This document discusses resource allocation and mobility management in wireless communication systems. It covers three key areas of resource allocation: bandwidth management, transmission power management, and antenna management. It also discusses two important aspects of mobility management: location management and handoff management. Resource allocation and mobility management are important for designing efficient wireless networks that can support high-speed data and fair resource sharing among users.
A QUALITY OF SERVICE ARCHITECTURE FOR RESOURCE PROVISIONING AND RATE CONTROL ...ijasuc
Prioritized flow control is a type of QoS provisioning in which each class is provided a different QoS by
assigning priority to one class over another in terms of allocating resources. It is an effective means to
provide service differentiation to different class of service in mobile ad hoc networks. So the objective is to
achieve a desired level of service to high-priority flows so that the wireless medium is completely utilized
using adaptive rate control. In this paper, we propose to design QoS architecture for Bandwidth
Management and Rate Control in MANET. Our proposed QoS architecture contains an adaptive
bandwidth management technique which measures the available bandwidth at each node in real-time and
it is then propagated on demand by the QoS routing protocol. The source nodes perform call admission
control for different priority of flows based on the bandwidth information provided by the QoS routing.
The network bandwidth utilization is monitored continuously and network congestion is detected in
advance. Then a rate control mechanism is used to regulate best-effort traffic.
RESOURCE ALLOCATION TECHNIQUE USING LOAD MATRIX METHOD IN WIRELESS CELLULAR S...cscpconf
An efficient resource allocation is one of the greatest challenges in wireless cellular
communication. The resource allocation schemes avoid wastage of resources by allocating
resources to a mobile terminal over a short period of time, providing quality of service over
wireless networks is the most stressing point for service providers. In general a high degree of
sharing is efficient, but requires service protection mechanisms to guarantee the QoS for all
services. In this paper we address the multi cell interference on overall radio resource
utilization and propose a new strategy for resource allocation in multi cell systems. we also
propose a joint management of interference within and between cells for allocation of radio
resources , Simulation results are showing that there is a significant improvement in the resource utilization so that overall network performance.
Improved Algorithm for Throughput Maximization in MC-CDMAVLSICS Design
The Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) is becoming a very significant downlink multiple access technique for high-rate data transmission in the fourth generation wireless communication systems. By means of efficient resource allocation higher data rate i.e. throughput can be achieved. This paper evaluates the performance of group (subchannel) allocation criteria employed in downlink transmission, which results in throughput maximization. Proposed algorithm gives the modified technique of sub channel allocation in the downlink transmission of MC-CDMA systems. Simulation are carried out for all the three combining schemes, results shows that for the given power and BER proposed algorithm comparatively gives far better results .
Enhancement of Routing Performance for Energy Efficiency and Critical Event M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Downlink beamforming and admissin control for spectrum sharing cognitive radi...acijjournal
n this paper, to detect the moving objects between frames in compressed video and to obtain the bes
t
compression video
and the noiseless video. We describe a video in which frames by classifying
macroblocks (MB), and describe motion estimation (ME), motion vector field (MV) and motion
compensation (MC). we propose to classify Macroblocks of each video frame into different
classes and use
this class information to describe the frame content based on the motion vector. MB class informatio
n
video applications such as shot change detection, motion discontinuity detection, Outlier rejection
for
global motion estimation. To reduc
e the noise and to improve the clarity of the compressed video by using
contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) Algorithm
The document discusses distributed power allocation strategies for wireless sensor networks with energy harvesting capabilities. It proposes using an asymmetric Nash bargaining algorithm where a relay allocates power to users based on their channel state information and requirements. This achieves a faster decay rate of 1/SNR. Simulations show the approach provides substantial tradeoffs between system performance and complexity compared to conventional methods. It also uses frequency division multiple access to divide bandwidths among users.
iaetsd Survey on cooperative relay based data transmissionIaetsd Iaetsd
The document discusses cooperative relay based data transmission and proposes a system to select the most energy efficient relay node for a source node to transmit data through. It analyzes different cooperative relaying techniques like amplify-and-forward, decode-and-forward, and compress-and-forward. The proposed system aims to minimize the source node's cost for cooperation by selecting the relay node that provides the highest energy efficiency. This allows high data transmission over long distances with improved energy efficiency compared to direct transmission without a relay.
Defeating jamming with the power of silence a gametheoretic analysisranjith kumar
Dear Student,
DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS is one of the Hardware Training and Software Development centre available in
Trichy. Pioneer in corporate training, DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS provides training in all software
development and IT-related courses, such as Embedded Systems, VLSI, MATLAB, JAVA, J2EE, CIVIL,
Power Electronics, and Power Systems. It’s certified and experienced faculty members have the
competence to train students, provide consultancy to organizations, and develop strategic
solutions for clients by integrating existing and emerging technologies.
ADD: No:73/5, 3rd Floor, Sri Kamatchi Complex, Opp City Hospital, Salai Road, Trichy-18
Contact @ 7200021403/04
phone: 0431-4050403
A QUALITY OF SERVICE ARCHITECTURE FOR RESOURCE PROVISIONING AND RATE CONTROL ...ijasuc
Prioritized flow control is a type of QoS provisioning in which each class is provided a different QoS by
assigning priority to one class over another in terms of allocating resources. It is an effective means to
provide service differentiation to different class of service in mobile ad hoc networks. So the objective is to
achieve a desired level of service to high-priority flows so that the wireless medium is completely utilized
using adaptive rate control. In this paper, we propose to design QoS architecture for Bandwidth
Management and Rate Control in MANET. Our proposed QoS architecture contains an adaptive
bandwidth management technique which measures the available bandwidth at each node in real-time and
it is then propagated on demand by the QoS routing protocol. The source nodes perform call admission
control for different priority of flows based on the bandwidth information provided by the QoS routing.
The network bandwidth utilization is monitored continuously and network congestion is detected in
advance. Then a rate control mechanism is used to regulate best-effort traffic.
RESOURCE ALLOCATION TECHNIQUE USING LOAD MATRIX METHOD IN WIRELESS CELLULAR S...cscpconf
An efficient resource allocation is one of the greatest challenges in wireless cellular
communication. The resource allocation schemes avoid wastage of resources by allocating
resources to a mobile terminal over a short period of time, providing quality of service over
wireless networks is the most stressing point for service providers. In general a high degree of
sharing is efficient, but requires service protection mechanisms to guarantee the QoS for all
services. In this paper we address the multi cell interference on overall radio resource
utilization and propose a new strategy for resource allocation in multi cell systems. we also
propose a joint management of interference within and between cells for allocation of radio
resources , Simulation results are showing that there is a significant improvement in the resource utilization so that overall network performance.
Improved Algorithm for Throughput Maximization in MC-CDMAVLSICS Design
The Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) is becoming a very significant downlink multiple access technique for high-rate data transmission in the fourth generation wireless communication systems. By means of efficient resource allocation higher data rate i.e. throughput can be achieved. This paper evaluates the performance of group (subchannel) allocation criteria employed in downlink transmission, which results in throughput maximization. Proposed algorithm gives the modified technique of sub channel allocation in the downlink transmission of MC-CDMA systems. Simulation are carried out for all the three combining schemes, results shows that for the given power and BER proposed algorithm comparatively gives far better results .
Enhancement of Routing Performance for Energy Efficiency and Critical Event M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Downlink beamforming and admissin control for spectrum sharing cognitive radi...acijjournal
n this paper, to detect the moving objects between frames in compressed video and to obtain the bes
t
compression video
and the noiseless video. We describe a video in which frames by classifying
macroblocks (MB), and describe motion estimation (ME), motion vector field (MV) and motion
compensation (MC). we propose to classify Macroblocks of each video frame into different
classes and use
this class information to describe the frame content based on the motion vector. MB class informatio
n
video applications such as shot change detection, motion discontinuity detection, Outlier rejection
for
global motion estimation. To reduc
e the noise and to improve the clarity of the compressed video by using
contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) Algorithm
The document discusses distributed power allocation strategies for wireless sensor networks with energy harvesting capabilities. It proposes using an asymmetric Nash bargaining algorithm where a relay allocates power to users based on their channel state information and requirements. This achieves a faster decay rate of 1/SNR. Simulations show the approach provides substantial tradeoffs between system performance and complexity compared to conventional methods. It also uses frequency division multiple access to divide bandwidths among users.
iaetsd Survey on cooperative relay based data transmissionIaetsd Iaetsd
The document discusses cooperative relay based data transmission and proposes a system to select the most energy efficient relay node for a source node to transmit data through. It analyzes different cooperative relaying techniques like amplify-and-forward, decode-and-forward, and compress-and-forward. The proposed system aims to minimize the source node's cost for cooperation by selecting the relay node that provides the highest energy efficiency. This allows high data transmission over long distances with improved energy efficiency compared to direct transmission without a relay.
Defeating jamming with the power of silence a gametheoretic analysisranjith kumar
Dear Student,
DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS is one of the Hardware Training and Software Development centre available in
Trichy. Pioneer in corporate training, DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS provides training in all software
development and IT-related courses, such as Embedded Systems, VLSI, MATLAB, JAVA, J2EE, CIVIL,
Power Electronics, and Power Systems. It’s certified and experienced faculty members have the
competence to train students, provide consultancy to organizations, and develop strategic
solutions for clients by integrating existing and emerging technologies.
ADD: No:73/5, 3rd Floor, Sri Kamatchi Complex, Opp City Hospital, Salai Road, Trichy-18
Contact @ 7200021403/04
phone: 0431-4050403
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09849539085, 09966235788 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.co¬m-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
Network parameters impact on dynamic transmission power control in vehicular ...ijngnjournal
the throughput of the wireless vehicular network and decrease the delay of the message communication
between vehicular nodes on the highway. Whenever an event occurs on the highway, the reliability
of the communication in the vehicular network becomes so vital so that event created messages should
reach to all the moving network nodes. It becomes necessary that there should be no interference from
outside of the network and all the neighbor nodes should lie in the transmission range of the
reference vehicular node. Transmission range is directly proportional to the transmission power the
moving node. If the transmission power will be high, the interference increases that can cause higher
delay in message reception at receiver end, hence the performance of the network decreased. In this
paper, it is analyzed that how transmission power can be controlled by considering other different
parameter of the network such as; density, distance between moving nodes, different types of messages
dissemination with their priority, selection of an antenna also affects on the transmission power. The
dynamic control of transmission power in VANET serves also for the optimization of the resources
where it needs, can be decreased and increased depending on the circumstances of the network.
Different applications and events of different types also cause changes in transmission power to enhance
the reachability. The analysis in this paper is comprised of density, distance with single hop and multi
hop message broadcasting based dynamic transmission power control as well as antenna selection and
applications based. Some summarized tables are produced according to the respective parameters of
the vehicular network. At the end some valuable observations are made and discussed in detail. This
paper concludes with a grand summary of all the protocols discussed in it.
This document summarizes research on energy allocation approaches in energy harvesting wireless cooperative networks. It first discusses previous work on parallel, auction-based, and optimal power allocation strategies. It then proposes using an asymmetric Nash Bargaining algorithm at the relay to allocate power to users based on their channel state information and requirements. Simulations show this distributed approach can achieve performance close to more complex centralized strategies while reducing overhead. The key contribution is analyzing energy allocation when an energy harvesting relay communicates with multiple source-destination pairs using FDMA.
This document describes a proposed approach called Resource Allocation with Connection Admission Control (RA-CAC) and Adaptive Rate Scheduling (ARS) to improve quality of service for real-time traffic in WCDMA networks. The RA-CAC algorithm determines the optimal number of users to admit while minimizing call rejection rates. The ARS then adjusts transmission rates of admitted sessions based on feedback to better utilize network resources. Simulation results showed this approach increased delivery ratio, throughput and reduced delays compared to other resource allocation methods.
IRJET- Vitality Rooted Modern Trends in Delay Tolerant NetworksIRJET Journal
The document discusses various energy-aware routing techniques for delay tolerant networks (DTNs). It first describes how routing protocols in DTNs do not typically consider energy constraints. It then summarizes two recent energy-aware approaches: 1) A priority transmission scheme that assigns message priorities and manages buffers and transmissions based on nodes' remaining energy levels to improve delivery of high priority messages. 2) A robust epidemic routing protocol that forwards messages only to nodes with higher remaining energy and available buffer space to increase network lifetime. The document stresses the importance of energy-efficient routing techniques for DTNs given devices' limited energy resources.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an energy and bandwidth constrained routing technique for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It presents an available bandwidth measurement algorithm that estimates available bandwidth more accurately by considering node capacity, link utilization, idle time synchronization, collision probability, and overhead from backoff mechanisms. It also proposes a probability-based overhearing method to reduce energy consumption from overhearing without affecting route quality. The techniques are evaluated using NS2 simulations to analyze network performance in terms of quality of service parameters.
A REVIEW OF ASYNCHRONOUS AD HOC NETWORK WITH WIRELESS ENERGY HARVESTING AND C...IJSRED
This document discusses an asynchronous cognitive radio network with wireless energy harvesting capabilities. It proposes a model where a primary ad hoc network operates alongside a cognitive secondary network, with the primary nodes connected to a power grid and the secondary nodes capable of harvesting radio frequency (RF) energy. The channel access of both networks is asynchronous and modeled using time-space Poisson point processes. An analytical framework is developed based on stochastic geometry to evaluate the performance of this asynchronous cognitive radio network with wireless energy harvesting secondary nodes.
A NOVEL HYBRID OPPORTUNISTIC SCALABLE ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING DESIGN FOR LOW...IJCNCJournal
Opportunistic Routing (OR) scheme increases the transmission reliability despite the lossy wireless radio links by exploiting the broadcast nature of the wireless medium. However, OR schemes in low power Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) leads to energy drain in constrained sensor nodes due to constant
overhearing, periodic beaconing for Neighbourhood Management (NM) and increase in packet header length to append priority wise sorted Forwarding Candidates Set (FCS) prior to data transmission. The timer-based coordination mechanism incurs the least overhead to coordinate among the FCS that has successfully received the data packet for relaying the data in a multi-hop manner. This timer-based mechanism suffers from duplicate transmissions if the FCS is either not carefully selected or coordinated. The focus of this work is to propose a hybrid opportunistic energy efficient routing design for large scale, low power and lossy WSN. This design avoids periodic 'hello' beacons for NM, limits constant overhearing and increase in packet header length. There are two modes of operation i) opportunistic ii) unicast mode. The sender node adopts opportunistic forwarding for its initial data packet transmission and instead of pre-computing the FCS, it is dynamically computed in a completely distributed manner. The
eligible nodes to be part of FCS will be neighbour nodes at lower corona level than the sender with respect to the sink and remaining energy above the minimum threshold. The nodes part of FCS based on crosslayered multi-metrics and fuzzy decision logic determines its priority level to compute Dynamic Holding
Delay (DHD) for effective timer coordination. The differentiated back off implementation along with DHD enables the higher priority candidate that had received data packet to forward the packet first and facilitates others to cancel its timer upon overhearing. The sender node switches to unicast mode of
forwarding for successive transmissions by choosing the forwarding node with maximum trust value as it
denotes the stability of the temporally varying link with respect to the forwarder. The sender node will revert to opportunistic mode to increase transmission reliability in case of link-level transmission error or no trustworthy forwarders. Simulation results in NS2 show significant increase in Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR),decrease in both average energy consumption per node and Normalized Energy Consumption (NEC) per packet in comparison with existing protocols.
Iaetsd increasing network life span of manet by usingIaetsd Iaetsd
This document proposes algorithms to maximize network lifetime in wireless sensor networks using cooperative MAC protocols. It formulates the problems of minimizing transmission power and maximizing network lifetime as cross-layer optimization problems considering routing, relay selection, and power allocation. Distributed algorithms are presented that solve these problems for both direct transmission and cooperative transmission modes. The algorithms select routes and relay nodes to minimize power consumption or equalize node lifetimes while meeting requirements for transmission success probability and rate.
Throughput Maximization of Cognitive Radio Multi Relay Network with Interfere...IJECEIAES
In this paper, an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based cognitive multi relay network is investigated to maximize the transmission rate of the cognitive radio (CR) with enhanced fairness among CR users with interference to the primary users (PUs) being managed below a certain threshold level. In order to improve the transmission rate of the CR, optimization of the subcarrier pairing and power allocation is to be carried out simultaneously. Firstly joint optimization problem is formulated and Composite Genetic and Ordered Subcarrier Pairing (CGOSP) algorithm is proposed to solve the problem. The motivation behind merging genetic and OSP algorithm is to reduce the complexity of Genetic Algorithm (GA). Further, to have a fair allocation of resources among CR users, the Round Robin allocation method is adopted so as to allocate subcarrier pairs to relays efficiently. The degree of fairness of the system is calculated using Jain‟s Fairness Index (JFI). Simulation results demonstrate the significant improvement in transmission rate of the CR, low computational complexity and enhanced fairness.
This document summarizes previous research on routing metrics for wireless mesh networks. It discusses how selecting routes with fewer transmissions and retransmissions can improve throughput and delay. Existing approaches optimize either cost or number of hops but not both. The paper proposes a new routing metric and algorithm to find the optimal cost path with the optimal or minimum number of hops, in order to balance throughput, delay, and power consumption for wireless data transmission. It provides an example to illustrate the concept and compares different path options.
SERVICES AS PARAMETER TO PROVIDE BEST QOS : AN ANALYSIS OVER WIMAXijngnjournal
In this paper it is proposed to provide the QoS to the user by using the degradation of service under hostile environment being itself be a parameter to improve the QoS. Here the relation between the service and environment of its best performance drawn on the basis of simulation and analysis .The service then taken as a parameter to decide present environment of the user and to take measurable steps to improve the QoS either doing handover to nearby station or increasing power or to provide some marginal bandwidth etc.All analysis done over a WiMax network i.e. being designed and simulated using the Qualnet wireless simulator.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A scalable and power efficient solution for routing in mobile ad hoc network ...ijmnct
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a scalable and power-efficient routing solution for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The paper describes a cluster-based MANET architecture and develops a graph theoretic routing algorithm that finds paths from source to destination nodes using routes with minimum cumulative degree. Simulation results show that the algorithm provides efficient routing paths even as the number of nodes increases, and uses multi-hop connectivity to transmit packets using minimum power irrespective of the number of nodes in the network. The algorithm is shown to be scalable and power efficient compared to other routing methods.
EFFICIENT PACKET DELIVERY APPROACH FOR ADHOC WIRELESS NETWORKS cscpconf
A wireless ad-hoc network is a collection of nodes which are selfconfiguring,
connected by wireless links. The nodes are free to move randomly and
organize themselves arbitrarily; thus, the network's topology may change rapidly and
unpredictably. These kinds of networks are very flexible and they do not require any
existing infrastructure. Therefore, ad-hoc wireless networks are suitable for temporary
communication links. The biggest challenge in these kinds of networks is to find a path
between the communication end points of nodes that are mobile. Due to the limited
transmission range of wireless interfaces, the communication traffic has to be relayed
over several intermediate nodes to enable the communication between two nodes.
Therefore, these kinds of networks are also called multi-hop ad-hoc networks. The
proposed model is designed to improve the problems of real-time event-based
communication. It improves the packet delivery ratio by prior prediction and reduces
end-to-end packet delay. This in turn improves performance of the routing process
significantly and increases the Quality of Service (QoS).
Performance Analysis of Distributed Spatial Multiplexing with Multi-hop Ampli...IJCSEA Journal
This paper describes a frame work investigating the performance of distributed spatial multiplexing (DSM) in cooperative multi-hop cellular networks. The cooperative communication in cellular networks gives us leverage to get the inherent advantages of its random relay locations and the direction of the data flow. However, traditional centralized relay selection needs considerable overhead and signaling. In our proposed work, threshold based relay selection is adopted based on the received signal strength (RSS) and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). The best relay chosen will transmit jointly with source using Amplify and forward (AF) protocol. The evaluation is performed with bit error rate (BER) and energy per bit for distributed spatial multiplexing scheme with multi-hop networking.
The study evaluated interference in a dense heterogeneous network using third-generation universal mobile telecommunication systems (UMTS) and fourth-generation long term evolution (LTE) networks LTE. The UMTs/LTE heterogeneous network determines the level of interference when the two communication systems coexist and how to improve the network by migrating from UMTs to LTE, which has a faster download speed and larger capacity. Techno lite 8 on third generation (3G) and Infinix Pro 6 on fourth generation (4G) were used to measure network the received signal strength (RSS) during site investigation. UE interference was detected and traced using a spectrum analyzer. UMTS and LTE path loss exponents are 2.6 and 3.2. Shannon's capacity theorem calculated LTE and UMTS capacity. When signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) was used as a quality of service (QoS) indicator, MATLAB channel capacity plots did not match Shannon's due to neighboring interference. UMTS had an R2 of 0.54 and LTE 0.57 for the Shannon channel capacity equation. Adjacent channel interference (ACI) user devices reduce network capacity, lowering QoS for other customers.
TTACCA: TWO-HOP BASED TRAFFIC AWARE CONGESTION CONTROL ALGORITHM FOR WIRELESS...cscpconf
Congestion in Wireless Sensor Networks has negative impact on the Quality of Service.
Congestion effects the performance metrics, namely throughput and per-packet energy
consumption, network lifetime and packet delivery ratio. Reducing congestion allows better
utilization of the network resources and thus enhances the Quality of Service metrics of the
network. Traffic Aware Dynamic Routing to Alleviate Congestion in Wireless Sensor Networks
reduces congestion by considering one hop neighbor routing in the network. This paper
proposed an algorithm for Quality of Service Based Traffic-Aware Data forwarding for
congestion control in wireless sensor networks based on two hop neighbor information. On
detection of congestion, the algorithm forwards data packets around the congestion areas by
spreading the excessive packets through multiple paths. The path with light load or under
loaded nodes is efficiently utilized whenever congestion occurs. The main aspect of the
algorithm is to build path to the destination using two independent potential fields depth and
queue length. Queue length field solves the traffic-aware problem. Depth field creates a
backbone to forward packets to the sink. Both fields are combined to yield a hybrid potential
field to make dynamic decision for data forwarding. Network Simulator used for simulating the
algorithm is NS2. The proposed algorithm performs better.
Congestion in Wireless Sensor Networks has negative impact on the Quality of Service.
Congestion effects the performance metrics, namely throughput and per-packet energy
consumption, network lifetime and packet delivery ratio. Reducing congestion allows better
utilization of the network resources and thus enhances the Quality of Service metrics of the
network. Traffic Aware Dynamic Routing to Alleviate Congestion in Wireless Sensor Networks
reduces congestion by considering one hop neighbor routing in the network. This paper
proposed an algorithm for Quality of Service Based Traffic-Aware Data forwarding for
congestion control in wireless sensor networks based on two hop neighbor information. On
detection of congestion, the algorithm forwards data packets around the congestion areas by
spreading the excessive packets through multiple paths. The path with light load or under
loaded nodes is efficiently utilized whenever congestion occurs. The main aspect of the
algorithm is to build path to the destination using two independent potential fields depth and
queue length. Queue length field solves the traffic-aware problem. Depth field creates a
backbone to forward packets to the sink. Both fields are combined to yield a hybrid potential
field to make dynamic decision for data forwarding. Network Simulator used for simulating the
algorithm is NS2. The proposed algorithm performs better.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09849539085, 09966235788 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.co¬m-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
Network parameters impact on dynamic transmission power control in vehicular ...ijngnjournal
the throughput of the wireless vehicular network and decrease the delay of the message communication
between vehicular nodes on the highway. Whenever an event occurs on the highway, the reliability
of the communication in the vehicular network becomes so vital so that event created messages should
reach to all the moving network nodes. It becomes necessary that there should be no interference from
outside of the network and all the neighbor nodes should lie in the transmission range of the
reference vehicular node. Transmission range is directly proportional to the transmission power the
moving node. If the transmission power will be high, the interference increases that can cause higher
delay in message reception at receiver end, hence the performance of the network decreased. In this
paper, it is analyzed that how transmission power can be controlled by considering other different
parameter of the network such as; density, distance between moving nodes, different types of messages
dissemination with their priority, selection of an antenna also affects on the transmission power. The
dynamic control of transmission power in VANET serves also for the optimization of the resources
where it needs, can be decreased and increased depending on the circumstances of the network.
Different applications and events of different types also cause changes in transmission power to enhance
the reachability. The analysis in this paper is comprised of density, distance with single hop and multi
hop message broadcasting based dynamic transmission power control as well as antenna selection and
applications based. Some summarized tables are produced according to the respective parameters of
the vehicular network. At the end some valuable observations are made and discussed in detail. This
paper concludes with a grand summary of all the protocols discussed in it.
This document summarizes research on energy allocation approaches in energy harvesting wireless cooperative networks. It first discusses previous work on parallel, auction-based, and optimal power allocation strategies. It then proposes using an asymmetric Nash Bargaining algorithm at the relay to allocate power to users based on their channel state information and requirements. Simulations show this distributed approach can achieve performance close to more complex centralized strategies while reducing overhead. The key contribution is analyzing energy allocation when an energy harvesting relay communicates with multiple source-destination pairs using FDMA.
This document describes a proposed approach called Resource Allocation with Connection Admission Control (RA-CAC) and Adaptive Rate Scheduling (ARS) to improve quality of service for real-time traffic in WCDMA networks. The RA-CAC algorithm determines the optimal number of users to admit while minimizing call rejection rates. The ARS then adjusts transmission rates of admitted sessions based on feedback to better utilize network resources. Simulation results showed this approach increased delivery ratio, throughput and reduced delays compared to other resource allocation methods.
IRJET- Vitality Rooted Modern Trends in Delay Tolerant NetworksIRJET Journal
The document discusses various energy-aware routing techniques for delay tolerant networks (DTNs). It first describes how routing protocols in DTNs do not typically consider energy constraints. It then summarizes two recent energy-aware approaches: 1) A priority transmission scheme that assigns message priorities and manages buffers and transmissions based on nodes' remaining energy levels to improve delivery of high priority messages. 2) A robust epidemic routing protocol that forwards messages only to nodes with higher remaining energy and available buffer space to increase network lifetime. The document stresses the importance of energy-efficient routing techniques for DTNs given devices' limited energy resources.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an energy and bandwidth constrained routing technique for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It presents an available bandwidth measurement algorithm that estimates available bandwidth more accurately by considering node capacity, link utilization, idle time synchronization, collision probability, and overhead from backoff mechanisms. It also proposes a probability-based overhearing method to reduce energy consumption from overhearing without affecting route quality. The techniques are evaluated using NS2 simulations to analyze network performance in terms of quality of service parameters.
A REVIEW OF ASYNCHRONOUS AD HOC NETWORK WITH WIRELESS ENERGY HARVESTING AND C...IJSRED
This document discusses an asynchronous cognitive radio network with wireless energy harvesting capabilities. It proposes a model where a primary ad hoc network operates alongside a cognitive secondary network, with the primary nodes connected to a power grid and the secondary nodes capable of harvesting radio frequency (RF) energy. The channel access of both networks is asynchronous and modeled using time-space Poisson point processes. An analytical framework is developed based on stochastic geometry to evaluate the performance of this asynchronous cognitive radio network with wireless energy harvesting secondary nodes.
A NOVEL HYBRID OPPORTUNISTIC SCALABLE ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING DESIGN FOR LOW...IJCNCJournal
Opportunistic Routing (OR) scheme increases the transmission reliability despite the lossy wireless radio links by exploiting the broadcast nature of the wireless medium. However, OR schemes in low power Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) leads to energy drain in constrained sensor nodes due to constant
overhearing, periodic beaconing for Neighbourhood Management (NM) and increase in packet header length to append priority wise sorted Forwarding Candidates Set (FCS) prior to data transmission. The timer-based coordination mechanism incurs the least overhead to coordinate among the FCS that has successfully received the data packet for relaying the data in a multi-hop manner. This timer-based mechanism suffers from duplicate transmissions if the FCS is either not carefully selected or coordinated. The focus of this work is to propose a hybrid opportunistic energy efficient routing design for large scale, low power and lossy WSN. This design avoids periodic 'hello' beacons for NM, limits constant overhearing and increase in packet header length. There are two modes of operation i) opportunistic ii) unicast mode. The sender node adopts opportunistic forwarding for its initial data packet transmission and instead of pre-computing the FCS, it is dynamically computed in a completely distributed manner. The
eligible nodes to be part of FCS will be neighbour nodes at lower corona level than the sender with respect to the sink and remaining energy above the minimum threshold. The nodes part of FCS based on crosslayered multi-metrics and fuzzy decision logic determines its priority level to compute Dynamic Holding
Delay (DHD) for effective timer coordination. The differentiated back off implementation along with DHD enables the higher priority candidate that had received data packet to forward the packet first and facilitates others to cancel its timer upon overhearing. The sender node switches to unicast mode of
forwarding for successive transmissions by choosing the forwarding node with maximum trust value as it
denotes the stability of the temporally varying link with respect to the forwarder. The sender node will revert to opportunistic mode to increase transmission reliability in case of link-level transmission error or no trustworthy forwarders. Simulation results in NS2 show significant increase in Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR),decrease in both average energy consumption per node and Normalized Energy Consumption (NEC) per packet in comparison with existing protocols.
Iaetsd increasing network life span of manet by usingIaetsd Iaetsd
This document proposes algorithms to maximize network lifetime in wireless sensor networks using cooperative MAC protocols. It formulates the problems of minimizing transmission power and maximizing network lifetime as cross-layer optimization problems considering routing, relay selection, and power allocation. Distributed algorithms are presented that solve these problems for both direct transmission and cooperative transmission modes. The algorithms select routes and relay nodes to minimize power consumption or equalize node lifetimes while meeting requirements for transmission success probability and rate.
Throughput Maximization of Cognitive Radio Multi Relay Network with Interfere...IJECEIAES
In this paper, an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based cognitive multi relay network is investigated to maximize the transmission rate of the cognitive radio (CR) with enhanced fairness among CR users with interference to the primary users (PUs) being managed below a certain threshold level. In order to improve the transmission rate of the CR, optimization of the subcarrier pairing and power allocation is to be carried out simultaneously. Firstly joint optimization problem is formulated and Composite Genetic and Ordered Subcarrier Pairing (CGOSP) algorithm is proposed to solve the problem. The motivation behind merging genetic and OSP algorithm is to reduce the complexity of Genetic Algorithm (GA). Further, to have a fair allocation of resources among CR users, the Round Robin allocation method is adopted so as to allocate subcarrier pairs to relays efficiently. The degree of fairness of the system is calculated using Jain‟s Fairness Index (JFI). Simulation results demonstrate the significant improvement in transmission rate of the CR, low computational complexity and enhanced fairness.
This document summarizes previous research on routing metrics for wireless mesh networks. It discusses how selecting routes with fewer transmissions and retransmissions can improve throughput and delay. Existing approaches optimize either cost or number of hops but not both. The paper proposes a new routing metric and algorithm to find the optimal cost path with the optimal or minimum number of hops, in order to balance throughput, delay, and power consumption for wireless data transmission. It provides an example to illustrate the concept and compares different path options.
SERVICES AS PARAMETER TO PROVIDE BEST QOS : AN ANALYSIS OVER WIMAXijngnjournal
In this paper it is proposed to provide the QoS to the user by using the degradation of service under hostile environment being itself be a parameter to improve the QoS. Here the relation between the service and environment of its best performance drawn on the basis of simulation and analysis .The service then taken as a parameter to decide present environment of the user and to take measurable steps to improve the QoS either doing handover to nearby station or increasing power or to provide some marginal bandwidth etc.All analysis done over a WiMax network i.e. being designed and simulated using the Qualnet wireless simulator.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A scalable and power efficient solution for routing in mobile ad hoc network ...ijmnct
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a scalable and power-efficient routing solution for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The paper describes a cluster-based MANET architecture and develops a graph theoretic routing algorithm that finds paths from source to destination nodes using routes with minimum cumulative degree. Simulation results show that the algorithm provides efficient routing paths even as the number of nodes increases, and uses multi-hop connectivity to transmit packets using minimum power irrespective of the number of nodes in the network. The algorithm is shown to be scalable and power efficient compared to other routing methods.
EFFICIENT PACKET DELIVERY APPROACH FOR ADHOC WIRELESS NETWORKS cscpconf
A wireless ad-hoc network is a collection of nodes which are selfconfiguring,
connected by wireless links. The nodes are free to move randomly and
organize themselves arbitrarily; thus, the network's topology may change rapidly and
unpredictably. These kinds of networks are very flexible and they do not require any
existing infrastructure. Therefore, ad-hoc wireless networks are suitable for temporary
communication links. The biggest challenge in these kinds of networks is to find a path
between the communication end points of nodes that are mobile. Due to the limited
transmission range of wireless interfaces, the communication traffic has to be relayed
over several intermediate nodes to enable the communication between two nodes.
Therefore, these kinds of networks are also called multi-hop ad-hoc networks. The
proposed model is designed to improve the problems of real-time event-based
communication. It improves the packet delivery ratio by prior prediction and reduces
end-to-end packet delay. This in turn improves performance of the routing process
significantly and increases the Quality of Service (QoS).
Performance Analysis of Distributed Spatial Multiplexing with Multi-hop Ampli...IJCSEA Journal
This paper describes a frame work investigating the performance of distributed spatial multiplexing (DSM) in cooperative multi-hop cellular networks. The cooperative communication in cellular networks gives us leverage to get the inherent advantages of its random relay locations and the direction of the data flow. However, traditional centralized relay selection needs considerable overhead and signaling. In our proposed work, threshold based relay selection is adopted based on the received signal strength (RSS) and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). The best relay chosen will transmit jointly with source using Amplify and forward (AF) protocol. The evaluation is performed with bit error rate (BER) and energy per bit for distributed spatial multiplexing scheme with multi-hop networking.
The study evaluated interference in a dense heterogeneous network using third-generation universal mobile telecommunication systems (UMTS) and fourth-generation long term evolution (LTE) networks LTE. The UMTs/LTE heterogeneous network determines the level of interference when the two communication systems coexist and how to improve the network by migrating from UMTs to LTE, which has a faster download speed and larger capacity. Techno lite 8 on third generation (3G) and Infinix Pro 6 on fourth generation (4G) were used to measure network the received signal strength (RSS) during site investigation. UE interference was detected and traced using a spectrum analyzer. UMTS and LTE path loss exponents are 2.6 and 3.2. Shannon's capacity theorem calculated LTE and UMTS capacity. When signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) was used as a quality of service (QoS) indicator, MATLAB channel capacity plots did not match Shannon's due to neighboring interference. UMTS had an R2 of 0.54 and LTE 0.57 for the Shannon channel capacity equation. Adjacent channel interference (ACI) user devices reduce network capacity, lowering QoS for other customers.
TTACCA: TWO-HOP BASED TRAFFIC AWARE CONGESTION CONTROL ALGORITHM FOR WIRELESS...cscpconf
Congestion in Wireless Sensor Networks has negative impact on the Quality of Service.
Congestion effects the performance metrics, namely throughput and per-packet energy
consumption, network lifetime and packet delivery ratio. Reducing congestion allows better
utilization of the network resources and thus enhances the Quality of Service metrics of the
network. Traffic Aware Dynamic Routing to Alleviate Congestion in Wireless Sensor Networks
reduces congestion by considering one hop neighbor routing in the network. This paper
proposed an algorithm for Quality of Service Based Traffic-Aware Data forwarding for
congestion control in wireless sensor networks based on two hop neighbor information. On
detection of congestion, the algorithm forwards data packets around the congestion areas by
spreading the excessive packets through multiple paths. The path with light load or under
loaded nodes is efficiently utilized whenever congestion occurs. The main aspect of the
algorithm is to build path to the destination using two independent potential fields depth and
queue length. Queue length field solves the traffic-aware problem. Depth field creates a
backbone to forward packets to the sink. Both fields are combined to yield a hybrid potential
field to make dynamic decision for data forwarding. Network Simulator used for simulating the
algorithm is NS2. The proposed algorithm performs better.
Congestion in Wireless Sensor Networks has negative impact on the Quality of Service.
Congestion effects the performance metrics, namely throughput and per-packet energy
consumption, network lifetime and packet delivery ratio. Reducing congestion allows better
utilization of the network resources and thus enhances the Quality of Service metrics of the
network. Traffic Aware Dynamic Routing to Alleviate Congestion in Wireless Sensor Networks
reduces congestion by considering one hop neighbor routing in the network. This paper
proposed an algorithm for Quality of Service Based Traffic-Aware Data forwarding for
congestion control in wireless sensor networks based on two hop neighbor information. On
detection of congestion, the algorithm forwards data packets around the congestion areas by
spreading the excessive packets through multiple paths. The path with light load or under
loaded nodes is efficiently utilized whenever congestion occurs. The main aspect of the
algorithm is to build path to the destination using two independent potential fields depth and
queue length. Queue length field solves the traffic-aware problem. Depth field creates a
backbone to forward packets to the sink. Both fields are combined to yield a hybrid potential
field to make dynamic decision for data forwarding. Network Simulator used for simulating the
algorithm is NS2. The proposed algorithm performs better.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document analyzes the impact of signaling load on call blocking and dropping in UMTS networks. It calculates the acquisition time for different signaling service types based on message length and transmission rates. It then estimates the maximum number of signaling sessions that can be supported simultaneously within the control interval based on a signal-to-interference ratio analysis. An example traffic scenario is provided to illustrate the benefits of studying how different signaling loads affect network performance. The analysis aims to efficiently allocate radio resources and preserve quality of service for both signaling and user data traffic.
Downlink beamforming and admissin control for spectrum sharing cognitive radi...acijjournal
This document summarizes research on downlink beamforming and admission control for spectrum sharing cognitive radio systems. It discusses maximizing the number of admitted secondary links under interference and QoS constraints, as well as maximizing the sum throughput of admitted secondary links. An iterative algorithm based on geometric programming is proposed to solve the non-convex throughput maximization problem. Simulation results show a tradeoff between number of admitted links and secondary network throughput, but that enforcing QoS constraints does not significantly reduce throughput. The goal is to minimize secondary transmitter power while meeting SINR and interference limits.
The document proposes a clustering-based approach to dynamically allocate bandwidth in wireless networks. It extracts student data from a university's course timetable to predict user distributions over time. It then applies K-means clustering to group buildings into wireless nodes based on expected user loads. This clusters student devices and allows wireless nodes to adapt their bandwidth allocation according to predicted user demands at different times. The approach is tested on a university campus network, extracting student data to predict building loads and applying K-means clustering to allocate optimal bandwidth across wireless nodes over time.
Random Relay Selection Based Heuristic Optimization Model for the Scheduling ...IJCNCJournal
Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) provides effective capabilities for resource allocation with the valuable spectrum resources in the network. It provides the effective allocation of resources to the unlicensed users or Secondary Users (SUs) to access the spectrum those are unused by the licensed users or Primary Users (Pus). This paper develops an Optimal Relay Selection scheme with the spectrum-sharing scheme in CRN. The proposed Cross-Layer Spider Swarm Shiftingis implemented in CRN for the optimal relay selection with Spider Swarm Optimization (SSO). The shortest path is estimated with the data shifting model for the data transmission path in the CRN. This study examines a cognitive relay network (CRN) with interference restrictions imposed by a mobile end user (MU). Half-duplex communication is used in the proposed system model between a single primary user (PU) and a single secondary user (SU). Between the SU source and SU destination, an amplify and forward (AF) relaying mechanism is also used. While other nodes (SU Source, SU relays, and PU) are supposed to be immobile in this scenario, the mobile end user (SU destination) is assumed to travel at high vehicle speeds. The suggested method achieves variety by placing a selection combiner at the SU destination and dynamically selecting the optimal relay for transmission based on the greatest signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio. The performance of the proposed Cross-Layer Spider Swarm Shifting model is compared with the Spectrum Sharing Optimization with QoS Guarantee (SSO-QG). The comparative analysis expressed that the proposed Cross-Layer Spider Swarm Shifting model delay is reduced by 15% compared with SSO-QG. Additionally, the proposed Cross-Layer Spider Swarm Shiftingexhibits the improved network performance of ~25% higher throughput compared with SSO-QG.
Random Relay Selection based Heuristic Optimization Model for the Scheduling ...IJCNCJournal
Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) provides effective capabilities for resource allocation with the valuable spectrum resources in the network. It provides the effective allocation of resources to the unlicensed users or Secondary Users (SUs) to access the spectrum those are unused by the licensed users or Primary Users (Pus). This paper develops an Optimal Relay Selection scheme with the spectrum-sharing scheme in CRN. The proposed Cross-Layer Spider Swarm Shiftingis implemented in CRN for the optimal relay selection with Spider Swarm Optimization (SSO). The shortest path is estimated with the data shifting model for the data transmission path in the CRN. This study examines a cognitive relay network (CRN) with interference restrictions imposed by a mobile end user (MU). Half-duplex communication is used in the proposed system model between a single primary user (PU) and a single secondary user (SU). Between the SU source and SU destination, an amplify and forward (AF) relaying mechanism is also used. While other nodes (SU Source, SU relays, and PU) are supposed to be immobile in this scenario, the mobile end user (SU destination) is assumed to travel at high vehicle speeds. The suggested method achieves variety by placing a selection combiner at the SU destination and dynamically selecting the optimal relay for transmission based on the greatest signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio. The performance of the proposed Cross-Layer Spider Swarm Shifting model is compared with the Spectrum Sharing Optimization with QoS Guarantee (SSO-QG). The comparative analysis expressed that the proposed Cross-Layer Spider Swarm Shifting model delay is reduced by 15% compared with SSO-QG. Additionally, the proposed Cross-Layer Spider Swarm Shiftingexhibits the improved network performance of ~25% higher throughput compared with SSO-QG.
Evaluation of Energy Consumption using Receiver–Centric MAC Protocol in Wirel...IJECEIAES
At present day’s wireless sensor networks, obtain a lot consideration to researchers. Maximum number of sensor nodes are scattered that can communicate with all others. Reliable data communication and energy consumption are the mainly significant parameters that are required in wireless sensor networks. Many of MAC protocols have been planned to improve the efficiency more by enhancing the throughput and energy consumption. The majority of the presented medium access control protocols to only make available, reliable data delivery or energy efficiency does not offer together at the same time. In this research work the author proposes a novel approach based on Receiver Centric-MAC is implemented using NS2 simulator. Here, the author focuses on the following parametric measures like - energy consumption, reliability and bandwidth. RC-MAC provides high bandwidth without decreasing energy efficiency. The results show that 0.12% of less energy consumption, reliability improved by 20.86% and bandwidth increased by 27.32% of RC-MAC compared with MAC IEEE 802.11.
Implementing packet broadcasting algorithm of mimo based mobile ad hoc networ...IJNSA Journal
With the rapid growth of wireless communication infras,,tructure over the recent few years, new
challenges has been posed on the system and analysis on wireless adhoc networking. Implementation of
MIMO communication in such type of network is enhancing the packet transmission capabilities. There
are different techniques for cooperative transmission and broadcasting packet in MIMO equipped
Mobile Adhoc Network. We have employed a model network in the OPNET environment and propose a
new scheduling algorithm based on investigating the different broadcasting algorithm. The new
broadcasting algorithm improves the packet transmission rate of the network based on energy
performance of the network and minimizes the BER for different transmission mode which is illustrated
in this paper. The simulations are done in MATLAB and OPNET environment and the simulated result
for the packet transmission rate are collected and shown in the tabular form. Also simulate the network
for generating a comparative statement for each mobile node. And performance analysis is also done for
the model network. The main focus is to minimize BER and improve information efficiency of the
network.
IMPLEMENTING PACKET BROADCASTING ALGORITHM OF MIMO BASED MOBILE AD-HOC NETWOR...IJNSA Journal
With the rapid growth of wireless communication infras,,tructure over the recent few years, new challenges has been posed on the system and analysis on wireless adhoc networking. Implementation of MIMO communication in such type of network is enhancing the packet transmission capabilities. There are different techniques for cooperative transmission and broadcasting packet in MIMO equipped Mobile Adhoc Network. We have employed a model network in the OPNET environment and propose a new scheduling algorithm based on investigating the different broadcasting algorithm. The new broadcasting algorithm improves the packet transmission rate of the network based on energy performance of the network and minimizes the BER for different transmission mode which is illustrated in this paper. The simulations are done in MATLAB and OPNET environment and the simulated result for the packet transmission rate are collected and shown in the tabular form. Also simulate the network for generating a comparative statement for each mobile node. And performance analysis is also done for the model network. The main focus is to minimize BER and improve information efficiency of the network.
IMPLEMENTATION OF A BPSK MODULATION BASED COGNITIVE RADIO SYSTEM USING THE EN...cscpconf
We present in this work an energy detection algorithm, based on spectral power estimation, in
the context of cognitive radio. The algorithm is based on the Neyman-Pearson test where the
robustness of the appropriate spectral bands identification, is based, at one hand, on the
‘judicious’ choice of the probability of detection (PD) and false alarm probability (PF). First, we
accomplish a comparative study between two techniques for estimation of PSD (Power Spectral
Density): the periodogram and Welch methods. Also, the interest is focused on the choice of the
optimal duration of observation where we can state that this latter one should be inversely
proportional to the level of the SNR of the transmitted signal to be sensed. The developed
algorithm is applied in the context of cognitive radio. The algorithm aims to identify the free
spectral bands representing, reserved for the primary user, of the signal carrying information,
issued from an ASCII encoding alphanumeric message and utilizing the BPSK modulation,
transmitted through an AWGN (Added White Gaussian Noise) channel. The algorithm succeeds
in identifying the free spectral bands even for low SNR lev
Implementation of a bpsk modulation based cognitive radio system using the en...csandit
We present in this work an energy detection algorit
hm, based on spectral power estimation, in
the context of cognitive radio. The algorithm is ba
sed on the Neyman-Pearson test where the
robustness of the appropriate spectral bands identi
fication, is based, at one hand, on the
‘judicious’ choice of the probability of detection
(P
D
) and false alarm probability (P
F
). First, we
accomplish a comparative study between two techniqu
es for estimation of PSD (Power Spectral
Density): the periodogram and Welch methods. Also,
the interest is focused on the choice of the
optimal duration of observation where we can state
that this latter one should be inversely
proportional to the level of the SNR of the transmi
tted signal to be sensed. The developed
algorithm is applied in the context of cognitive ra
dio. The algorithm aims to identify the free
spectral bands representing, reserved for the prima
ry user, of the signal carrying information,
issued from an ASCII encoding alphanumeric message
and utilizing the BPSK modulation,
transmitted through an AWGN (Added White Gaussian N
oise) channel. The algorithm succeeds
in identifying the free spectral bands even for low
SNR levels (e.g. to -2 dB) and allocate them
to the informative signal representing the secondar
y user.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes and compares the quality of service (QoS) metrics of the DSR, AODV, and RPAR routing protocols in wireless multimedia sensor networks. It discusses the hexagonal deployment of sensor nodes and evaluates the protocols based on QoS parameters like throughput, delay, dropped data ratio, network load, and retransmission attempts. The document finds that the hexagonal grid deployment and RPAR framework provide better performance compared to DSR and AODV in terms of energy efficiency and extending network lifetime.
Spread Spectrum Based Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor NetworksIDES Editor
The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is
considered to be one of the most promising emerging
technologies. However one of the main constraints which
is holding back its wide range of applications is the
battery life of the sensor node and thus effecting the
network life. A new approach to this problem has been
presented in this paper. The proposed method is suitable
for event driven applications where the event occurrence
is very rare. The system uses spread spectrum as a means
of communication.
An approach to control inter cellular interference using load matrix in multi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper deals with reduction of inter cellular interference in Multi-carrier communication systems. In the past, Load Matrix(LM) is proposed to allocate power to different users in a network based upon Signal to noise plus interference ratio (SNIR) so as to reduce inter cellular interference and is observed for single carrier systems. In Multi carrier systems the SNIR is affected distinctly in each carrier thus a single SNIR for power allocation is not optimal. In this paper, to obtain the optimization of power allocation in Multi-Carrier system, Load Matrix coding with bifurcated SNIR (LM-BFSNIR) is proposed. Using this approach it is observed that inter cellular interference is reduced better when compared to a single carrier system evaluated over a 3GPP-LTE standard.
Keywords−Power allocation, Inter cellular interference, Multi-Carrier mobile Communication system.
A QoI Based Energy Efficient Clustering for Dense Wireless Sensor Networkijassn
In a wireless sensor network Quality of Information (QoI), Energy Efficiency, Redundant data avoidance,
congestion control are the important metrics that affect the performance of wireless sensor network. As
many approaches were proposed to increase the performance of a wireless sensor network among them
clustering is one of the efficient approaches in sensor network. Many clustering algorithms concentrate
mainly on power Optimization like FSCH, LEACH, and EELBCRP. There is necessity of the above
metrics in wireless sensor network where nodes are densely deployed in a given network area. As the nodes
are deployed densely there is maximum possibility of nodes appear in the sensing region of other nodes. So
there exists an option that nodes have to send the information that is already reached the base station by its
own cluster members or by members of other clusters. This mechanism will affect the QoI, Energy factor
and congestion control of the wireless sensor networks. Even though clustering uses TDMA (Time Division
Multiple Access) for avoiding congestion control for intra clustering data transmission, but it may fail in
some critical situation. This paper proposed a energy efficient clustering which avoid data redundancy in a
dense sensor network until the network becomes sparse and hence uses the TDMA efficiently during high
density of the nodes.
Levelised Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) Calculator ManualMassimo Talia
The aim of this manual is to explain the
methodology behind the Levelized Cost of
Hydrogen (LCOH) calculator. Moreover, this
manual also demonstrates how the calculator
can be used for estimating the expenses associated with hydrogen production in Europe
using low-temperature electrolysis considering different sources of electricity
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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1. Addis Ababa Science and Technology
University
College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Group Assignment on
Wireless and Mobile Communication (ECEg 6111)
Resource Allocation and Mobility Management
Proposedby: Id No
1. MichaelTesfaye GSR 220/12
2. Shimelis Gebreab GSR 232/12
3. YeneneshW/senbet GSR 236/12
Submitted to:
Muluneh Mekonnen (Ph.D.)
December, 2019
2. I
Table of Contents
List of Figure...................................................................................................................................II
List of Acronyms ...........................................................................................................................III
1. Introduction............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Resource allocation in Wireless Communication System ........................................................ 2
1.2.1 Bandwidth Management .................................................................................................... 2
1.2.2 Transmission Power Management..................................................................................... 3
1.2.2.1 Performance Metric for Power Control ...................................................................... 3
1.2.3 Antenna Management ........................................................................................................ 4
1.2.4 Inter-cell Resource Management ....................................................................................... 4
1.3 Mobility Management............................................................................................................... 5
1.3.1 Location Management........................................................................................................ 5
1.3.2 Hand of Management......................................................................................................... 6
1.4 Importance of Mobility Management ....................................................................................... 7
Summery......................................................................................................................................... 7
References....................................................................................................................................... 8
3. II
List of Figure
Figure 1 System model for power control ...................................................................................... 3
Figure 2 Block diagram for Location management ........................................................................ 5
Figure 3 Block diagram for Handoff anagement ............................................................................ 6
4. III
List of Acronyms
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CINA Carrier to Interference and Noise Ratio
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
Hz Hertz
ISI Inter symbol Interference
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
MT Mobile Terminals
QOS Quality of Service
SDMA Space Division Multiple Access
SINR Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
5. 1
1. Introduction
Present wireless communication systems are required to support a variety of highspeed data
communication services for its users, such as video streaming and cloud-based services. As the
users’ demands for such services grow, more efficient wireless systems need to be designed that
can support high-speed data and, at the same time, serve the users in a fair manner. One method to
achieve this is by using efficient resource allocation schemes at the transmitters of wireless
communication systems. Here, the term “resources” refers to the fundamental physical and
network layer quantities that limit the amount of data that can be transmitted over a communication
link, such as available bandwidth and power [1,4]. Therefore, efficient resource allocation schemes
must be developed to exploit available resources in the best possible manner and provide
ubiquitous high-data-rate to all users in a fair manner.
Resource management in wireless communications refers to a series of processes that determine
the timing, ordering, procedures, and the amount of wireless resources to allocate to each user. The
wireless link tends to become a bottleneck, but wireless resource management aims at delivering
the required service quality of each user as far as possible. Resource management is necessary for
every wireless network, no matter what capability it may have. This is why wireless resource
management has attracted so much research interest [3]. For a resource management technique to
be effective, it is necessary to define certain factors. First, there is a set of available wireless
resources to share among the constituent users. Second, there is the information available at the
resource manager and the methods of information exchange among the users or protocol layers.
Third, there are the service requirements of each user, which may be differently determined
depending on the traffic characteristics and the performance metric. Fourth, there are the objectives
to optimize in relation to the performance metric of the service provider [1]. The importance of
resource management originates from the scarceness of wireless resources. The requirements
could be met simply if we had unlimited access to the three fundamental resources bandwidth,
transmission power, and antennas, but in practice there are various limitations.
6. 2
1.2 Resource allocationin Wireless CommunicationSystem
Wireless resource management is a series of processes needed to determine the timing and the
amount of relevant resources to allocate to each user. It is necessary to define first what types of
wireless resource are to be allocated, and then define the objectives that the resource management
tries to optimize and the constraints that restrict the degree of freedom in allocating resources. In
a transmitter–receiver pair equipped with multiple antennas, the information-theoretical capacity
C, which is the upper limit on the transmission rate supporting reliable information delivery, is
given by
𝐶 = 𝑾max
𝑄:𝑇𝑟( 𝑄)=1
log2[det(𝐼 𝑁 +
𝐸𝑠
𝑁𝑜
𝑸𝑯𝑯 𝐻
)](𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐) (1)
where W is the bandwidth, Q the covariance matrix of the transmitted signal, Es the symbol energy,
N0 the noise spectral density, and H the NR, NTchannel matrix for the channel with NT transmit and
NR receive antennas. According to this equation, there are three different kinds of wireless resource
bandwidth, transmission power, and antennas [2].
1.2.1 Bandwidth Management
Bandwidth is a fundamental wireless resource which refers to the range of frequencies occupied
by a transmitted signal. Since bandwidth determines the maximum symbol transmission rate, it
puts a fundamental limit on the channel access rate [4]. Broadly, bandwidth may be considered as
the transmission opportunity to access the wireless medium; that is, how often we can transmit
symbols over the wireless medium. If this transmission opportunity is shared by multiple users,
the scheduling that determines the order of user access over time becomes the essential part of
bandwidth management. Another important part of bandwidth is the admission control, which
determines the admissibility of a new connection in relation with QoS. Admission control may be
regarded as a long-term bandwidth management and is strongly related to scheduling.
A larger bandwidth means a greater chance to access the wireless channel during a given
time, and thus the transmission rate of a user increases in proportion to the bandwidth
allocated to it. This proportional property makes it relatively easy to estimate the
contribution of the bandwidth allocation to user performance. For example, the
transmission of a user would be doubled if the allocated bandwidth is doubled.
7. 3
1.2.2 Transmission Power Management
Transmission power management refers to techniques for determining the transmission power
level adequate to achieve system objectives in a given communication environment. The first
reason why transmission power needs to be managed properly is that the transmission of one user
is likely to interfere with the transmissions of other users. The power management performed for
such a purpose is called power control. In CDMA systems, especially in uplink channels, power
control is a key feature which dictates the system performance by regulating the interference level
generated by each constituent user.
1.2.2.1 Performance Metric for Power Control
A typical metric is the CINR, which is defined as the ratio of the received power of the desired
signal to the power of noise-plus-interference from other transmitters.
Figure 1 System model for power control
The CINR for k users
𝛾 𝑘 =
𝑔 𝑘𝑘 𝑝 𝑘
б 𝑘
2 +∑ 𝑔 𝑘𝑖 𝑝𝑖
𝑘
𝑖=1
(7)
Where Pk, σk
2 and gki are Transmission power, noise variance and the channel gain between the
transmitter of user i and the receiver of user k respectively. The CINR in may well describe the
link quality in FDMA or TDMA systems, but it cannot be used in CDMA systems where each
signal is spread by its own sequence. In this case, the SINR is applicable, which is defined as the
ratio of signal power to noise-plus-interference power after dispreading. If a spreading code Ck
with a spreading factor N is assigned to user k, the SINR is given by
Γk =
𝑔 𝑘𝑘 𝑝 𝑘 𝑐 𝑘
4
б 𝑘
2 𝑐 𝑘
2+∑ 𝑔 𝑘𝑖 𝑝𝑖 𝑐 𝑖 𝑐 𝑘
2𝑘
𝑖=1
(8)
Rx user 1
Rx user k
Tx user 1
Tx of user
k
8. 4
1.2.3 Antenna Management
Recently, antennas have become the most attractive wireless resource as they can contribute to
increasing the channel capacity without requiring additional bandwidth or transmission power.
However, as antennas need circuitry operating at radio frequency in the transmitting and receiving
devices, increasing the number of antennas implies an increased device cost. In addition, the
channel capacity heavily relies on the usage of antennas, and their optimal use varies depending
on the channel that connects the transmitter–receiver pair. This implies that, for an effective
operation of antennas, it is necessary to adopt an antenna management method adequate to the
current channel state. There are various MIMO technologies, including diversity transmission and
spatial multiplexing transmission. Also, there are multiuser MIMO transmission technologies,
such as SDMA and dirty paper coding.
Multiple-antenna technologies may be classified into. transmit diversity. And spatial
multiplexing. types. A diversity transmission scheme is a method to obtain spatial diversity on
fading channels by sending the same (or slightly modified) data on different antennas. A spatial-
multiplexing scheme transmits multiple streams of independent data from different antennas in
order to maximize the data rate.
1.2.4 Inter-cell Resource Management
A frequency-reuse scheme helps to mitigate inter-cell interference by reusing a common frequency
band only at base stations spaced far apart. This approach relies on the fact that the power of a
transmitted signal decreases rapidly as the signal propagates through space. A set of cells which
share the same channel set is called a co-channel set; the minimum distance among the members
of the co-channel set is called the reuse distance; and the number of channel sets that divides the
total bandwidth is called the reuse factor. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the reuse
factor and the reuse distance; that is, once the reuse factor is determined, the reuse distance is
calculated uniquely. So, two terms, reuse factor and reuse distance, can be used interchangeably.
In a sense, inter-cell interference management converges to the issue of determining the reuse
distance in consideration of the QoS requirement of the system, as the reuse distance dictates the
inter-cell interference level and the bandwidth used by each Base Station. Channel allocation refers
9. 5
to the design task of determining which channels are to be used by which cells, and in what reuse
distance to attain maximal frequency-reuse efficiency. Among a large number of schemes
proposed to date the following are the main
i. fixed channel allocation: for which the channels assigned to each cell are fixed during
the run time;
ii. dynamic channel allocation: it assigns channels dynamically to each cell while
employing an explicit homogeneous reuse distance;
iii. channel allocation based on SINR: measurement that dynamically decides the
reusability of the channels based on SINR measurement;
iv. channel allocation with inter-cell power control: that permits each cell to control its
power allocated to each channel continuously.
1.3 Mobility Management
Mobility management enables mobile wireless networks to locate roaming terminals for call
delivery and to maintain connections as the terminal is moving into a new service area. Thus,
mobility management supports mobile terminals (MTs), allowing users to roam while
simultaneously offering them incoming calls and supporting calls in progress [2]. Mobility
management contains two components: location management and handoff (or handover)
management.
1.3.1 Location Management
It enables the system to track the attachment points of MTs between consecutive communications.
Figure 2 Block diagram for Location management
Location
Management
Data
Base
Queries
Terminal
Paging
Call
Delivery
Location
Registration
Update
Data
Base
Update
Authentication
10. 6
Location registration/update: Terminal informs network about its current access point
New Call/Session/Data delivery
When a new Call/Session/Data arrives to terminal’s home network
Network requested to find the terminal location, either by querying location databases
1.3.2 Hand of Management
Handoff management enables the network to maintain a user’s connection as the MT continues to
move and change its access point to the network.
It maintains terminal connection/routes when terminal moves
Figure 3 Block diagram for Handoff management
Initiation: need for handoff identified
New connection/route generation
Resources found for the handoff connection
In Network-Controlled Handoff (NCHO) the network finds the resources
In Mobile-Controlled Handoff (MCHO) terminal finds resources, network approves
Routing operations performed
Data-flow control: delivery of data from old to new paths, maintaining QoS
Moreover, when a user is in the coverage area of multiple wireless networks, for example, in
heterogeneous wireless environments, handoff management provides always best connectivity to
the user by connecting the user to the best available network.
Hand off
management
New connection
generation
Data flow
control
Initiation
Buffering
Sequencing
Resource
allocation
User
movement
Multicast
Connection
Routing
Network
movement
11. 7
In next-generation wireless systems, there are two types of mobility for MTs: intra-system (intra-
domain) and inter-system (inter-domain) mobility. Intra-system mobility refers to mobility
between different cells of the same system. Intra-system mobility management techniques are
based on similar network interfaces and protocols. Inter-system mobility refers to mobility
between different backbones, protocols, technologies, or service providers.
1.4 Importance of Mobility Management
Mobility in wireless networks can take different forms, such as:
Terminal mobility: the ability for a user terminal to continue to access the network when
the terminal moves;
User mobility: the ability for a user to continue to access network services from different
terminals under the same user identity when the user moves;
Service mobility: the ability for a user to access the same services regardless of where the
user is.
In addition, a terminal or a user may be considered by a network to have “moved” even if the
terminal or the user has not changed its physical location. Mobility management is the fundamental
technology to enable the seamless access to next-generation wireless networks and mobile
services.
Summery
Generally, efficient resource allocation schemes must be developed to exploit available resources
in the best possible manner and provide ubiquitous high-data-rate to all users in a fair manner. So
the available wireless resources optimally resource management can lead to a significant
improvement in transmission rate without using more resource. In addition, it can make the system
flexible enough to operate in adaptation to the channel characteristics and QoS requirements,
thereby permitting a flexible service architecture for integrating various different services in a
single air-interface. The above resource allocation and management issues can be taken as an
umbrella for recent researches on different algorithms and schemes in optimization of QOS for
wireless network.
12. 8
References
[1]. Byeong Gi Lee,Daeyoung Park and Hanbyul Seo, Wireless Communication Resource
Management, Singapore: John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2009.
[2]. M. Selim Demir*, "Unified Resource Allocation and Mobility Management Technique Using
Particle Swarm Optimization for VLC Networks," IEEE Photonics , vol. 2, no. Resource
Allocation and Mobility Management, pp. 2-3, 2018.
[3]. Yun Meng* and Xinyi Liu, "Resource allocation and interference management for multi-
layer wireless in heterogeneous cognitive," Meng and Liu EURASIP Journal on Wireless
Communications and Networking, vol. 4, no. Review, pp. 2-6, 2019.
[4]. Faramarz Nikjoo, Abbas Mirzaei & Amin Mohajer, "A Novel Approach to Efficient Resource
Allocation in NOMA Heterogeneous Networks: Multi-Criteria," Applied Artificial
Intelligence An International Journal, vol. 5, pp. 2-7, 2018.