This would help for starting for research

1. Reference
Methods of Research and Thesis Writing
Jose F. Calderon Ed. D.
Expectacion C. Gonzales

4.  Re which means AGAIN
 Search means to find out
something
Person
Observes
Again
and
Again
Phenomena
Collection
of Data
Analysis
of Data
Conclusion

5. The systematic
investigation into and
study of materials and
sources in order to
establish facts and reach
new conclusion.

6.  “Careful, Critical, disciplined
inquiry, varying in technique
and method according to the
nature and conditions of the
problem identified, directed
toward the clarification or
resolution of the problem”
(Good, p. 464)

7. “A Systematic study or
investigation of
something for the
purpose of answering
questions posed by the
researcher.” (Cited by
Sanchez, p.2)

9. It widen the scope of
information through
exploration on data
gathered from the
respondents or
environments.

10. It has a vital role in
the business. Most of
the business invest in
Research and
Development or R&D.

11. It answers the
problems,
confirms issues
and the like.

12. It reveals what is
lies and truths
through
verifications using
research

13. It helps to
develop the
critical
reasoning skills.

15. 1. Answers and solve
existing problems
2. Basis for the
development, formulation
of the business strategies.
3. Redefining Perceptions
4. Source of Information

17. Identifying the
General or Initial
Idea
Fact
Finding
Identifying the
General or Initial
Idea
Planning
Take First
Action Step
Evaluate
Amended
Plan
Take
Second
Action Step

18. Chapter 1
The Problem and Its Background
Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature
Chapter 3
Methodology
Chapter 4
Presentation, Analysis and
Interpretation of Data
Chapter 5
Summary, Conclusion &
Recommendation

20.  1. Originates with a question or
problem.
 2. Require clear articulation of a
goal.
 3. Follows a specific plan or goal.
 4. Divides main problem into sub-
problems
 5. Accept critical assumptions
 6. Requires collection and
interpretation of data.

21.  7. Research is objective, unbiased
and logical.
 8. Employs hypothesis
 9. Employs quantitative or statistical
methods
 10. Original work
 11. Done by an expert
 12. Patient and unhurried activity
 13. Requires courage

23. The ethical
consideration in
research are CRITICAL.
Ethics are norms or
standards for conduct
that distinguish
between right or wrong.

24. Ethical Standards
prevents against the
fabrication and falsifying
of data and therefore,
promote the pursuit of
knowledge and truth
which is primary goals of
research.

25. The researchers must
also adhere to ethical
standards in order for
the public to support
and believe in the
research.

28.  The systematic collection and evaluation
of data to describe, explain, and
understand actions or events that
occurred sometime in the past.
 There is no manipulation or control of
variables as in experimental research.
 An attempt is made to reconstruct what
happened during a certain period of
time as completely and accurately as
possible.

29.  To make people aware of what has
happened in the past in order to:
◦ Learn from past failures and successes
◦ Apply them to present-day problems
◦ Make predictions
◦ Test hypotheses concerning relationships or
trends
◦ Understand present educational practices and
policies more fully

30.  Defining the Problem
 Locating relevant sources
 Documents
 Numerical records
 Oral statements
 Relics
 Summarizing information obtained from
historical sources
 Evaluation of historical sources
 Internal criticism
 External criticism

31.  Documents
◦ Written or printed materials that have been
produced in some form or another.
 Numerical records
◦ Considered as a separate type of source in
and of themselves or as a subcategory of
documents.
 Oral Statements
◦ Are stories or other forms of oral expression
that leave a record for future generations.
 Relics
◦ Are any objects whose physical or visual
characteristics can provide some information
about the past.

32.  Primary source
◦ one prepared by an individual who was
a participant in or a direct witness to the
event being described.
 Secondary source
◦ a document prepared by an individual
who was not a direct witness to an
event, but who obtained a description of
the event from someone else.

33.  Historical researchers use the following
methods to make sense out of large
amounts of data:
◦ Theoretical model leading to a content
analysis
◦ Use of patterns or themes
◦ Coding system
◦ Quantitative data to validate interpretations

34.  Advantages
◦Permits
investigation
of topics and
questions that
can be studied
in no other
fashion
 Disadvantages
◦ Cannot control for
threats to internal
validity
◦ Limitations are
imposed due to the
content analysis
◦ Researchers cannot
ensure
representation of the
sample

36. Action Research is conducted
by one or more individuals or
groups for the purpose of
solving a problem or
obtaining information in order
to inform local practice, new
products etc.

37.  Persuasive and Authoritative
◦ invested in the legitimacy of the
findings.
 Accessible
 Problem solving approach
 Not a fad
◦ Good teachers have always
systematically looked at the effects of
their teaching.

38.  A number of assumptions underlie
action research:
◦ Participants have the authority to make
decisions
◦ Those involved are seriously committed to
improving their performance
◦ Educators and others involved in schools
want to engage in research systematically
◦ Those performing the research will make the
necessary changes and recommendations

39.  There are two main types of action
research:
1) Practical Action Research
 Addresses a specific problem
 Primary purpose is to improve practice and
inform larger issues
 A “how to” approach
2) Participatory Action Research
 Philosophically driven
 Empower individuals and groups to improve their
lives and bring about a social change
 Stakeholders are involved and are active in all
processes

40.  Provide
information
 Become informed
of purpose of the
study
 Receive findings
 Assist in data
collection
 Review findings
 Participate in
interpretation
 Participate in
designing the
project
 Participate in
problem
specification
 Initiate study

41.  There are four steps or stages
in Action Research:
1) Identifying the research question
2) Gathering the necessary
information
3) Analyzing and interpreting the
information
4) Developing a plan of action

42.  It can be performed by anyone, in any type
of school or institution
 It can help to improve institution practice
 It can help education and other
professionals to improve their craft
 It can help them learn to identify problems
systematically
 It can build up a small community of
research-oriented individuals at the local
level

44. Experimental research is an
attempt by the researcher to
maintain control over all factors
that may affect the result of an
experiment. In doing this, the
researcher attempts to determine
or predict what may occur.

45. Experimental design is a
blueprint of the procedure that
enables the researcher to test his
hypothesis by reaching valid
conclusions about relationships
between independent and
dependent variables.

46.  Identify and define the problem.
 Formulate hypothesis and deduce its
consequence.
 Construct an experimental that represents
all the elements, conditions, and relations to
the consequence.
 Conduct the experiment.
 Compile raw data and reduce to usable
form.
 Apply an appropriate test of significance.

47. Physical control
Selective control
Statistical control

49.  Correlational Study: An approach to
research that involves measuring
different variables to see whether there
is a predictable relation among variables
 Finding Relationships
◦ The goal of some correlational studies is
simply to find out if variables are related
◦ Is there a relation between whether students
prefer early or late classes and their grades
in those classes?

50. Question
 Do student grades relate to whether
they are “morning people”?
Method
The researchers correlated two kinds
of variables
• Grades in early and late classes
• Scores on a scale of “morningness”

52.  Also known as “ex post facto”
research. (Latin for “after the
fact”).
 In this type of research
investigators attempt to determine
the cause or consequences of
differences that already exist
between or among groups of
individuals.

53.  Causal-comparative research is an
attempt to identify a causative
relationship between an independent
variable and a dependent variable.
◦ The relationship between the
independent variable and dependent
variable is usually a suggested
relationship (not proven) because you
(the researcher) do not have complete
control over the independent variable.

54. There are 3 types of
causal-comparative
research:
◦Exploration of Effects
◦Exploration of Causes
◦Exploration of Consequences

55. Problem Formulation
Select the sample of
individuals to be studied.
Instrumentation-
achievement tests,
questionnaires, interviews,
observational devices,
attitudinal measures…there
are no limit

56.  The basic design is to select a
group that has the independent
variable and select another
group of subjects that does not
have the independent variable.
 The 2 groups are then compared
on the dependent variable.

57.  There must be a “pre-existing”
independent variable
◦Years of study, gender, age, etc.
 There must be active variables-
variables which the research can
manipulate
◦The length and number of study
sessions, instructional techniques,
etc

58.  Exploration of effects caused by
membership in a given group.
◦Question: What differences in
abilities are caused by gender?
◦Hypothesis: Females have a
greater amount of linguistic ability
than males.

59.  Exploration of causes of group
membership.
◦Question: What causes individuals
to join a gang?
◦Hypothesis: Individuals who are
members of gangs have more
aggressive personalities than
individuals who are not members
of gangs.

60.  Exploration of the consequences of
an intervention.
◦ Question: How do students taught by
the inquiry method react to
propaganda?
◦ Hypothesis: Students who were taught
by the inquiry method are more critical
of propaganda than are those who were
taught by the lecture method.

61. It is based in words,
feelings, emotions,
sounds and other non-
numerical and
unquantifiable elements.
Using Interview,
Observations, Documents

62. 1. Cultural
Research
2. Ethnic Research
Etc..

63. This is a research
using Numerical
descriptions
(frequency, average,
standard deviation
etc.

64. Quantitative analysis
of the strength of
relationship between
two or more variables

65. Are the teachers
qualifications
correlated with
students
achievement?

66. Comparing a group that
gets a particular
intervention with another
group that is similar in
characteristics but did not
receive the intervention.

67. Using random assignment
to assign participants to
an experimental or
treatment group and a
control or comparison
group

68. Synthesis of results
from multiple studies to
determine the average
impact of a similar
intervention across the
studies.

70.  1. Tradition
 2. Authority
 3. Inaccurate observation
 4. Overgeneralization
 5. Selective Observation
 6. Made-up information
 7. Illogical reasoning
 8. Mystification
 9. Dogmatism

72. Authorities that do not want
the full truth to be provided
can hold back an inquiry from
being exposed. The
authorities have the power to
decide what goes into an
inquiry and what stays out.

74. Failure to pay
attention to things
or information
should be gathered.

77. Drawing too
wide a
conclusion from
the given facts.

78. Involves only making
observations that are
connected to the
observer’s current
beliefs.

79. Falsifying
information by
creating own
data.

80. Falsifying
information by
creating own
data.

82. Attributing
supernatural or
mystical causes to all
situations that seem
to lack an explanation

84. The expression
of an opinion or
belief as if it
were a fact.

86. Give 3 topics that
interest you to study
Each topic give 3
related TITLES coming
from 5 colleges and
universities.