Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) called as Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease.
COPD is characterized by difficulty in exhaling air.
It is slowly progressive disease and irreversible.
The most common cause of COPD is Cigarette Smoking.
COPD may include diseases that cause airflow obstruction (eg., Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis) or combination of these disorders.
Pharmacological agents in bronchial asthma and copdDr. Marya Ahsan
This document provides an overview of pharmacological agents used to treat bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It discusses the classification, mechanisms of action, and side effects of various drugs including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers, methylxanthines, monoclonal antibodies, and other agents. Treatment guidelines are also presented, outlining a stepwise approach for asthma management and algorithms for acute asthma exacerbations.
Pharmacology Lecture Slides on COPD - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by Sanjaya Mani Dixit Assistant Professor of Pharmacology at Kathmandu Medical College
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways causing airflow obstruction
and recurrent episodes of
wheezing,
breathlessness,
chest tightness and
coughing.
Chronic inflammatory airway disease associated with increased airway responsiveness and reversible airway obstruction.
It can present at any age; majority of cases diagnosed in childhood
Most of them become asymptomatic by adolescence
Disease severity rarely progresses; patients with severe asthma have it at the onset.
FACTORS EFFECTING ASTHMA:
The inside lining of the airways becomes red and swollen (inflammation)
Extra mucus (sticky fluid) may be produced
The muscle around the airways tightens
(bronchoconstriction)
DIAGNOSIS:
Pulse oximetry and ABG analysis
Chest Xray
Blood Test
Peak Flow meter + Spirometry- PEFR + FEV1 decrease
PEFR + FEV1 increase >15% after β agonist inhalation
Skin Testing
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of bronchial asthma. It begins with an overview of asthma, including its etiology, pathogenesis and clinical features. It then covers the various drug classes used to treat asthma, including beta-2 agonists, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers, monoclonal antibodies and methylxanthines. It also discusses the GINA guidelines for stepwise treatment of asthma based on disease severity and control. The document provides details on dosing and administration of the various asthma medications.
This document discusses drugs used to treat various respiratory diseases. It begins by introducing common respiratory diseases like asthma, COPD, cough, and lung infections. It then discusses the pathophysiology and treatment of asthma with drugs like bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists, and anti-IgE antibody. It also covers treatment of cough with expectorants, antitussives, and bronchodilators. Finally, it discusses drugs for COPD like bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antibiotics, and oxygen therapy.
Pharmacology of drugs used in hyper reactive airway diseasesShekhar Verma
This document discusses drugs used to treat hyper-reactive airway diseases and COPD. It begins by defining hyper-reactive airways diseases and bronchial asthma, describing their characteristics and symptoms. It then covers the classifications of drugs used to treat asthma, including bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists and anticholinergics, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, and corticosteroids. Specific drugs are discussed in each class, along with their mechanisms of action, indications, dosages, side effects and other details. The document provides an overview of the pharmacology of the main medications used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions.
Pharmacological agents in bronchial asthma and copdDr. Marya Ahsan
This document provides an overview of pharmacological agents used to treat bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It discusses the classification, mechanisms of action, and side effects of various drugs including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers, methylxanthines, monoclonal antibodies, and other agents. Treatment guidelines are also presented, outlining a stepwise approach for asthma management and algorithms for acute asthma exacerbations.
Pharmacology Lecture Slides on COPD - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by Sanjaya Mani Dixit Assistant Professor of Pharmacology at Kathmandu Medical College
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways causing airflow obstruction
and recurrent episodes of
wheezing,
breathlessness,
chest tightness and
coughing.
Chronic inflammatory airway disease associated with increased airway responsiveness and reversible airway obstruction.
It can present at any age; majority of cases diagnosed in childhood
Most of them become asymptomatic by adolescence
Disease severity rarely progresses; patients with severe asthma have it at the onset.
FACTORS EFFECTING ASTHMA:
The inside lining of the airways becomes red and swollen (inflammation)
Extra mucus (sticky fluid) may be produced
The muscle around the airways tightens
(bronchoconstriction)
DIAGNOSIS:
Pulse oximetry and ABG analysis
Chest Xray
Blood Test
Peak Flow meter + Spirometry- PEFR + FEV1 decrease
PEFR + FEV1 increase >15% after β agonist inhalation
Skin Testing
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of bronchial asthma. It begins with an overview of asthma, including its etiology, pathogenesis and clinical features. It then covers the various drug classes used to treat asthma, including beta-2 agonists, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers, monoclonal antibodies and methylxanthines. It also discusses the GINA guidelines for stepwise treatment of asthma based on disease severity and control. The document provides details on dosing and administration of the various asthma medications.
This document discusses drugs used to treat various respiratory diseases. It begins by introducing common respiratory diseases like asthma, COPD, cough, and lung infections. It then discusses the pathophysiology and treatment of asthma with drugs like bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists, and anti-IgE antibody. It also covers treatment of cough with expectorants, antitussives, and bronchodilators. Finally, it discusses drugs for COPD like bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antibiotics, and oxygen therapy.
Pharmacology of drugs used in hyper reactive airway diseasesShekhar Verma
This document discusses drugs used to treat hyper-reactive airway diseases and COPD. It begins by defining hyper-reactive airways diseases and bronchial asthma, describing their characteristics and symptoms. It then covers the classifications of drugs used to treat asthma, including bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists and anticholinergics, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, and corticosteroids. Specific drugs are discussed in each class, along with their mechanisms of action, indications, dosages, side effects and other details. The document provides an overview of the pharmacology of the main medications used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions.
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its management
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs.
COPD typically has a clear cause and a clear path of prevention, and there are ways to slow the progression of the disease.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation caused by conditions like emphysema and chronic bronchitis. It is the fourth leading cause of death in the US. Cigarette smoking is the primary risk factor. Symptoms worsen over time and include cough, sputum production and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves lung function tests showing reduced airflow. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, medications like bronchodilators and steroids, pulmonary rehabilitation, and managing exacerbations with increased bronchodilators and corticosteroids. The goals are preventing disease progression and respiratory failure while improving quality of life.
This document provides an overview of the pharmacology of drugs used to treat asthma. It discusses the pathogenesis of asthma and the role of inflammation. It describes the classes of drugs used including beta-agonists, methylxanthines, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, anticholinergics, and cromolyn sodium. Beta-agonists are the most widely used for rapid relief of bronchospasm. Inhaled corticosteroids are effective anti-inflammatory agents and the mainstay of long-term control. Leukotriene modifiers and methylxanthines are also used but have greater side effects.
This document discusses chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including its diagnosis, treatment according to severity, and management. The key points are:
1. COPD is often missed or misdiagnosed. Early diagnosis, controlling symptoms, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing exacerbations are aims of treatment.
2. Treatment follows GOLD guidelines and depends on severity, ranging from risk reduction to long-term oxygen therapy. Bronchodilators are the cornerstone of drug therapy.
3. Other treatment considerations discussed include inhaled corticosteroids, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy, vaccinations, and referral to specialists for complications or uncertain diagnosis. Proper diagnosis and management can improve patients' quality
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, etiology, pathophysiology and it's man...PoovarasanA5
This document provides information on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It defines COPD as a lung disease characterized by longstanding obstruction of lung airways. The two main forms are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It describes the four stages of COPD severity and lists risk factors such as smoking, occupational exposures, and air pollution. Diagnostic tests including spirometry, chest X-rays, and blood gas analysis are discussed. Pharmacological treatments focus on bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, vaccines, and other medications to prevent exacerbations and progression of the disease. Non-pharmacological therapies include exercise training, nutrition counseling, and education.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a preventable lung disease characterized by airflow limitation caused by chronic inflammation. It includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Key risk factors include cigarette smoking and air pollution. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, lung function tests showing airflow limitation, and ruling out other conditions. Management focuses on smoking cessation, vaccinations, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, pulmonary rehabilitation, and oxygen therapy for severe disease.
The document discusses drugs related to the respiratory system. It covers several classes of drugs including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antihistamines, and cough preparations. Bronchodilators such as beta-2 agonists, antimuscarinic agents, and xanthine derivatives are used to relieve bronchospasm. Corticosteroids are used to reduce inflammation and include inhaled and systemic formulations. The document provides examples of drugs in each class, their mechanisms of action, dosages, and adverse effects.
This document discusses various inhalation delivery systems used for asthma and COPD treatment. It describes pressurized metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, nebulizers, and the drugs commonly used with each. The advantages and disadvantages of each delivery system are provided. For asthma, inhaled glucocorticoids, long-acting beta-agonists, cromolyn, and short-acting beta-agonists are discussed. For COPD, long-acting beta-agonists, anticholinergics like tiotropium, and inhaled corticosteroids alone or in combination are covered. Proper inhaler technique is emphasized for optimal treatment.
This document provides an overview of bronchial asthma including its definition, history, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, classification, treatment and recent advances. It defines bronchial asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disease causing periodic airway constriction and reversible symptoms. It discusses the epidemiology of asthma globally and risk factors. It covers diagnostic tests, classification of asthma severity, pharmacological treatment including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists and recent drugs.
This document discusses respiratory pharmacology and drugs used to treat disorders of the respiratory system. It begins with an overview of the respiratory system and process of respiration. The main focus is on pharmacotherapy for bronchial asthma, including bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists, methylxanthines, muscarinic receptor antagonists, and corticosteroids. Other topics covered include mast cell stabilizers, treatment of status asthmaticus, anti-tussives, decongestants, bronchitis, and treatment of the common cold.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing. Allergens like dust or pollen can trigger an immune response releasing inflammatory mediators from mast cells that cause bronchospasm and obstruction. Asthma treatments include short-acting beta-2 agonists for acute symptoms, inhaled corticosteroids as primary treatment to reduce inflammation, and other drugs that dilate airways or block inflammatory pathways like leukotriene receptors. Managing asthma requires identifying and avoiding triggers while maintaining treatment to prevent symptoms and exacerbations.
This document discusses 3 types of respiratory drugs - mucolytics, bronchodilators, and corticosteroids. Mucolytics thin mucus making it easier to cough up, bronchodilators relax airways to improve breathing, and corticosteroids reduce inflammation. Side effects of these drugs include upset stomach, difficulty breathing, and dry mouth. The document provides details on short and long-acting versions of bronchodilators and systemic, oral, and injectable forms of corticosteroids and the conditions each type treats.
This document summarizes drugs used to treat respiratory system disorders. It discusses bronchodilators like beta-adrenergic agonists that treat asthma by relaxing airway smooth muscle. It also covers anti-inflammatory drugs like corticosteroids that reduce airway inflammation. Other drug classes discussed include methylxanthines, antimuscarinics, leukotriene inhibitors, and mast cell stabilizers. The document also summarizes antitussive drugs that suppress coughing and decongestants that relieve nasal congestion.
The document provides guidelines for the management of COPD. It outlines the goals of COPD management, which include preventing disease progression, relieving symptoms, and improving exercise tolerance. It describes components of management including assessing disease, reducing risk factors, managing stable COPD, and managing acute exacerbations. For stable COPD, it recommends a stepwise treatment approach based on disease severity involving bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, rehabilitation, oxygen therapy, and occasionally surgery. It provides guidance on treating exacerbations with bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and antibiotics as needed.
This chapter discusses pharmacologic management of stable COPD. It identifies the main drug classes used: bronchodilators including beta-2 agonists and anticholinergics, corticosteroids, and antibiotics. The chapter reviews the benefits and side effects of these drugs and notes guidelines have differing recommendations due to a lack of scientific evidence. Noncompliance with drug therapy is also addressed.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease basis of drugs used in treatment and Describe the factors which affect the quality of life of individuals suffering from COPD
1. The document discusses various respiratory conditions including asthma, COPD, and allergic rhinitis. It describes the pathophysiology and symptoms of each condition.
2. Treatment options for the conditions are explored, including inhaled corticosteroids, bronchodilators, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, and monoclonal antibodies. The mechanisms of action, efficacy, and side effects are summarized for each class of drugs.
3. Additional topics covered include drug delivery methods, managing exacerbations, guidelines for long-term control, and smoking cessation advice for COPD patients.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to chronic lung diseases characterized by airflow limitation. The two main conditions that make up COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation of the airways and excessive mucus production, while emphysema involves breakdown of lung tissue and enlargement of the airspaces. The primary cause of COPD is cigarette smoking. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, and shortness of breath. Management focuses on smoking cessation, bronchodilators, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy, and preventing and treating exacerbations. Nursing care involves positioning, breathing exercises, suctioning and airway clearance techniques.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on asthma. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disorder involving various immune cells. It then discusses the epidemiology of asthma globally and in India. The etiology involves both genetic and environmental factors. Clinical presentation includes wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves pulmonary function tests, imaging, and allergy testing. Treatment focuses on bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and other drugs to reduce inflammation and control symptoms. The goals are to prevent exacerbations and maintain normal lung function.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its management
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs.
COPD typically has a clear cause and a clear path of prevention, and there are ways to slow the progression of the disease.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation caused by conditions like emphysema and chronic bronchitis. It is the fourth leading cause of death in the US. Cigarette smoking is the primary risk factor. Symptoms worsen over time and include cough, sputum production and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves lung function tests showing reduced airflow. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, medications like bronchodilators and steroids, pulmonary rehabilitation, and managing exacerbations with increased bronchodilators and corticosteroids. The goals are preventing disease progression and respiratory failure while improving quality of life.
This document provides an overview of the pharmacology of drugs used to treat asthma. It discusses the pathogenesis of asthma and the role of inflammation. It describes the classes of drugs used including beta-agonists, methylxanthines, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, anticholinergics, and cromolyn sodium. Beta-agonists are the most widely used for rapid relief of bronchospasm. Inhaled corticosteroids are effective anti-inflammatory agents and the mainstay of long-term control. Leukotriene modifiers and methylxanthines are also used but have greater side effects.
This document discusses chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including its diagnosis, treatment according to severity, and management. The key points are:
1. COPD is often missed or misdiagnosed. Early diagnosis, controlling symptoms, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing exacerbations are aims of treatment.
2. Treatment follows GOLD guidelines and depends on severity, ranging from risk reduction to long-term oxygen therapy. Bronchodilators are the cornerstone of drug therapy.
3. Other treatment considerations discussed include inhaled corticosteroids, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy, vaccinations, and referral to specialists for complications or uncertain diagnosis. Proper diagnosis and management can improve patients' quality
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, etiology, pathophysiology and it's man...PoovarasanA5
This document provides information on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It defines COPD as a lung disease characterized by longstanding obstruction of lung airways. The two main forms are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It describes the four stages of COPD severity and lists risk factors such as smoking, occupational exposures, and air pollution. Diagnostic tests including spirometry, chest X-rays, and blood gas analysis are discussed. Pharmacological treatments focus on bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, vaccines, and other medications to prevent exacerbations and progression of the disease. Non-pharmacological therapies include exercise training, nutrition counseling, and education.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a preventable lung disease characterized by airflow limitation caused by chronic inflammation. It includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Key risk factors include cigarette smoking and air pollution. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, lung function tests showing airflow limitation, and ruling out other conditions. Management focuses on smoking cessation, vaccinations, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, pulmonary rehabilitation, and oxygen therapy for severe disease.
The document discusses drugs related to the respiratory system. It covers several classes of drugs including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antihistamines, and cough preparations. Bronchodilators such as beta-2 agonists, antimuscarinic agents, and xanthine derivatives are used to relieve bronchospasm. Corticosteroids are used to reduce inflammation and include inhaled and systemic formulations. The document provides examples of drugs in each class, their mechanisms of action, dosages, and adverse effects.
This document discusses various inhalation delivery systems used for asthma and COPD treatment. It describes pressurized metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, nebulizers, and the drugs commonly used with each. The advantages and disadvantages of each delivery system are provided. For asthma, inhaled glucocorticoids, long-acting beta-agonists, cromolyn, and short-acting beta-agonists are discussed. For COPD, long-acting beta-agonists, anticholinergics like tiotropium, and inhaled corticosteroids alone or in combination are covered. Proper inhaler technique is emphasized for optimal treatment.
This document provides an overview of bronchial asthma including its definition, history, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, classification, treatment and recent advances. It defines bronchial asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disease causing periodic airway constriction and reversible symptoms. It discusses the epidemiology of asthma globally and risk factors. It covers diagnostic tests, classification of asthma severity, pharmacological treatment including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists and recent drugs.
This document discusses respiratory pharmacology and drugs used to treat disorders of the respiratory system. It begins with an overview of the respiratory system and process of respiration. The main focus is on pharmacotherapy for bronchial asthma, including bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists, methylxanthines, muscarinic receptor antagonists, and corticosteroids. Other topics covered include mast cell stabilizers, treatment of status asthmaticus, anti-tussives, decongestants, bronchitis, and treatment of the common cold.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing. Allergens like dust or pollen can trigger an immune response releasing inflammatory mediators from mast cells that cause bronchospasm and obstruction. Asthma treatments include short-acting beta-2 agonists for acute symptoms, inhaled corticosteroids as primary treatment to reduce inflammation, and other drugs that dilate airways or block inflammatory pathways like leukotriene receptors. Managing asthma requires identifying and avoiding triggers while maintaining treatment to prevent symptoms and exacerbations.
This document discusses 3 types of respiratory drugs - mucolytics, bronchodilators, and corticosteroids. Mucolytics thin mucus making it easier to cough up, bronchodilators relax airways to improve breathing, and corticosteroids reduce inflammation. Side effects of these drugs include upset stomach, difficulty breathing, and dry mouth. The document provides details on short and long-acting versions of bronchodilators and systemic, oral, and injectable forms of corticosteroids and the conditions each type treats.
This document summarizes drugs used to treat respiratory system disorders. It discusses bronchodilators like beta-adrenergic agonists that treat asthma by relaxing airway smooth muscle. It also covers anti-inflammatory drugs like corticosteroids that reduce airway inflammation. Other drug classes discussed include methylxanthines, antimuscarinics, leukotriene inhibitors, and mast cell stabilizers. The document also summarizes antitussive drugs that suppress coughing and decongestants that relieve nasal congestion.
The document provides guidelines for the management of COPD. It outlines the goals of COPD management, which include preventing disease progression, relieving symptoms, and improving exercise tolerance. It describes components of management including assessing disease, reducing risk factors, managing stable COPD, and managing acute exacerbations. For stable COPD, it recommends a stepwise treatment approach based on disease severity involving bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, rehabilitation, oxygen therapy, and occasionally surgery. It provides guidance on treating exacerbations with bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and antibiotics as needed.
This chapter discusses pharmacologic management of stable COPD. It identifies the main drug classes used: bronchodilators including beta-2 agonists and anticholinergics, corticosteroids, and antibiotics. The chapter reviews the benefits and side effects of these drugs and notes guidelines have differing recommendations due to a lack of scientific evidence. Noncompliance with drug therapy is also addressed.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease basis of drugs used in treatment and Describe the factors which affect the quality of life of individuals suffering from COPD
1. The document discusses various respiratory conditions including asthma, COPD, and allergic rhinitis. It describes the pathophysiology and symptoms of each condition.
2. Treatment options for the conditions are explored, including inhaled corticosteroids, bronchodilators, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, and monoclonal antibodies. The mechanisms of action, efficacy, and side effects are summarized for each class of drugs.
3. Additional topics covered include drug delivery methods, managing exacerbations, guidelines for long-term control, and smoking cessation advice for COPD patients.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to chronic lung diseases characterized by airflow limitation. The two main conditions that make up COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation of the airways and excessive mucus production, while emphysema involves breakdown of lung tissue and enlargement of the airspaces. The primary cause of COPD is cigarette smoking. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, and shortness of breath. Management focuses on smoking cessation, bronchodilators, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy, and preventing and treating exacerbations. Nursing care involves positioning, breathing exercises, suctioning and airway clearance techniques.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on asthma. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disorder involving various immune cells. It then discusses the epidemiology of asthma globally and in India. The etiology involves both genetic and environmental factors. Clinical presentation includes wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves pulmonary function tests, imaging, and allergy testing. Treatment focuses on bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and other drugs to reduce inflammation and control symptoms. The goals are to prevent exacerbations and maintain normal lung function.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
2. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD)
• Also called as Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease.
• COPD is characterized by difficulty in exhaling air.
• It is slowly progressive disease and irreversible.
• The most common cause of COPD is Cigarette Smoking.
• COPD may include diseases that cause airflow obstruction (eg.,
Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis) or combination of these disorders.
3. 1)Chronic Bronchitis
• Chronic bronchitis is a chronic inflammation of the lower respiratory tract
characterised by excessive mucous secretion, cough & dyspnea associated with
recurrent infection of the lower respiratory tract.
• The condition is more common in middle-aged males than females i.e.,
approximately 20% adult men and 5% adult women.
Risk Factors :
• Smoking
• Air pollution (Dust, NO2, SO2, toxic fumes etc)
• Genetic factor
7. Emphysema (Pink Puffers)
• Emphysema is a form of chronic lung disease which is characterised by the
irreversible enlargement of air spaces.
• The most common cause is tobacco smoking and congenital α1AT deficiency.
• Types :
1) Centriacinar emphysema
2) Pacinar emphysema
3) Paraseptal (Distal acinar) emphysema
4) Irregular emphysema
9. Sign And Symptoms
• Weight loss
• Dyspnoea
• Cough occur late after dyspnoea start
• Wheezing
• Cough
• Shortness of breath
• Long term mucus production
• Enlarged chest
10. Pharmacotherapy
1) Risk Management :
• Smoking cessation is the single most effective intervention to prevent COPD
or slow its progression.
• It is major essential to reduce disease
• progression and improve survival rate.
• Use nicotine replacement product and
• medication to quit smoking.
11. 2) Bronchodilators :
• Bronchodilators relieve bronchospasm and reduce airway obstruction by allowing
increased oxygen distribution throughout the lungs and improving alveolar
ventilation.
• They are mostly used for the management of COPD, which are delivered through a
metered-dose inhaler (MDI) by nebulization or via oral route.
• Both short acting and long acting bronchodilators are used.
a) Short-acting Bronchodilators : Salbutamol
Ipratropium
b) Long-acting Bronchodilators : Tiotropium
Salmeterol
Formoterol
12. a) Short-acting bronchodilator inhalers
• For most people with COPD, short-acting bronchodilator inhalers are the first treatment used.
• Bronchodilators are medicines that make breathing easier by relaxing and widening your airways.
• There are 2 types of short-acting bronchodilator inhaler:
1) β2 agonist inhalers : Salbutamol and Terbutaline
2) Antimuscarinic inhalers : Ipratropium
• Short-acting inhalers should be used when you feel breathless, up to a maximum of 4 times a day.
Salbutamol
• It is highly selective B2 agonist
• Produces bronchodilation within 5 min by relaxing the bronchiolar smooth muscle.
• Action last for 2-4 hrs.
• Side effects : Muscle tremor, Palpitation, Restlessness, Nervousness, Throat irritation, Ankle edema
• Dose : 100-200 ug by inhalation
13. Ipratropium bromide
• It is a short acting inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator.
• It blocks the bronchoconstriction mainly in the larger airways.
• Action last for 4-6 hrs
• Inhaled anticholinergics are the bronchodilator of choice in COPD.
Combination of Salbutamol and Ipratropium
• DUOLIN INHALER : 100 ug + 20 ug per metered dose
• DUOLIN ROTACAP : 200 ug + 40 ug per rotacap
• DUOLIN RESPULES : 2.5 mg + 500ug in 2.5 ml solution
14. Long-acting bronchodilator inhalers
• If you experience symptoms regularly throughout the day, a long-acting bronchodilator inhaler will
be recommended.
• These work in a similar way to short-acting bronchodilators, but each dose lasts for at least 12 hours,
so they only need to be used once or twice a day.
• There are 2 types of long-acting bronchodilator inhaler:
a. β2 agonist inhalers : Salmeterol, Formoterol and Indacaterol
b. Antimuscarinic inhalers : Tiotropium, Glycopyronium and Aclidinium
Salmeterol
• It is the first long acting selective B2 agonist with slow onset of action.
• Long acting B2 agonist are superior to short acting ones and equivalent to inhaled anticholinergic in
COPD.
• They reduces breathlessness by preventing expiratory closure of peripheral airways and abolishing
the reversible components of airway obstruction.
• Dose : Salmeterol 25 ug per metered dose inhaler; 2 puffs BD; severe cases 4 puffs BD
15. Formoterol
• It is a long-acting selective B2 agonist
• Action last for 12 hrs
• In comparison to Salmeterol, it has faster onset of action
• Dose : 12-24 ug by inhalation twice daily.
Tiotropium Bromide
• It is a long acting inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator.
• Action last for 24 hrs.
• Tiotropium is more effective than ipratropium in COPD.
• Regular maintenance therapy with long acting anticholinergic
inhalationcan reduces the episode of COPD exacerbations.
16. New Drugs :
• Indacaterol, Olodaterol, Vilanterol are new ultra long acting selective B2
agonist that have been approved for maintenance treatment of COPD.
• They are administered by inhalation in powder form ( Indacaterol, Vilanterol)
or solution form (Olodaterol) once a day.
• Side effects: Cough
Dizziness
Nasopharyngitis.
• Glycopyrronium Bromide is a long acting anticholinergic drug has been
approved as a maintenance treatment of COPD.
• Dose : 50ug inhalation powder per cap once a day.
17. 3) Methylxanthines :
• Theophylline, Aminophylline
• It decreases release of histamine, other mediators and cytokines from mast cells and
activated inflammatory cells.
• Adverse effects : Theophylline has a narrow margin of safety.
• Headache, nervousness, nausea, dyspepsia, insomnia, convulsions, delirium,shock,
arrhythmias
• Dose : Theophylline 100-300 mg TDS
Aminophylline 100 mg tab, 250 mg/ 10 ml inj.
• Theophylline used in the treatment of chronic COPD improve lung function like
vital capacity and FEV1.
• Theophylline used in patients who are intolerant to inhaled bronchodilators.
• If patients does not achieve optimum clinical response with β2 agonist and
anticholinergic then methylxyanthines are added to the regimen.
18. Roflumilast
• It has been approved by US-FDA for symptomatic treatment of COPD.
• It is a selective PDE4 inhibitors.
• It exerts antiinflammatory action, primarily in the lungs.
• Lung function is improved and risk of exacerbations is reduced.
• Adverse effects : Diarrhoea
weight loss
psychiatric disturbances
19. 4) Corticostroids :
• Glucocorticoids are not broncodilators.
• They benefit by inhibiting inflammatory cytokine production and eosinophilic,
lymphocytic infiltration of lungs.
• They also reduce bronchial hyperreactivity, mucosal edema and suppress inflammatory
response to AG:AB reaction or to other stimuli.
a) Inhaled steroids :
• Fluticasone, Budesonide
• It reduces airway inflammation and help to prevent exacerbations.
Fluticasone :
• Fluticasone propionate is an inhaled glucocorticoid which has high potency, longer
duration of action and negligible oral bioavailability.
• The dose swallowed after inhalation has little propensity to produce systemic effects.
• At high doses, systemic effects may be due to absorption from lungs.
20. b) Systemic corticosteroids :
• The chronic use of oral GCs for the treatment of COPD is not recommended because
of an unfavorable benefit/risk ratio.
• A short course of 1-3 weeks of oral glucocorticoids may benefits in some patients of
COPD during an exacerbations.
21. Combinations of bronchodilators and inhaled steroids
• Fluticasone and vilanterol
• Salmeterol and Fluticasone
• Formoterol and Budesonide
• Fluticasone, umeclidinium and Vilanterol
22. 5) Vaccination :
• All patients with COPD should receive the Influenza vaccine
annually.
• Polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine is also recommended in patients
>65yrs old.
23. 6) Oxygen therapy :
• For more than 15 hrs per day for COPD patients in chronic hypoxia respiratory failure can
increase survival.
• The goal of oxygen therapy should be an oxygen saturation of 88-90%.
7) Surgery :
• Surgical options for treatment of severe COPD include
a) Lung transplantation
b) Bullectomy
c) Lung volume reduction
24. Stage Recommended Treatment
All • Avoidance of risk factors (smoking)
• Influenza vaccine annually
• Pneumococcal vaccine
• Treatment of complications
Mild COPD • Short-acting bronchodilators when needed
Moderate COPD • Regular treatment with one or more bronchodilators
Severe COPD • Regular treatment with one or more bronchodilator
• Inhaled corticosteroids for patients with repeated exacerbation or
persistent symptoms despite bronchodilator therapy
Very severe COPD • Regular treatment with one or more bronchodilator
• Inhaled corticosteroids if symptoms persist despite bronchodilator therapy
• Long term O2 therapy if chronic respiratory failure
• Surgical treatment considered
Drug therapy