corticosteroids probably equally efficacious
and have fewer adverse effects.
• Adult Dose 125 mg IV q6h recommended dose
Alternative: 1-2 mg/kg IV q6h; not to exceed 125 mg;
this dose often used in children
27. Oxygen therapy
• Benefits of oxygen therapy in advanced COPD include:
– longer survival,
– reduced hospitalization needs, and
– better quality of life.
• Benefits are directly proportionate to the number of hours per day
oxygen is administered.
• Oxygen should be first humidified since dry oxygen causes drying of
respiratory mucosa.
• Oxygen is given through:
– Liquid oxygen systems (LOX),
– Compressed gas cylinders, or
– Oxygen concentrators.
28. Antibiotics
• Antibiotics are commonly prescribed to outpatients with COPD for
the following indications:
(1) to treat an acute exacerbation,
(2) to treat acute bronchitis, and
(3) to prevent acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
(prophylactic antibiotics-may not be useful though).
Patients with change in the quantity or character of sputum
benefit the most from antibiotic therapy.
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (160/800 mg every 12 hours),
Amoxicillin or amoxicillin-clavulanate (500 mg every 8 hours),
Doxycycline (100 mg every 12 hours) given for 7–10 days.
32. COPD Vs Asthma
• COPD is generally a more serious disease than
asthma, because the changes in the airways are
much more difficult to treat, and it usually has a
worse outcome.
• Unfortunately, COPD can cause greater long-term
disability and have a greater effect on the heart
and other organ systems than asthma.
It should be realized that asthma and COPD can
coexist. If one has asthma and smokes cigarettes for
years, it would not be unusual for him to develop
COPD. In this case, both COPD and asthma coexist.
36. Cough
• Cough is a natural response of the body to rid itself of
unwanted materials in the airway.
• It occurs through the stimulation of a complex reflex.
• Cough receptors exist not only in the epithelium of the upper
and lower respiratory tracts, but also in the pericardium,
esophagus, diaphragm, and stomach.
• Mechanical cough receptors can be stimulated by triggers
such as touch or displacement.
• Chemical receptors are sensitive to noxious gases or fumes.
• Laryngeal and tracheo-bronchial receptors respond to both
mechanical and chemical stimuli.
Sex-related differences in cough reflex sensitivity explain the
observation that women are more likely than men to develop
chronic cough.
38. Medical Research Council dyspnoea
scale
Medical Research Council dyspnoea scale for grading the degree of a
patient's breathlessness
1. Not troubled by breathlessness except on strenuous exercise
2. Short of breath when hurrying or walking up a slight hill
3. Walks slower than contemporaries on the level because of breathlessness,
or has to stop for breath when walking at own pace
4. Stops for breath after about 100 m or after a few minutes on the level
5. Too breathless to leave the house, or breathless when dressing or
undressing (1)
This scale does not measure breathlessness itself, but the disability caused by
breathlessness (1).
Reference:
• (1) Stenton C. The MRC breathlessness scale. Occup Med (Lond). 2008;58(3):226-7