Cinematography involves capturing photographic images through controllable elements like film stock, camera lens, framing, and movement. It is defined by the relationship between the camera lens and light source, as well as the focal length and camera position. Different techniques are used to manipulate focus, including deep focus to keep the entire frame in focus versus shallow focus where only one plane is sharp. Filmmakers can also change focus between foreground and background subjects or zoom in/out during a shot. Framing involves camera angles, heights, and tilts that can show relationships and emphasize subjects, while point-of-view shots see through a character's perspective. Movement is achieved through pans that follow horizontally and tracking shots that smoothly follow action.

1. Cinematography

2. Definition
• Cinematography is the act of capturing photographic images in space
through the use of a number of controllable elements.These include the
quality of the film stock, the manipulation of the camera lens, framing, scale
and movement.
• Cinematography is a function of the relationship between the camera lens
and a light source, the focal length of the lens, the camera’s position and its
capacity for motion.

3. Camera Lens

4. Deep Focus
• Deep focus, which requires a small aperture and lots of light, means that
the foreground, middle ground and background of the frame
remain in focus.

5. Shallow Focus
• Shallow focus is a function of a narrow depth of field and it implies that
only one plane of the frame will remain sharp and clear (usually the
foreground). In contemporary cinema, shallow focus is often combined with
deep space for artistic purposes or to demonstrate subjectivity. It
is typically a feature of the close up.

6. Racking Focus
• Filmmakers can change the focus of the lens to a subject in the
background from the foreground or vice versa.This can be used to shift the
audience's attention or to point out a significant relationship between the
two subjects.

7. Zoom Shot
• The zoom shot occurs when a filmmaker changes the focal length of the
lens in the middle of a shot.We appear to get closer or further away from
the subject when this technique is used.

8. Film speed

9. Rate
• The standard rate for a film is 24 frames per second. If more
frames are added to this second the film will seem to slow
down.The film will speed up if there are less than 24 frames per second.

10. Framing

11. Angle of framing
• When filming from below or above the subject of the frame, it is known as a
low or high angle. Filming from different angles is a way to show the
relationship between the camera's point of view and the subject of the
frame.
• The use of this can show dominance of one character in contrast to another,
so the antagonist in the image is emphasised to have more power.

12. Level of framing
• This refers to the height at which the camera is positioned in a given shot.
Different camera heights are often used to display
or exaggerate differences in points of view

13. Canted framing
• Canted framing is where the camera is not level but tilted. It is used in
action films and other films with lots of movement. It
may suggest danger or disorder.

14. Point of view shot
• A point of view shot places the camera where the viewer would imagine a
characters gaze to be.This is a technique of continuity editing, because it
allows us to see what the character sees without being obtrusive.

15. Scale

16. Extreme long shot
• An extreme long shot is when the scale of what is being seen is tiny. It was
most likely shot from a crane or a helicopter.This can also be an
establishing shot within the film.

17. Close up
• A close up is when what is being viewed is quite large and takes up the
entire screen, such as a person's head.

18. Movement

19. Pan shot
• A pan shot is a camera movement which follows the action, or reveals
previously unframed space, as it moves horizontally. Pans occur in varying
speeds for dramatic purposes. Although the most basic concept of a
panning shot adheres to the movement below, a pan can also
incorporate zooms, tracking of action shots and/or movement of the
camera base itself.

20. Tracking shot
• A tracking shot follows action through space in a variety of directions. As the
action, or character, moves along the screen the tracking shot
enables the audience to feel as if they are moving with the action through
space.This sensation is achieved by mounting the camera on a track, dolly,
or moving vehicle to smoothly follow the action along
a choreographed course.