The document discusses various research methods and survey design. It provides information on survey research classifications including exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory surveys. The survey research process is outlined including design, data collection, analysis, and presentation of results. Issues to consider for survey research such as the research question, population, sampling, questions, and biases are presented. Probability and non-probability sampling methods are covered along with examples like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling. Key steps in the sampling process including defining the population, determining the sample frame and size, and choosing a sampling method or procedure are also summarized.
The document discusses various types of research designs. It describes exploratory research design as research undertaken when little is known about a problem to gain background information and develop hypotheses. Descriptive research design aims to describe and measure phenomena at a point in time. Qualitative research design uses informal techniques to gather and analyze non-numerical data to understand perceptions and opinions. Interventional research design controls variables to test hypotheses and determine causal relationships.
1. The document discusses various types of medical research designs including observational and experimental studies.
2. Observational studies are divided into descriptive studies which aim to describe health problems without comparisons, and analytical studies which aim to identify associations between exposures and outcomes.
3. Experimental research designs involve assigning subjects to treatment or control groups randomly to evaluate new interventions while controlling for confounding factors. Randomized controlled trials are considered the gold standard for evaluating new treatments.
The document discusses different types of research designs used in conducting research studies. It begins by defining research design and its purpose, which is to obtain answers to research questions and minimize variance. The key types of research designs covered are experimental, quasi-experimental, descriptive, and correlational designs. Experimental design aims to test causal relationships through manipulation of independent variables. Descriptive design observes and measures variables without manipulation to understand characteristics and trends. Correlational design examines relationships between non-manipulated variables. The document provides examples and comparisons of when each design is most applicable.
Research methodology provides guidance on conducting research systematically and scientifically. It explains both qualitative and quantitative research methods and the steps of the research process, including defining the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Key aspects of research methodology include formulating testable hypotheses, designing studies (e.g. experiments) to test hypotheses, and using statistical analysis to accept or reject null hypotheses.
The document provides an overview of key aspects of research methodology. It discusses that research is a systematic, careful investigation aimed at establishing facts or principles. Some key characteristics of research outlined are that it must be controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid and verifiable. The research process involves formulating a research problem, designing the study, developing instruments, selecting samples, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Important steps include reviewing literature, identifying variables, developing hypotheses, writing a proposal, and considering ethical issues.
This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It defines what research is, including that it is a formal, systematic process using the scientific method. The document discusses the aims of research as discovering new information, expanding knowledge, and solving problems. Basic research aims to contribute to knowledge, while applied research aims to solve current problems. The document also discusses internal vs. external research teams, how managers should interact with researchers, research ethics, and the scientific investigation process. It provides examples of research areas and defines different types of hypotheses used in research.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It defines qualitative research as research using text and pictures rather than numbers, taking a holistic approach to understand phenomena. The document outlines several major qualitative research designs including case studies, ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, and content analysis. It discusses when a qualitative approach is appropriate and provides details on how to conduct and analyze data for a case study design. The goal of qualitative research is to provide a rich story and tentative hypotheses about observed social phenomena.
Research design involves planning how a research project will be conducted to ensure it is carried out in a systematic and organized manner. It helps researchers save time and resources by anticipating problems and decisions in advance. A good research design specifies the objectives of the study, how data will be collected and analyzed, and how findings will be reported. Key elements of research design include sampling, observations, statistics, and operational plans to implement the methodology. The design chosen depends on whether the goal is exploratory, descriptive, or causal research.
The document discusses various types of research designs. It describes exploratory research design as research undertaken when little is known about a problem to gain background information and develop hypotheses. Descriptive research design aims to describe and measure phenomena at a point in time. Qualitative research design uses informal techniques to gather and analyze non-numerical data to understand perceptions and opinions. Interventional research design controls variables to test hypotheses and determine causal relationships.
1. The document discusses various types of medical research designs including observational and experimental studies.
2. Observational studies are divided into descriptive studies which aim to describe health problems without comparisons, and analytical studies which aim to identify associations between exposures and outcomes.
3. Experimental research designs involve assigning subjects to treatment or control groups randomly to evaluate new interventions while controlling for confounding factors. Randomized controlled trials are considered the gold standard for evaluating new treatments.
The document discusses different types of research designs used in conducting research studies. It begins by defining research design and its purpose, which is to obtain answers to research questions and minimize variance. The key types of research designs covered are experimental, quasi-experimental, descriptive, and correlational designs. Experimental design aims to test causal relationships through manipulation of independent variables. Descriptive design observes and measures variables without manipulation to understand characteristics and trends. Correlational design examines relationships between non-manipulated variables. The document provides examples and comparisons of when each design is most applicable.
Research methodology provides guidance on conducting research systematically and scientifically. It explains both qualitative and quantitative research methods and the steps of the research process, including defining the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Key aspects of research methodology include formulating testable hypotheses, designing studies (e.g. experiments) to test hypotheses, and using statistical analysis to accept or reject null hypotheses.
The document provides an overview of key aspects of research methodology. It discusses that research is a systematic, careful investigation aimed at establishing facts or principles. Some key characteristics of research outlined are that it must be controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid and verifiable. The research process involves formulating a research problem, designing the study, developing instruments, selecting samples, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Important steps include reviewing literature, identifying variables, developing hypotheses, writing a proposal, and considering ethical issues.
This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It defines what research is, including that it is a formal, systematic process using the scientific method. The document discusses the aims of research as discovering new information, expanding knowledge, and solving problems. Basic research aims to contribute to knowledge, while applied research aims to solve current problems. The document also discusses internal vs. external research teams, how managers should interact with researchers, research ethics, and the scientific investigation process. It provides examples of research areas and defines different types of hypotheses used in research.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It defines qualitative research as research using text and pictures rather than numbers, taking a holistic approach to understand phenomena. The document outlines several major qualitative research designs including case studies, ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, and content analysis. It discusses when a qualitative approach is appropriate and provides details on how to conduct and analyze data for a case study design. The goal of qualitative research is to provide a rich story and tentative hypotheses about observed social phenomena.
Research design involves planning how a research project will be conducted to ensure it is carried out in a systematic and organized manner. It helps researchers save time and resources by anticipating problems and decisions in advance. A good research design specifies the objectives of the study, how data will be collected and analyzed, and how findings will be reported. Key elements of research design include sampling, observations, statistics, and operational plans to implement the methodology. The design chosen depends on whether the goal is exploratory, descriptive, or causal research.
This document defines and describes different types of research. It discusses research purposes including exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory research. It also covers research uses in basic and applied contexts. The time dimension of cross-sectional and longitudinal research is outlined. Finally, it details quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques.
Qualitative research aims to understand people's experiences and interpretations of the world. It provides rich, detailed descriptions through methods like interviews, observations, and written responses. The researcher immerses themselves in the topic to understand perspectives without assumptions. Main types include case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, and ethnography. Data collection involves interactions, written responses, and observations. Analysis begins during data collection to guide further inquiry. The process moves from specific to general understanding through a funnel or inductive approach. Validity is increased through triangulation of multiple data sources, types, and collection methods. Strengths include understanding context, but it is time consuming and results may not generalize. Mixed methods combine qualitative and quantitative approaches at different stages of
Steps in Research-Types of research-Types of Steps in Research-Types of resea...AbhishikthSandeep1
This document discusses research methods and design. It defines research as a systematic, scientific investigation of a topic to discover new facts or test hypotheses. Research aims to contribute new knowledge through carefully defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, reaching conclusions, and testing conclusions. The key objectives of research are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis testing. Characteristics of good research include being directed, empirical, carefully recorded and reported. The common steps in research are formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, deciding design, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting conclusions.
Quantitative Methods of Research-Intro to research
Once a researcher has written the research question, the next step is to determine the appropriate research methodology necessary to study the question. The three main types of research design methods are qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods.
Quantitative research involves the systematic collection and analysis of data.
An overview of, and introduction to, survey-based research in the social sciences.
http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Survey_research_and_design_in_psychology/Lectures/Survey_research
This document discusses key aspects of defining a research problem, including identifying a researchable problem, sources of research problems, writing a problem statement, and developing research questions. It emphasizes that a well-defined research problem lays the foundation for a successful research project. The first step is to identify a compelling topic and formulate a problem statement that introduces the research area and leads to specific questions. A good research problem should be significant, clearly delineated, and have accessible information to draw conclusions. Narrowing the scope and defining key terms helps ensure the problem is manageable.
The document provides an overview of quantitative research methodology. It discusses key concepts including population, sampling, samples, and qualitative scales. Specifically, it defines population as any complete group with at least one characteristic in common. It explains that sampling is used to select a subset of a population for a study. The document also outlines different types of measurement scales in quantitative research including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales.
This document summarizes 12 different types of research: applied research, basic research, correlational research, descriptive research, ethnographic research, experimental research, exploratory research, grounded theory research, historical research, phenomenological research, qualitative research, and quantitative research. For each type of research, a brief definition is provided along with examples. The advantages and disadvantages of some of the research types are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as a systematic, scientific search for knowledge on a topic. Research objectives are described as exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, or hypothesis-testing. Motivations for research include obtaining degrees or intellectual fulfillment. Types of research include descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. Key aspects of the research process are identified as formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting results. Qualities of good research noted are being systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable. Common problems faced by researchers in India are also outlined.
Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision-making.
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at___ https://healthkura.com
Data Collection (Methods/ Tools/ Techniques), Primary & Secondary Data, Assessment of Qualitative Data, Qualitative & Quantitative Data, Data Processing
Presentation Contents:
- Introduction to data
- Classification of data
- Collection of data
- Methods of data collection
- Assessment of qualitative data
- Processing of data
- Editing
- Coding
- Tabulation
- Graphical representation
If anyone is really interested about research related topics particularly on data collection, this presentation will be the best reference.
For Further Reading
- Biostatistics by Prem P. Panta
- Fundamentals of Research Methodology and Statistics by Yogesh k. Singh
- Research Design by J. W. Creswell
- Internet
This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It discusses the history and characteristics of qualitative research, including that it seeks to understand perspectives from local populations. The document outlines various qualitative methods like case studies, ethnography, and grounded theory. It also discusses issues in qualitative research such as gaining entry, selecting participants, and enhancing validity. Strategies to reduce bias like triangulation and examining outliers are presented.
This document discusses key aspects of research methodology. It begins by defining research as a systematic process of examining a topic closely through various methods such as observation and experimentation. The document then outlines several types of research including pure research, applied research, descriptive research, and correlational research. It also discusses different research methods like library research, field research, and laboratory research. The rest of the document delves into various steps of research methodology such as formulating hypotheses, preparing a research design, identifying variable types, and qualifying a rigorous research. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of conceptualizing and planning a scientific research study.
Dr. Sandhya Dhokia provides an overview of research methodology. She defines research as a careful investigation to discover new facts through scientific procedures. The objectives of research can include gaining familiarity with a phenomenon, accurately portraying characteristics of a situation, determining how frequently something occurs, and testing hypotheses. Motivations for research include obtaining degrees, solving problems, intellectual enjoyment, and helping society. The document also outlines different types of research approaches and methods.
Methods of Data Collection in Quantitative Research (Biostatistik)AKak Long
DEFINITION : Quantitative research, is defined as a the systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical or computational techniques.
Quantitative research gathers information from existing and potential customers using sampling methods and sending out online surveys, online polls, questionnaires etc., the results of which can be depicted in the form of numericals.
After careful understanding of these numbers to predict the future of a product or service and make changes accordingly.
Described as the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer research questions, test hypothesis and evaluate outcome.
Importance of data collection:
Helps us search for answers and resolutions
Facilitates and improve decision-making processes and the quality of the decisions made.
#Types of quantitative research.
. Survey research
The collection of data attained by asking individuals questions by either in person, on paper, by phone or online.
2. Correlational research
Measures two variables, understand assess the statistical relationship between them with no influence from any extraneous variable.
3. Casual-comparative research
To find relationship between independent and dependent variables after an action or event has already occurred.
4. Experimental research
Researcher manipulates one variables, and control/randomizes the rest of the variables.
This document discusses different types of research methods. It covers three types of research by purpose: basic research which seeks new knowledge without addressing practical problems, applied research which aims to solve practitioner problems, and action research which systematically examines strategies using research techniques. It also discusses quantitative and qualitative research strategies. Quantitative research uses statistical techniques and measurements, while qualitative research produces non-numerical findings through open-ended data collection like interviews. Both have distinct characteristics and designs. The document emphasizes that research questions should drive the choice of research design.
Topic 1 introduction to quantitative researchAudrey Antee
This document provides an introduction to quantitative research. It defines quantitative research as collecting and analyzing numerical data to explore, describe, explain, or predict trends. Quantitative research aims for objectivity and controls outside factors. It states hypotheses and uses statistics to analyze results. The document outlines reasons for quantitative research such as exploration, description, explanation, prediction, and evaluation. It also describes common types of quantitative research designs and the key components of measurement, sampling, research design, and statistical procedures.
This document provides an introduction to qualitative research methods. It outlines some key differences between qualitative and quantitative research, including that qualitative research is subjective, holistic, and aims to understand why and how phenomena occur rather than objective measurements. It also describes some common qualitative research designs like phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory. The document then covers methods for collecting qualitative data through interviews, focus groups, observation, and documents. It provides guidance on analyzing, coding, and presenting the results of qualitative research.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology, including:
- The benefits of research to students and practitioners for designing studies, understanding literature, and participating in evaluations.
- Definitions of key terms like method, methodology, and the differences between them.
- The characteristics of high-quality research like having a clearly defined scope and reproducible design.
- The typical steps in the research process from identifying a problem to interpreting data and revising hypotheses.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses the steps in a research process, including defining the research problem, formulating hypotheses, research design, data collection and analysis, and reporting findings. It also covers key concepts like the introduction and importance of hypotheses, types of hypotheses, and methods for testing hypotheses. Additionally, it introduces the use of models and empirical techniques in geographical research and different types of research design such as exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, experimental, and non-experimental.
This document discusses various methods of data collection for research. It begins by defining data collection as the process of systematically gathering and measuring information to answer research questions and test hypotheses. It then covers the main types of data (qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods) and their characteristics. A number of specific primary and secondary data collection methods are outlined, including questionnaires, interviews, observations, experiments, and existing records/documents. Key points about ensuring high quality data collection through appropriate instruments and instructions are also made.
This document provides an overview of research methodology and key concepts in designing and conducting research. It discusses the objectives and types of research, including fundamental and applied research. The research process involves defining the problem, developing a research plan, implementing the plan by collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Research design establishes the methods and procedures for obtaining needed information. It specifies tasks like determining the study scope, sample design, data collection and analysis techniques. The document also covers variables, sampling, data collection and the nature of data in research.
This document defines and describes different types of research. It discusses research purposes including exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory research. It also covers research uses in basic and applied contexts. The time dimension of cross-sectional and longitudinal research is outlined. Finally, it details quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques.
Qualitative research aims to understand people's experiences and interpretations of the world. It provides rich, detailed descriptions through methods like interviews, observations, and written responses. The researcher immerses themselves in the topic to understand perspectives without assumptions. Main types include case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, and ethnography. Data collection involves interactions, written responses, and observations. Analysis begins during data collection to guide further inquiry. The process moves from specific to general understanding through a funnel or inductive approach. Validity is increased through triangulation of multiple data sources, types, and collection methods. Strengths include understanding context, but it is time consuming and results may not generalize. Mixed methods combine qualitative and quantitative approaches at different stages of
Steps in Research-Types of research-Types of Steps in Research-Types of resea...AbhishikthSandeep1
This document discusses research methods and design. It defines research as a systematic, scientific investigation of a topic to discover new facts or test hypotheses. Research aims to contribute new knowledge through carefully defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, reaching conclusions, and testing conclusions. The key objectives of research are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis testing. Characteristics of good research include being directed, empirical, carefully recorded and reported. The common steps in research are formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, deciding design, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting conclusions.
Quantitative Methods of Research-Intro to research
Once a researcher has written the research question, the next step is to determine the appropriate research methodology necessary to study the question. The three main types of research design methods are qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods.
Quantitative research involves the systematic collection and analysis of data.
An overview of, and introduction to, survey-based research in the social sciences.
http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Survey_research_and_design_in_psychology/Lectures/Survey_research
This document discusses key aspects of defining a research problem, including identifying a researchable problem, sources of research problems, writing a problem statement, and developing research questions. It emphasizes that a well-defined research problem lays the foundation for a successful research project. The first step is to identify a compelling topic and formulate a problem statement that introduces the research area and leads to specific questions. A good research problem should be significant, clearly delineated, and have accessible information to draw conclusions. Narrowing the scope and defining key terms helps ensure the problem is manageable.
The document provides an overview of quantitative research methodology. It discusses key concepts including population, sampling, samples, and qualitative scales. Specifically, it defines population as any complete group with at least one characteristic in common. It explains that sampling is used to select a subset of a population for a study. The document also outlines different types of measurement scales in quantitative research including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales.
This document summarizes 12 different types of research: applied research, basic research, correlational research, descriptive research, ethnographic research, experimental research, exploratory research, grounded theory research, historical research, phenomenological research, qualitative research, and quantitative research. For each type of research, a brief definition is provided along with examples. The advantages and disadvantages of some of the research types are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as a systematic, scientific search for knowledge on a topic. Research objectives are described as exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, or hypothesis-testing. Motivations for research include obtaining degrees or intellectual fulfillment. Types of research include descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. Key aspects of the research process are identified as formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting results. Qualities of good research noted are being systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable. Common problems faced by researchers in India are also outlined.
Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision-making.
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at___ https://healthkura.com
Data Collection (Methods/ Tools/ Techniques), Primary & Secondary Data, Assessment of Qualitative Data, Qualitative & Quantitative Data, Data Processing
Presentation Contents:
- Introduction to data
- Classification of data
- Collection of data
- Methods of data collection
- Assessment of qualitative data
- Processing of data
- Editing
- Coding
- Tabulation
- Graphical representation
If anyone is really interested about research related topics particularly on data collection, this presentation will be the best reference.
For Further Reading
- Biostatistics by Prem P. Panta
- Fundamentals of Research Methodology and Statistics by Yogesh k. Singh
- Research Design by J. W. Creswell
- Internet
This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It discusses the history and characteristics of qualitative research, including that it seeks to understand perspectives from local populations. The document outlines various qualitative methods like case studies, ethnography, and grounded theory. It also discusses issues in qualitative research such as gaining entry, selecting participants, and enhancing validity. Strategies to reduce bias like triangulation and examining outliers are presented.
This document discusses key aspects of research methodology. It begins by defining research as a systematic process of examining a topic closely through various methods such as observation and experimentation. The document then outlines several types of research including pure research, applied research, descriptive research, and correlational research. It also discusses different research methods like library research, field research, and laboratory research. The rest of the document delves into various steps of research methodology such as formulating hypotheses, preparing a research design, identifying variable types, and qualifying a rigorous research. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of conceptualizing and planning a scientific research study.
Dr. Sandhya Dhokia provides an overview of research methodology. She defines research as a careful investigation to discover new facts through scientific procedures. The objectives of research can include gaining familiarity with a phenomenon, accurately portraying characteristics of a situation, determining how frequently something occurs, and testing hypotheses. Motivations for research include obtaining degrees, solving problems, intellectual enjoyment, and helping society. The document also outlines different types of research approaches and methods.
Methods of Data Collection in Quantitative Research (Biostatistik)AKak Long
DEFINITION : Quantitative research, is defined as a the systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical or computational techniques.
Quantitative research gathers information from existing and potential customers using sampling methods and sending out online surveys, online polls, questionnaires etc., the results of which can be depicted in the form of numericals.
After careful understanding of these numbers to predict the future of a product or service and make changes accordingly.
Described as the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer research questions, test hypothesis and evaluate outcome.
Importance of data collection:
Helps us search for answers and resolutions
Facilitates and improve decision-making processes and the quality of the decisions made.
#Types of quantitative research.
. Survey research
The collection of data attained by asking individuals questions by either in person, on paper, by phone or online.
2. Correlational research
Measures two variables, understand assess the statistical relationship between them with no influence from any extraneous variable.
3. Casual-comparative research
To find relationship between independent and dependent variables after an action or event has already occurred.
4. Experimental research
Researcher manipulates one variables, and control/randomizes the rest of the variables.
This document discusses different types of research methods. It covers three types of research by purpose: basic research which seeks new knowledge without addressing practical problems, applied research which aims to solve practitioner problems, and action research which systematically examines strategies using research techniques. It also discusses quantitative and qualitative research strategies. Quantitative research uses statistical techniques and measurements, while qualitative research produces non-numerical findings through open-ended data collection like interviews. Both have distinct characteristics and designs. The document emphasizes that research questions should drive the choice of research design.
Topic 1 introduction to quantitative researchAudrey Antee
This document provides an introduction to quantitative research. It defines quantitative research as collecting and analyzing numerical data to explore, describe, explain, or predict trends. Quantitative research aims for objectivity and controls outside factors. It states hypotheses and uses statistics to analyze results. The document outlines reasons for quantitative research such as exploration, description, explanation, prediction, and evaluation. It also describes common types of quantitative research designs and the key components of measurement, sampling, research design, and statistical procedures.
This document provides an introduction to qualitative research methods. It outlines some key differences between qualitative and quantitative research, including that qualitative research is subjective, holistic, and aims to understand why and how phenomena occur rather than objective measurements. It also describes some common qualitative research designs like phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory. The document then covers methods for collecting qualitative data through interviews, focus groups, observation, and documents. It provides guidance on analyzing, coding, and presenting the results of qualitative research.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology, including:
- The benefits of research to students and practitioners for designing studies, understanding literature, and participating in evaluations.
- Definitions of key terms like method, methodology, and the differences between them.
- The characteristics of high-quality research like having a clearly defined scope and reproducible design.
- The typical steps in the research process from identifying a problem to interpreting data and revising hypotheses.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses the steps in a research process, including defining the research problem, formulating hypotheses, research design, data collection and analysis, and reporting findings. It also covers key concepts like the introduction and importance of hypotheses, types of hypotheses, and methods for testing hypotheses. Additionally, it introduces the use of models and empirical techniques in geographical research and different types of research design such as exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, experimental, and non-experimental.
This document discusses various methods of data collection for research. It begins by defining data collection as the process of systematically gathering and measuring information to answer research questions and test hypotheses. It then covers the main types of data (qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods) and their characteristics. A number of specific primary and secondary data collection methods are outlined, including questionnaires, interviews, observations, experiments, and existing records/documents. Key points about ensuring high quality data collection through appropriate instruments and instructions are also made.
This document provides an overview of research methodology and key concepts in designing and conducting research. It discusses the objectives and types of research, including fundamental and applied research. The research process involves defining the problem, developing a research plan, implementing the plan by collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Research design establishes the methods and procedures for obtaining needed information. It specifies tasks like determining the study scope, sample design, data collection and analysis techniques. The document also covers variables, sampling, data collection and the nature of data in research.
This document provides an overview of action research. It discusses action research as a participatory method used to promote positive social change. The document examines the cyclical nature of action research, which involves identifying a problem, collecting and analyzing data, planning and implementing an action, and then evaluating the results. Key aspects of action research highlighted include that it is participatory, cyclical, aims to identify practical solutions to problems, and uses both primary and secondary data collection methods. An example of an action research study on bullying in a charter school is also provided.
This document discusses different methods of data collection. It defines data collection as the process of systematically gathering and measuring information on variables of interest in order to answer research questions and test hypotheses. The two main types of data are qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative data is non-numerical, descriptive data often in the form of words, while quantitative data is numerical and can be mathematically computed. Common qualitative methods include interviews and focus groups, while quantitative methods include surveys, experiments, and observational studies. The document also discusses mixed methods research, which combines qualitative and quantitative approaches.
Marie Claire - Origin and Evolution of the Magazine. AaliyaGujral
The objectives of the research are the following
To critically analyze and understand the consumer preferences for magazines in today’s context
To understand the origin, history and evolution of Marie Claire.
To examine its position in the current market and context, individually as well as in terms of its competitors.
To analyse and decode its individualistic formats, layouts, content and cover pages and their evolution.
To bring to light the perception of readers towards Marie Claire as a magazine.
This project is a result of the combined effort by Aaliya Gujral , Amrit Kiran Kaur and Kadambari Manocha.
Data refers to raw information collected for research purposes, while statistics are numerical quantities calculated from the data. There are several key stages to statistical analysis: collection, organization, presentation, analysis and interpretation of data. Data can be classified as quantitative or qualitative depending on whether they are expressed numerically. Primary data are collected directly while secondary data are already available from other sources. Proper selection of the statistical unit of analysis is important for research.
This document summarizes the key aspects of conducting rural marketing research in India. It outlines an 8-step rural marketing research process including defining objectives, budgeting, research design, sampling, developing instruments, field work, data collection and analysis, and findings. It discusses challenges such as low literacy, language barriers, and accessibility. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods are described as well as primary and secondary data sources. Key considerations for rural research include building rapport, explaining benefits, and handling sensitive issues carefully.
This document outlines the eight step research process:
1. Deciding what to research by formulating a research problem and questions.
2. Planning the study by conceptualizing a design, constructing data collection instruments, selecting samples, and writing a proposal.
3. Conducting the study by collecting data through various methods, processing and displaying both qualitative and quantitative data.
4. Writing a research report discussing what was done, discoveries made, and conclusions drawn from findings.
This document outlines the steps for conducting a needs assessment, including defining the purpose, identifying the target population, selecting appropriate methods and instruments, collecting and managing data, analyzing results, and using the findings. It emphasizes that a needs assessment provides the rationale for a project by identifying unmet needs and gaps. Key parts of the process include obtaining IRB approval, developing valid and reliable instruments, and linking results back to project goals.
This document outlines the 8 key steps in the research process: 1) formulating a research problem, 2) conceptualizing a research design, 3) constructing a data collection instrument, 4) selecting a sample, 5) writing a research proposal, 6) collecting data, 7) processing data, and 8) writing a research report. It provides details on each step, including how to define a clear research problem, design valid measurement procedures, choose an appropriate sampling strategy, and analyze and communicate findings. The overall goal is to plan and conduct a systematic study and draw accurate conclusions.
This document discusses research design and the fundamentals of quantitative and qualitative research methods. It defines research design as the "blueprint" that guides data collection, measurement, analysis and interpretation. The document distinguishes between quantitative research, which collects quantifiable data using methods like surveys, and qualitative research, which uses open-ended techniques like interviews to understand opinions and perspectives. It also provides examples of specific research design types and strategies that can be used such as descriptive, experimental and correlational designs for quantitative research and case studies, interviews and observations for qualitative research.
English Language Research : Survey Research Designsitirahmahgani96
Survey research design consists of 5 key steps: planning the survey, constructing the survey instrument, conducting the survey, analyzing the data statistically, and analyzing the data qualitatively. There are different types of sampling that can be used including convenience sampling of readily available groups, purposeful sampling of knowledgeable individuals, and probability sampling techniques like simple random and stratified random sampling. Effective survey design addresses what is being investigated, who will be surveyed, how respondents will be selected, and how large the sample size needs to be based on the overall population size.
A community needs assessment identifies the strengths and resources available in the community to meet the needs of children, youth, and families. The assessment focuses on the capabilities of the community, including its citizens, agencies, and organizations.
Research Evaluation And Data Collection MethodsJessica Robles
The document discusses research evaluation and data collection methods used by Healthy People 2020, a US government program that sets national health objectives. It identifies measuring objectives, increasing public awareness of health determinants, providing measurable goals, engaging stakeholders, and identifying research methods as key missions. Healthy People 2020 aims to improve quality and length of life, achieve health equity, create health-promoting environments, and promote well-being across all life stages. One focus area is reducing the disease and economic burden of diabetes and improving quality of life for those with diabetes.
This 21 slide presentation Needs Analysis is Module 2 of a nine (9) module online course for adult education policy makers and practitioners to complement an innovative toolkit to guide adult education policy and practice.
Participation in adult education varies significantly across states and regions of Europe! Why? Evidence and literature suggests a wide disparity in policy making, programming and implementation skills in the adult education sector across Europe. It is imperative that policy makers and programme managers address this disparity to foster life-long learning for a smart-sustainable Europe (see EU2020 https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/economic-and-fiscal-policy-coordination/eu-economic-governance-monitoring-prevention-correction/european-semester/framework/europe-2020-strategy_en) and to achieve a European target of 15% of the adult population engaged in learning.
In response to this challenge, the ERASMUS+ DIMA project (See https://dima-project.eu/index.php/en/, 2015 to 2017) developed a practical 9 module online course to complement an innovative toolkit to guide adult education policy and practice. The DIMA toolkit (See https://dima-project.eu/index.php/en/toolkit) introduces tools for developing, implementing, and monitoring adult education policies, strategies, and practices.
Author: Michael Kenny and DIMA Project partners (https://dima-project.eu/index.php/en/partners)
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
4. Survey Research [5]
"survey" can be anything from a short paper-and-pencil feedback form to an intensive one-on-one in-depth interview.
• Most popular & common research method, non-experimental, descriptive research method., primarily quantitative,
but qualitative methods can be used too.
• The broad area involve asking questions to respondents.
• Surveys can be useful when a researcher wants to collect data on phenomena that cannot be directly observed.
• Gather information not available from other sources.
• A researcher may be able to gather data from all members of a population. Most of the time, the population is so
large that researchers must sample only a part of the population and make conclusions about the population based
on the sample.
• Unbiased representation of population interest. Consistency of measurement.
• Sampling issues and questionnaire design affect the accuracy, reliability, and representativeness of the research
findings.
Prepared by Sunantha krishnan on November 2020
5. Survey Research Classifications [5]
Classified according to PURPOSES
• Exploratory survey: to form general ideas about the research questions
• Descriptive survey: to collect more specific descriptions of the
variables of interest
• Explanatory survey: to develop understanding of relationships among
variables of interest
• Examples :
• How has the Amsterdam housing market changed over the past 20 years?
• Do customers of company X prefer product X or product Y?
• What are the main genetic, behavioural and morphological differences
between European wildcats and domestic cats?
• What are the most popular online news sources among under-18s?
• How prevalent is disease A in population B?
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6. Survey Research Process to conduct a
survey [5]
• The survey research process includes ..
• The design of a survey ( Planning, Sampling , Questionaries)
• The acquisition of a sample ( Data Collection)
• The fielding of the survey ( Data Translation )
• Analysis
• Presentation of Results ( Conclusion)
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7. Issues to consider in survey research[5]
• What is your RESEARCH QUESTION?
• Population: accessibility, literacy, and language issues?
• Sampling: available data and participation of respondents?
• Questions: type, length, and complexity? existing questionnaire?
• Content: knowledge of? • Bias: honest responses and social desirability?
• Administrative: cost, time, and equipment?
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8. Category of Survey Error [ 1 ]
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9. Connecting with the respondents [ 1 ]
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26. • Measurement is the assigning of numbers or codes according to prior-
set rules
• Measurements that can vary or be expressed as more than one value
throughout a study are called variables
• Types of Variables : One can consider whether a variable is:
• continuous (quantitative, scale), eg: AGE
• ordinal (ranked) eg OPINION 5 = strongly agree,
• categorical (qualitative, nominal) eg: Sex .
Measurement and Variables [1]
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27. Levels of Measurement [2] or Types of Variables
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28. Questionnaire Design [3]
Prepare written objectives for the research.
Have your objectives reviewed by others.
Review the literature related to the objectives.
Write a descriptive title for the questionnaire.
Write an introduction to the questionnaire.
Group the items by content, and provide a subtitle for each group.
Within each group of items, place items with the same format together.
At the end of the questionnaire, indicate what respondents should do next.
Prepare an informed consent form, if needed.
If the questionnaire will be mailed to respondents, avoid having your correspondence look
like junk mail.
If the questionnaire will be mailed, consider including a token reward.
If the questionnaire will be mailed, write a follow-up letter.
If the questionnaire will be administered in person, consider preparing written instructions
for the administrator.
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29. Data Collection and Storage [1]
In collecting data, each sampled unit represents an observation, and each item on the data
collection form represents a variable. For example, a data collection form that looks like this:
What is your age? [__] (years)
What is your gender: [__] (M/F)
Are you HIV positive: [__] (Y/N)
Have you been diagnosed with Kaposi's Sarcoma? [__] (Y/N)
Today's date: [___/___/___]
Have you ever had an opportunistic infection? [__] (Y/N)
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30. Data Collection and Storage cont. [1]
• showing 4 observations (n = 4) and 6 variables
Data from the forms are compiled to form a data table with observations arranged along rows
and variables forming columns. A data table based on the above form may look something like this:
AGE SEX HIV KAPOSISARC REPORTDATE OPPORTUNIST
27 F Y Y 04/25/89 N
30 F N N 09/11/89 Y
21 F Y Y 01/12/89 N
30 N Y Y 10/08/89 Y
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31. Sampling Design : using a Random Samples [1]
eg: the population (sampling frame) has 600 individuals (N = 600), is a list of 10 random
numbers between 1 and 600: 35, 37, 43, 143, 321, 329, 337, 492, 494, 546
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32. Sampling With and Without Replacement [1]
Sampling with replacement
• is done by "tossing" population member, back into the population pool after selection.
• all N members of the population are given an equal chance of being selected at each draw
sampling without replacement :
• is done so that once a population member has been drawn, this subject is removed from the population
pool for all subsequent draws.
• This way, once a population member has been drawn, their subsequent probability of selection is zero.
n - sample size
N - population size
f - sampling fraction (f = n / N)
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34. Some Basic Terminology of Sampling
• Sample : few member chosen/taken that represent the traits of the
whole population
• Sample Method: a procedure to select sample member from a
population
• Sample Frame : is a list from which potential members are chosen
• Sampling Process : a process that contain several stage
• Sample frame, sample size and sample methods are fixed to implement the
sample plan , collect data and to review the process.
• Biased Sample : one/more participants are favoured over others
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35. Types of Sampling Method
The two different types of sampling methods are:
• Probability Sampling
• Non-probability Sampling
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36. Sampling
Process and
design
Define the Population
Determine the sample
frame
Determine the
sampling Procedure /
Method
Probability Sampling Non probability Sampling
Determine the sample Size
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38. Probability Sampling
Simple
Random
Sampling
Stratified
Sampling
Multistage
Sampling
Cluster
Sampling
Systematic
Sampling
The population has
equal probability of
being in the sample.
The population is divided
into subgroups (Strata) ,
from each group a
random sample is taken
form it (Stratum)
The whole
population is
divided into cluster
or groups
A step by step
process where
broad sample is
moved to
narrowed sample
Every nth case
become a part of
sample after a
random start is
selected
1 stage
Sampling
2 stage
Sampling
Multistage
Sampling
Simple stage
sampling
Probability
Proportionate to
size sampling
Every member of
the population
selected has a
chance or random .
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39. Panel
Sampling
Snowball
Sampling
Purposive or
Judgemental
Sampling
Connivence
Sampling
Periodically asking
the same people for
several time
Based on the goals
of study, members
appropriate for the
study is chosen
Use few cases to
help & encourage
other cases to
participate , there
by increasing the
sample size
Participants are ready and
easily available or proximity
to the researcher,
opportunity sampling or
accidental grab
Non Probability
Sampling
Some members are out of
the coverage or has no
chance of selecting or
probability is not accurate
Choosing sample
based on
predetermined
characteristics
eg age>45
Quota
Sampling
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40. Sample
Frame
Error
Selection
Error
Non response
When a wrong sub
population is used to
select a sample
Occurs due to
potential
respondent refused
to respond or
participate
Occurs when a
member or
respondent self
selects their
participation in the
study
Sampling Error
Statical error that occurs cause the Rr has
not included a sample that represent the
entire population and the result found in
sample does not represent the result
obtained from entire population
Rr. Don't
understand
whom they have
to survey ?
Population
specification
error
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41. Selecting Sample Size
• Arbitrary Approach (10% of the population)
• Conventional Approach (What others have done )
• Cost Basis Approach (How many does budget allow?)
• Statistical Analysis Approach (Adequate for subgroup analysis)
• Confidence Interval Approach (Allows us to predetermine how
precise our estimates are)
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42. Control Sampling Error
• Careful sample design
• Large sample
• Multiple contact assures representation response
• Call-back
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43. Filed Works – Definition
• Field research: is defined as a qualitative method of data collection that aims to
observe, interact and understand people while they are in a natural environment.[6]
• Field research : A Natural way in a specific setting where the end objective of the
study is to observe and analyse the specific behaviour of a subject in that setting.[6]
• Field work : can mean the data collection stage of a project (particularly in the
qualitative tradition); or how researchers go about collecting data; or more narrowly,
data collection in a social setting that tries to reflect the naturally occurring order of
events and subjective meanings of those being studied.[7]
• Fieldwork: as qualitative research. The natural setting. Anthropological inheritance:
‘going into the field’. Making records of events as they happen. Preparations for
fieldwork. Fieldwork as an exploratory stage. Planning inductive research. Access;
gatekeepers; rules of engagement. Reactions to the fieldworker. ‘Acceptance’ and
moral obligations.[7]
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44. Fig : Field Research Methods Combination [8]
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46. Field Work – 5 Methods
Field Research Method [6]
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47. Field Work – 5 Methods
1. Direct Observation
1. The data is collected in a natural environment or a situation though an observational method
2. The behaviour or outcome of situation is not interfered in any way by the researcher.
3. The advantage of direct observation is that it offers contextual data on people, situations, interactions and
the surroundings.
4. This method of field research is widely used in a public setting or environment but not in a private
environment as it raises an ethical issues and dilemma
2. Participant Observation
1. The researcher is deeply involved in the research process, not just purely as an observer, but also as a
participant.
2. This method too is conducted in a natural environment but the only difference is the researcher gets
involved in the discussions and can mould the direction of the discussions.
3. In this method, researchers live in a comfortable environment with the participants of the research, to
make them comfortable and open up to in-depth discussions.
3. Ethnography
1. An expanded observation of social research and social perspective and the cultural values of an entire
social setting.
2. The entire communities are observed objectively.
3. e.g.:- if a researcher would like to understand how an Oberginnies tribe lives their life and operates,
he/she may chose to observe them or live amongst them and silently observe their day-to-day behaviour.
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48. Field Work – 5 Methods cont...
4. Qualitative Interviews
1. Qualitative Interviews are close ended questions that are asked directly to the
research subjects.
2. The qualitative interviews could be either informal and conversational, semi-
structured, standardized and open-ended or a mix of all the above three.
3. This provides a wealth of data to the researcher that they can sort through.
4. This also helps collect relational data. This method of field research can use a mix
of one-on-one interviews, focus groups and Text analysis.
5. Case Study
1. This type of Research is an in-depth analysis of a person, situation or event.
2. This method may look difficult to operate, however, it is one of the simplest ways
of conducting research.
3. It involves a deep dive and thorough understanding the data collection methods
and inferring the data.
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49. Reference : for Measurement concept ,
sampling and field work
1. https://www2.sjsu.edu/faculty/gerstman/StatPrimer/measure.htm
2. https://in.pinterest.com/pin/350858627198810302/
3. http://home.ubalt.edu/ntsbarsh/stat-data/surveys.htm#rss
4. https://www.slideshare.net/shilpipanchal2/sampling-design-ppt
5. https://slideplayer.com/slide/6413046/
6. https://www.questionpro.com/blog/field-research/
7. https://methods.sagepub.com/book/key-concepts-in-social-
research/n19.xml
8. https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_principles-of-sociological-inquiry-
qualitative-and-quantitative-methods/s13-01-field-research-what-is-it-
and-.html
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