Small and medium scale refer as wholesaler and retailers. The study is for finding that taxation may impact or not on these scales. Statement of hypothesis is also stated in this at 2.1 you can see.
Export marketing means marketing of goods and services beyond the national boundaries”.
Export marketing means exporting goods to other countries
of the world. It involves lengthy procedure and formalities. In export
marketing, goods are sent abroad as per the procedures framed by
the exporting country as well as by the importing country. Export 2
marketing is more complicated to domestic marketing due to
international restrictions, global competition, lengthy procedures
and formalities and so on. Moreover, when a business crossed the
borders of a nation, it becomes infinitely more complex. Along with
this, export marketing offers ample opportunities for earning huge
profits and valuable foreign exchange.
Export marketing means marketing of goods and services beyond the national boundaries”.
Export marketing means exporting goods to other countries
of the world. It involves lengthy procedure and formalities. In export
marketing, goods are sent abroad as per the procedures framed by
the exporting country as well as by the importing country. Export 2
marketing is more complicated to domestic marketing due to
international restrictions, global competition, lengthy procedures
and formalities and so on. Moreover, when a business crossed the
borders of a nation, it becomes infinitely more complex. Along with
this, export marketing offers ample opportunities for earning huge
profits and valuable foreign exchange.
Sales:
Relationship between profit and sales is shown by computing “Profit margin ratios”.
Gross Profit Ratio
Operating Ratio
Expenses Ratio
Operating Profit Ratio
Net Profit Ratio
FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSLATION : methods that are followed like : temporal method, current/non-current method, current rate method , monetary/non-monetary method and balance sheet exposure, foreign currency translation .adjustments.
Foreign capital and technology,Need of foreign capital,forms of foreign capit...Devika A K
Foreign capital and technology,Need of foreign capital,forms of foreign capital,role of foreign capital,problems,foreign investments.theories of foreign investments,factors affecting foreign investments, advantages and disadvantages,policies in india
Factors affecting foreign direct investmentPremium Essays
Premiumessays.net is an academic paper writing services provider specializing in essay writing. However we handle other academic papers because we have the writers academically qualified and experienced in handling them.Our major goal is to help you achieve your academic goals. We are commited to helping you get top grades in your academic papers.We desire to help you come up with great essays that meet your lecturer's expectations.
EXIM POLICY, PROCEDURE AND DOCUMENTATION PRESENTATION BY AMAN DWIVEDIAman Dwivedi
EXIM POLICY, PROCEDURE AND DOCUMENTATION
board of trade,
Exim policy,
India trade promotion organization,
Indian council of arbitration,
Indian institution of packaging,
Procedure and documentation
Sales:
Relationship between profit and sales is shown by computing “Profit margin ratios”.
Gross Profit Ratio
Operating Ratio
Expenses Ratio
Operating Profit Ratio
Net Profit Ratio
FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSLATION : methods that are followed like : temporal method, current/non-current method, current rate method , monetary/non-monetary method and balance sheet exposure, foreign currency translation .adjustments.
Foreign capital and technology,Need of foreign capital,forms of foreign capit...Devika A K
Foreign capital and technology,Need of foreign capital,forms of foreign capital,role of foreign capital,problems,foreign investments.theories of foreign investments,factors affecting foreign investments, advantages and disadvantages,policies in india
Factors affecting foreign direct investmentPremium Essays
Premiumessays.net is an academic paper writing services provider specializing in essay writing. However we handle other academic papers because we have the writers academically qualified and experienced in handling them.Our major goal is to help you achieve your academic goals. We are commited to helping you get top grades in your academic papers.We desire to help you come up with great essays that meet your lecturer's expectations.
EXIM POLICY, PROCEDURE AND DOCUMENTATION PRESENTATION BY AMAN DWIVEDIAman Dwivedi
EXIM POLICY, PROCEDURE AND DOCUMENTATION
board of trade,
Exim policy,
India trade promotion organization,
Indian council of arbitration,
Indian institution of packaging,
Procedure and documentation
This research evolved out of an understanding that in low-income and post-conflict areas, and particularly rural areas, citizens pay a wide range of “taxes” that often differ substantially than what may be statutorily mandated.
These non-statutory payments, whether paid to state or non-state actors, are referred to here as informal taxes.
Informal state taxes can take a range of forms, including bribes, extortions and goodwill payments.
Informal non-state taxes are generally conceived as being either coercive or voluntary in nature, or existing somewhere along coercive-quasi-voluntary spectrum. On the quasi-voluntary end of this spectrum, informal taxes can take the form of community levies, with payments made to community groups, self-help groups, traditional or chiefly institutions or other autonomous governing structures with the aim of providing public services. On the coercive end of the spectrum, informal taxes may take more obviously exploitative forms, including payments made to insurgent groups, warlords or vigilante groups in exchange for security or “protection.”
While we differentiate between these different types of payments, we have intentionally left the definition of informal tax broad enough in order to fully capture the range of taxes and payments made by citizens, which will help us to better understand the basis of post-conflict taxation, service delivery, and governance in these areas.
These informal taxes, while often making up a substantial proportion of the taxes paid by individuals and households, are frequently overlooked in policy and academic analyses of taxation and public service delivery. We see this as problematic. Focusing only on “formal” taxation can lead to misunderstanding of effective local tax burdens, and their impact on livelihoods and the fairness of distribution, as well as of public goods provision and local governance more broadly.
Accordingly, at its most basic level, our research aims simply to capture the prevalence of both formal and informal taxes in these post-conflict areas, and how they’re perceived by citizen-taxpayers. In so doing, we aim to capture the real, rather than idealized, systems of tax and governance that define post-conflict service delivery, and that are deeply linked to distributive justice and equality in post-conflict areas.
The three primary objective
Welcome To Singla Pawan Associates,CA - Chartered Accountants.If you are looking for a blend of personal service and expertise,you have come to the right place!We offer a broad range of services for Income Tax Return,Audit,Finance,Business Consultancy,CA executives and independent professionals.
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This is the second half of the presentation I gave at Pace University Law School’s Program: New Directions: Practical Skills for Returning to Law Practice
http://web.pace.edu/page.cfm?doc_id=29130
http://web.pace.edu/page.cfm?doc_id=29130
Preparation of financial statements in pakistanAshar Ahmed
Preparation of financial statements in Pakistan according to Companies Ordinance 1984 and IFRS
You can now download the full editable version of this file at following link:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/26760858/Preparation-of-Financial-Statements-in-Pakistan
Effects of government taxation policy on sales revenue of SME in Uasin Gishu ...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: In Kenya, SME provide source of employment creation, innovation, competition, economic dynamism which eventually lead to poverty alleviation and national growth. Government taxation policy is one of the factors that constitute the SMEs‟ economic surroundings. This study sought to find out the effects of government taxation policy on sales revenue of SME in Kenya and particularly Uasin Gishu County. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, the specific research objective was addressed: to find out the effects of government taxation policy on sales revenue of SME. The data for this study was collected from primary and secondary sources. While the research instruments were questionnaire, interview and document analysis, the study population comprised of staff and management of SME within Uasin Gishu County, Kenya who formed the sample for the study. The explanatory research design was employed in the study. The samples for the study were selected using stratified random and simple random sampling methods. The data from the research instruments were coded and analyzed using the SPSS. Descriptive statistics, frequency tables, percentages, mean and standard deviation were used to present the data, while Correlation was used to test the hypotheses. Results of the study found statistically significant relationships between the three dimensions of government taxation policy and sales revenue. The researcher concluded therefore that government taxation policy had a significant impact on sales revenue of SMEs.
The Effect of Tax Payment on the Performance of SMEs: The Case of Selected SM...Evans Tee
Taxation plays important role in the development of every economy as well as the growth of Small and Medium
Enterprises (SMEs). In a middle-income country like Ghana, the role of SMEs is critical in pushing the socioeconomic
development agenda of the country further. Therefore, alignment of the tax system to the specific
SME growth needs can be considered an important agenda for the policy makers. Keeping this issue at focus, the
study aimed to explore the managers/ executive officers’ perception of the tax system in Ghana on the
profitability of their businesses. The study is based on a survey of 102 managers/ Executive officers of the
selected SMEs in the Ga West Municipality in the Greater Accra region of Ghana. The survey was administered
using questionnaire and interview with the selected respondents. Data was analyzed by descriptive analysis
method, correlation and regression analysis and findings were presented in terms of frequencies and percentage
analysis. Findings indicate that majority of the respondents perceive the adverse impact of existing tax policies
on the growth of SMEs and suggest for reforming the tax policies in the Country. The findings would help the
stakeholders in designing measures to align the tax system to SMEs in a more effective manner.
Determinants of Tax Compliances among SMEs in Mwanza RegionAI Publications
This study was conducted to analyze determinants of Tax Compliances among Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Mwanza region: A case study was at Buswelu ward in Ilemela district. The specific objectives were to assess the impact of taxpayers’ attitude on tax compliance, to assess the effect of tax education, the effect of tax rate and the effect of tax penalties on tax compliance. The study employed quantitative research approach, the study targets Small and Medium Enterprises (SMES) taxpayers, sample size was 175 among populace size 322 who were selected random at Buswelu ward. Data collected through questionnaires and analyzed through SPPS system version 20 were used in the analysis of the data collected. The study finding shows that tax payers perceived that there is no fairness in tax estimation and they do not trust that their tax contributions are used properly by the government. Also finding shows that tax education provides awareness to tax payers on the importance of paying tax, provides information to tax payers about guidelines and laws related to tax payments and services results into higher compliance levels, thus more of funds through revenue collection. This study concludes that tax payer’s attitude, tax education and tax rate are the significant predictors of tax compliance. Tax compliance can be improved if tax payers have positive attitude towards paying tax; perceptions that there is fairness in tax administration, The study recommends that the government should ensure equity in government spending, to ensure fairness in tax rate estimation, to ensure transparency and overcome the problem of corruptions and misuse of fund, also the study emphasized in provide education to tax payers through different means through trainings, seminars, workshops and programs through radio, television and social media, because it increases awareness of tax payers on tax payments. This brought trust to the government which in turn contributed in creating positive attitude of taxpayers to comply with tax filing, reporting and payments.
FACTORS AFFECTING TAX COMPLIANCE AMONG SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN KITALE...paperpublications3
Abstract:This study seeks to establish factors affecting tax compliance by Small and Medium Enterprises, with special emphasis on Income Tax and Value Added Tax and their effects on government revenue. Tax compliance level which is internal factor affecting tax revenue not only undermines tax administration infrastructure but also makes the tax base narrow and inequitable. The objectives of the study include establishing the influence of compliance cost, fines and penalties and attitudes of tax compliance among Small and Medium Enterprises. The study adopts a descriptive research design involving both qualitative and quantitative research methodology. The target population was 200, out of which a sample size of 132 respondents were drawn, using stratified and simple random sampling. Questionnaires were used to collect primary data from the respondents, which were analyzed using SPSS applying both descriptive and inferential analysis. There was a positive relationship between the tax and compliance cost (r=.514), fines and penalties (r=.415) attitudes (r=.546) and tax compliance. The findings showed that compliance cost, fines and penalties and attitude had significant relationship with tax compliance. It is recommended that the tax system should provide a clear and simple guideline on how to fill tax returns but also enhance taxpayer education services to enable the taxpayers understand their rights and obligations as taxpayers, there should be moderate levels of fines and taxes so that SMEs are encouraged to comply since they will keep accurate records for taxation purposes in order to avoid fines and penalties.
FACTORS AFFECTING TAX COMPLIANCE AMONG SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN KITALE...paperpublications3
Abstract:This study seeks to establish factors affecting tax compliance by Small and Medium Enterprises, with special emphasis on Income Tax and Value Added Tax and their effects on government revenue. Tax compliance level which is internal factor affecting tax revenue not only undermines tax administration infrastructure but also makes the tax base narrow and inequitable. The objectives of the study include establishing the influence of compliance cost, fines and penalties and attitudes of tax compliance among Small and Medium Enterprises. The study adopts a descriptive research design involving both qualitative and quantitative research methodology. The target population was 200, out of which a sample size of 132 respondents were drawn, using stratified and simple random sampling. Questionnaires were used to collect primary data from the respondents, which were analyzed using SPSS applying both descriptive and inferential analysis. There was a positive relationship between the tax and compliance cost (r=.514), fines and penalties (r=.415) attitudes (r=.546) and tax compliance. The findings showed that compliance cost, fines and penalties and attitude had significant relationship with tax compliance. It is recommended that the tax system should provide a clear and simple guideline on how to fill tax returns but also enhance taxpayer education services to enable the taxpayers understand their rights and obligations as taxpayers, there should be moderate levels of fines and taxes so that SMEs are encouraged to comply since they will keep accurate records for taxation purposes in order to avoid fines and penalties.
Keywords: Direct tax, Indirect tax, Medium enterprise, Productive expenditure, tax evasion, tax impact.
The legal environment and the sme sectorM S Siddiqui
Tax exemptions provided for legalizing the undocumented income through investment in certain sectors could distort the equity in the market. Similarly, misuse of the tax holiday facility may cause bias against small enterprises operating in the same sector.
Functional Tax Governance Apparatus and Economic DevelopmentDr. Amarjeet Singh
The proportion of tax earnings to gross domestic
product (GDP) in Nigerian economy had been ranked and
affirmed the least in the sub-Sahara African and as
evolving economy, different reasons attested to this fact,
hence, the study is aimed at investigate the inherent lacuna
of tax governance apparatus in responses to economic
development as broad objective. The study employed field
research design, the research instrument that was deployed
for collection of data is purposive and structured
questionnaire targeted at elicit information from relevant
and related stakeholders in tax matters, the research
instrument and data collected were subjected to Cronbach
alpha test and heteroscedasticity test to affirm the
validity/reliability and best linear unbiased estimator of
data collected respectively. The result revealed that the
responsiveness of economic development to tax assessment,
tax policy and tax administration were statistically
significant inversely related while tax collection was
statistically insignificant related directly with economic
development. Thereby study concluded that poor
management and administration of tax system in Nigeria
responsible for adverse relationship that subsist between
the proportion of tax earnings to GDP and resulted
decayed and declined physical infrastructures and socioeconomic development.
Problems Of Funding Small And Medium Scale Enterprises In Nigeriaiosrjce
This paper examined the problems of funding small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria. The
study identified the sources of finance, types of finance available to small scale enterprises and the various
financial challenges bedevilling the smooth operation of small and medium scale enterprises and suggested the
way forward. Observation and review of relevant documents were employed in carrying out the study. It was
discovered that though adequate finance is indispensable for the successful operation of small and medium
scale enterprises, government still needs to create a more conducive environment for small scale business to
thrive by streamlining business tax policies to eliminate extortion from small scale businesses.
After the assessment and pre-screening process, the interview is your last chance to evaluate and gain critical information from a potential employee. The question is what questions will you ask and what type of answers do you desire......
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
1. INDUS UNIVERSITY
BUSINESS RESEARCH REPORT BY JAWAD AHMED AND OSAMA SIDDIQQUI, BBA 6TH
Impact of multiple taxation
on Small and medium scale
business
Taxation how effects on retailers and wholesalers
simultaneously
04-Jan-16
Small and Medium Enterprises play a very important role in development of the any economy. They
serve as a source of employment generation, innovation, competition, economic dynamism which
ultimately lead to poverty alleviation and national growth. Tax policy is one of the factors that constitute
the Small businesses’ economic environment. This research work tries to establish if any relationship
exists between the growth of Small businesses and the tax policy environment in which they operate in
Pakistan, Karachi. Questionnaires were distributed to Small and medium businesses in Caliber, It was
found out that from most Small businesses surveyed; They were faced with the problem of high tax rates,
multiple taxation, complex tax regulations and lack of proper enlightenment or education about tax
related issues. Although there was a general perception that tax is an important source of fund for
development of the economy and provision of social services, the study revealed a significant negative
relationship between taxes and the business’ ability to sustain itself and to expand. In order to obtain
vibrant and flourishing SME sector,the tax policy needs to be appropriate such that it will neither be an
encumbrance to the Small and medium businesses nor discourage voluntary compliance. A suggested
solution is by increasing tax incentives through reducing tax rates and increasing tax authorities’ support
services towards small and medium enterprises.
2. 1. INTROUDUCTION:
The desire to build a civilized country with a strong and sound economy is the desire of every
Country, including Pakistan. Tax payment is the demonstration of such a desire, although some
income earners see it as a means of exploitation by the government. Tax payment is a voluntarily
contribution imposed by the Government on personal income earners,companies, investors,
exporters, importers etc. revenue realized from taxation is a major source of revenue to the
Government of Pakistan, and as such is an important tool used in the development of Pakistan
and her economy. A country’s tax policies and systems are greatly related with business ventures
in that country. An economy that enacts favorable and progressive tax laws and policies will
definitely breed successfuland finance healthy business organizations. Once businesses flourish,
the economy flourishes as well, as there is no quicker way of stirring the affairs of an economy
without the help of organizations that move services,goods, money and investments from those
with surplus to those with deficit; those with marketable ideas/output to those who need these
ideas and products. In essence,businesses and tax policies greatly depend on one another for
survival. If one is greatly affected,the other follows suite.
1.1. BACKGROUNDOF THE STUDY
The Pakistani Tax System has undergone significant changes in recent times. With the help of
various studies and research done by tax experts, tax laws are being reviewed with the aim of
repelling obsolete provisions and simplifying the main ones. Under current Pakistani law,
taxation is enforced by the 3 tiers of Government, i.e. Federal, State,and Local Government with
each having its sphere clearly spelt out in the Taxes and Levies (approved list for Collection)
Small businesses are generally recognized as important drivers of economic success. They are a
key ingredient in the “ecology of firms” in a healthy economy, as job creators,sales generators
and a source of tax/fiscal revenue. In Pakistan the importance of small business as a creator of
jobs, particularly for those with a low skills level, is widely recognized. Over the last few years,
the growth in employment by SMMEs has exceeded the growth in their contribution to GDP,
highlighting the job creation potential of this sector of the economy.
Regulations and red tape are reported as one of the constraints to the expansion of businesses both
in Pakistan and internationally. International research in this field shows that tax regulatory
compliance costs are a significant portion of the total regulatory cost. Several other patterns
emerged from the various local and international studies performed, among the most important
being that tax compliance costs comprise a much larger proportion of total compliance costs for
smaller firms.
Furthermore, various researches has suggested that any effective approach to assist small business
requires both policy and administration model adjustments in order to be effective.
This report is focused on the survey of the compliance experience of professional accountants and
bookkeepers (referred to as “tax practitioners” for the purposes of this document) in respect of
their small business clients in Pakistan, Karachi. It will be complemented by two related surveys,
one of small businesses that are registered with the Federal Board Revenue (FBR), regarding their
time and cost requirements for tax compliance, and one of informal businesses, regarding their
perceptions about tax compliance.
3. 1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Small and medium enterprises (Small businesses) form the core of majority of the world’s
economies. A study carried out by the FederalOffice of Statistics shows that in Karachi, small
and medium enterprises make up to 70% of the economy. However,the mortality rate of these
small firms is very high. In many government policies, small and medium enterprises are usually
viewed and treated in the same light as large corporations. However,their size and nature makes
them unique. Therefore,in dealing with small and medium enterprises, these unique qualities
need to be considered. In levying of taxes for these enterprises in particular, issues that need to be
considered are how these tax policies can be designed to bolster the growth of Small businesses
and the most effective ways to administer them.
The importance of Small businesses as a mechanism of economic growth and development is
often ignored. They are perceived as minute establishments that have minimal effect on the state
of the economy. However,if conducive environment is created for these Small businesses to
grow through proper regulation, the SME sector has the highest propensity to transform our
economy. In the same light, taxes are important for the government as they are the major source
of funds for government expenditure. Income obtained from taxation of individuals and
businesses are used to run governments as well as provide infrastructure such as good roads,
water supply, and electricity which are essential for the smooth running of these businesses that
are mainly manufacturing companies and as such rely on these commodities to survive.
Tax burden is a major problem in Pakistan as many business organizations are not favored by the
tax systems and policies in place. Some businesses are already collapsing; while majority are still
struggling to meet up with high tax rates to ensure their businesses still exist.
1.3. OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH
In order to achieve the purpose of this research,the following are the objectives of the research:
1. To identify the challenges of Pakistani tax policies.
2. To examine the influence of these challenges on small businesses and the economy as a whole.
3. To identify ways of properly addressing the challenges of Pakistani tax policies in order to
favor small businesses as well as encourage tax compliance.
1.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study gives a clear insight into the various ways in which tax policies in Pakistan can be
executed efficiently to still favor small businesses and how some taxation policies in Pakistan can
be properly tackled. The findings and recommendations of the researcher will help in building a
strong and better tax policy system in Pakistan, if taken seriously by government and the general
public. The challenges of taxation in Pakistan are outlined in order for drastic measures to be
taken to tackle these challenges and meet the prospects of the general public so that revenue from
tax policy to the government can be increased.
4. 1.5. SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This research focuses mainly on the impact of Pakistan’s tax policies on the economy and small
businesses in Pakistan. The study only torches on the challenges tax policies in Pakistan and how
it can affect self employed business men and women, traders,and other forms of sole
proprietorship businesses.
Based on the findings of this study other possible researchable areas may include studies on the
various challenges of other forms of tax such as the Value Added Tax (VAT),Capital gains tax,
Import and Export duties tax. Etc. Further research can also be done on curbing tax evasion in
Pakistan.
2. Literature Review:
This types of research study is done by before
(Ocheni, 2015) He studies tax policy and performance of SMEs in Nigeria.
(Adaramola, 2012) This study sets out to investigate the impact of technological, infrastructure and
financial supports on the performance of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria.
2.1. Statement ofHypothesis
The following research hypothesis is developed in order to properly address the problems of the study.
The hypothesis is stated in Null form as follow:
Ho = “There is no significant difference between retailers and wholesalers taxation dilemma”
3. Research Methodology
3.1 Research Design
Since this study involves the collection of views, perspectives or opinions of respondents regarding a
particular issue, the study employed a survey research method which involves questionnaire, personal
interview with respondents and perusal of past records and publications. This choice was made due to the
fact that the survey method is effective when it comes to getting opinions, attitudes and descriptions as
well as getting cause and effect relationship.
3.2 Population ofthe Study
This refers to the entire number of the members or elements in which the researchers are interested. In
other words, it implies a set of all possible causes of interest in a given research activity. Thus, the
population of the study is 74372 (according to FBR atl list) individuals of Pakistan, Karachi, Sindh.
3.3 Sample Size and Sampling Technique
Here we use Probability Sampling Technique from the five (5) different markets where both the
wholesaler and retailers are doing their businesses whom lies on small and medium scales,simply we
5. collect randomly by choosing five (5) of both wholesaler and retailer from each market. The size consist
of fifty (50) individuals twenty five (25) both.
4. Method ofData Analysis
Analysis of data refers to those techniques whereby the investigator extract from data or information that
was not apparently there before and which would enable a summary description of the subject studied to
be made. The information being referred to here is the information that enabled the study to test the
research hypotheses. Also the statistical tool of frequency tables and percentage were used to present and
analyze data collected and also tested the research hypotheses with the Analysis of Independent T-test.
4.1. Data Normality
Test of Normality Shapiro-Wilk calculated wholesaler Sig (0.346) and retailer sig (0.106). These are
greater than sig (0.05) that shows the normality of the data. Normal Q-Q plot also seems normal.
The normality test results are shown as,
5. Results
The levene’s test for equality of variances having sig (0.56) according to thumbs rule when sig > 0.05 in
levene’s test then the result would be examine by interpreting equal variances assumed. In this
interpretation we found 2-tailed sig (0.00) < (0.05) it means our hypothesis that is Ho is rejected.
According to this research null hypothesis is rejected.
6. 6. Conclusions
The study appraises the effect of multiple taxation on SMEs in Pakistan with a study of researchers. From
all literatures reviewed, the researchers deduced that the development and operation of SMEs has
economic impact on the nation. The researchers established relationships between SMEs’ sizes and their
ability to pay taxes, multiple taxations and SMEs survival. The researchers therefore conclude that
multiple taxations affect the survival and growth of SMEs in Pakistan.
6.1. Recommendations
The research recommended as follows:
1. Tax collection should be defined with respect to which government should collect certain taxes from
SMEs. This will avoid the three tiers of government collecting taxes from the same particular
organization. Government should also put a policy in place to avoid illegal taxes, such as withholding on
banking transaction etc.
2. Taxes should be collected in relation to the sizes and profit of SMEs considering all other factors that
can constrain the progress of such SMEs as there is a relationship between SMEs sizes and their ability to
pay taxes.
References:
nairaproject.com/projects/011.html
documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2007/08/13338765/south-africa
www.researchgate.net/publication/276291518_Impact_Analysis_of_Tax...
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276291518_Impact_Analysis...
www.researchgate.net/publication/228155940_The_Interrelationship...
www.researchgate.net/publication/262852945_A_Commentary_on...
www.researchgate.net/publication/281736109_Achieving_global...