The document discusses different types of variables that can be studied in educational research. It defines an independent variable as a variable that is manipulated by the researcher to determine its effect on a dependent variable. A dependent variable is the observed response or outcome measured to assess the impact of changes to the independent variable. The document also discusses moderator variables, which modify the relationship between independent and dependent variables, and control variables, which are managed to neutralize their effects. Intervening variables can also impact the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Identifying key variables is important for focusing the research and defining how data will be collected and measured.

1. KINDS OF VARIABLE
Jeffrey A. Pastor

2. V A R I A B L E
- is a quantity susceptible or liable to
fluctuation or change in value, level,
degree, scale, or magnitude under
different conditions. These quantities
represent numerical values, groups,
classes, kinds, or categories.

3. A variable is the characteristic or attribute
of an individual, group, educational system, or
the environment that is of interest in a research
study.

4. Educational
Research

5. Therefore, once the general research topic
has been identified, the researcher should
identify the key variables of interest.

6. TIP:
Reading other research studies about your
chosen topic will help you better identify the
specific variables of interest.

7. IDENTIFYING THE KEY VARIABLES IS IMPORTANT
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS:
•The key variables provide focus when writing
the Introduction section.
•The key variables are the major terms to use
when searching for research articles for the
Literature Review.

8. •The key variables are the terms to be
operationally defined if an Operational
Definition of Terms section is necessary.
•The key variables provide focus to the
Methods section.
•The Instrument will measure the key variables.
These key variables must
be directly measured or manipulated for the
research study to be valid.

9. KINDS OF VARIABLE

10. 1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
-is the stimulus or cause variable chosen
by the researcher to determine the relationship
of an observed phenomenon.

11. Measured Manipulated
Controlled Selected
Independent
Variable

12. EXAMPLE
EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING
ENGLISH AS PERCEIVED BY K
TO 12 STUDENTS OF PUBLIC
AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS IN
ILOILO CITY

13. 2. DEPENDENT VARIABLE
-is the response variable or effect that is
observed or measured to determine the effect
of the independent variable. It changes when
the independent variable varies.

14. EXAMPLE
EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING
ENGLISH AS PERCEIVED BY K
TO 12 STUDENTS OF PUBLIC
AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS IN
ILOILO CITY

15. 3. MODERATOR VARIABLE
- is a special kind of independent variable
chosen by the researcher to determine if it
changes or modifies the relationship between
the independent and dependent variables.

16. 4. CONTROL VARIABLE
-is a variable that is managed by the researcher
in which the effects can be neutralized by
eliminating or removing the variable.

17. 5. INTERVENING VARIABLE
- is the variable that hinders the independent
and dependent variables, but the effects can
either strengthen or weaken the independent
and dependent variable.

18. English
K-12 students of
public and private
schools
Qualities of teachers
Instructional facilities
Classroom facilities Effectiveness
Mean scores

19. T h a n k y o u
for not
S l e e p i n g!
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