This document discusses several cinematography techniques including match on action, the 180-degree rule, and various camera shots. It defines match on action as cutting between two shots to show continuity of the same action. The 180-degree rule establishes an imaginary line between two characters that the camera should not cross to avoid disorienting viewers. Finally, it describes different types of shots like close-ups, long shots, and point-of-view shots and explains their purposes in filmmaking.

1. B Y AYA N M A G U D I A
RESEARCH 180 DEGREE RULE, MATCH
ON ACTION, AND SHOT TYPES

2. MATCH ON ACTION
• Match on action is a part of the editing group. It is used
as part of continuity editing to move the scene on. It
starts with one shot then cuts to another shot showing
the movement of a subject in the first shot. It presents a
continuity of the same action. It helps the audience
understand exactly what's going on.

3. 180 DEGREE RULE
• The 180 degree rule is based on the idea that there is a
line of 180 degrees running through both characters of
that particular scene (usually used in conversation with
two characters), which is known as the axis. The axis is
placed between the two characters to divide them in two
and make sure that the camera should only ever stay on
the one side of the line. If the camera were to switch to
both sides of the axis as seen in the picture that is called
"crossing the line". If the line is crossed this may cause
confusion for the audience and lose focus in the film.
The axis may be crossed for effect to disorientate the
audiences or setting the scene.

4. CAMERA MOVEMENTS
• Arc An arc shot is a camera move around the subject, somewhat like a tracking shot. In
mathematics, an arc is a segment of the circumference of a circle. A camera arc is similar - the
camera moves in a rough semi-circle around the subject.
• Crab The term crabbing shot is a less-common version of tracking, trucking and/or dollying. These
terms are more or less interchangeable, although dollying tends to mean in-and-out movement
whereas the others tend to mean side-to-side movement at a constant distance from the action.
• Dolly A dolly is a cart which travels along tracks. The camera is mounted on the dolly and records
the shot as it moves. Dolly shots have a number of applications and can provide very dramatic
footage. A dolly shot is also known as a tracking shot or trucking shot. However some professionals
prefer the more rigid terminology which defines dolly as in-and- out movement (i.e. closer/further
away from the subject), while tracking means side-to-side movement.
• Dolly Zoom A dolly zoom is a cinematic technique in which the camera moves closer or further from
the subject while simultaneously adjusting the zoom angle to keep the subject the same size in the
frame. The effect is that the subject appears stationary while the background size changes (this is
called perspective distortion). The exact effect depends on the direction of camera movement. If the
camera moves closer, the background seems to grow and become dominant. If the camera moves
further away, the foreground subject is emphasized and becomes dominant

5. TYPE OF SHOTS
• A close up is a shot that focuses heavily on the face or an object, usually blurring out the
background to set a deeper focus. This is often used to add emphasis to a scene or image.
• An extreme - close up is similar to close up, but an extreme close up usually fits the whole
frame of a photo, and you can only see a certain feature within the frame, for instance a
human feature that focuses solely on the eyes. This is done to create tension within a scene
or image.
• A panoramic shot is a series of landscape photographs that have been put together by
software, but taken individually, then overlapped to create a wide panoramic shot. Particularly
used to show an overview of a scene.
• A long shot shows a realistic scale of an object or human being. It is able to fit objects and
people within a scene in the frame without cutting anything out. It is also able to if necessary,
show other happenings/people in the background.
• An extreme long shot is used to establish the scene and mood of a film. It is typically used
inaction adventure scenes, to create tension. Although little detail is paid to the image you are
able to establish where the scene has been set.
• Middle shot is where the camera focuses on a figure from the waist upwards, or an object
with little zoom. The middle shot outlines the characters and the background has little detail
,very minimal and usually blurry.

6. • Birds eye view shows a ‘summary’ of a scene, this is taken in the view high above ground level, people
and objects are smaller than actual size when this camera effect is used, but it is a good way to show an
overall perspective of a scene. It is typically used in action films when a new location is introduced.
• A high angle shot is similar to a birds eye view, but instead of using a helicopter to get an overview of the
scene, a crane is used to elevate the camera, and then focus on filming something at ground level.
• Low angle shots are filmed at ground level and are used commonly when filming action scenes. This
adds the effect of anxiousness for the character onscreen, and fear, because the effect is used to build
up tension for a scene .This type shot would be used for example when; a character has to jump from
one building to another, or from one building to the ground.
• Point of view shots are shot in the perspective of a character within the film, it is as if the audience are
experiencing everything the character goes through within that scene. It is a technique used to make the
audience feel like they are part of the film, and actually are the main character. It is used to show the
audience the perspective of the main character and works well in most films. It is typically used so that
the audience can engage with the film and it’s characters.
• Oblique is the term used for camera shots that are titled slightly at an angle to show confusion or
disturbance within a film. It is a good way to introduce disaster scenes, such as weather effects. Oblique
shots are most popular within horror films as oblique can change the mood of the film quite quickly.
Oblique shots are similar to point of view shots because there is an eventual transition where the camera
becomes the view of a character within the film.

7. THE RULE OF THIRDS
The Rule of Thirds is a concept in which the shot is divided
into nine sections, which acts as a guide to filmmakers on
where to position objects/characters within the shot. (As
seen below). When there is one main character in a shot
they are normally placed in the middle of the frame with
their eyes being centred on the top horizontal line.

8. SHOT REVERSE SHOT
This is a film technique whereby one character is shown
looking at another off-screen character. The camera then
cuts to the second character looking back at the first The
characters are shown facing opposite directions, so the
audience assume they are looking at each other

9. EYE LINE MATCH
• Crossing the line when filming over the shoulder shots shifts the
person’s eye line, meaning that the actors’ eye lines do not match
• The two people should always be on the same side of frame in
each shot As seen below, crossing the line makes it look like the
actor is looking in the opposite direction
•
• The Results of breaking the rule: confusion of audience, audience
lose focus become disorientated. Ways around the rule: the only
way to cross the line without disorientating the audience is to show
the camera movement .You cannot cut across the line or the viewer
will not be orientated Once the line has been crossed, and
movement shown, you have to stay on that side of the line, unless
you show the movement back over it