Research Ethics.pptx
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Research ethics developed in response to unethical experiments conducted by Nazi scientists. The Belmont Report established core ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. Institutional review boards now review research proposals to ensure compliance with these principles and protect human subjects.
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L10 Ethics in research.ppt
The document discusses ethics in research and provides historical context. It covers:
- The Nuremberg Code established voluntary consent as essential after Nazi experiments.
- The Tuskegee Syphilis Study withheld treatment from black men for decades without consent.
- Key principles include respect for autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Informed consent requires competence, disclosure, understanding, voluntariness, and consent.
- Guidelines like the Declaration of Helsinki aim to apply ethics principles to clinical research internationally. Maintaining confidentiality is also important.
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This document outlines the key topics and objectives covered in a public health ethics course. It discusses the definition of ethics and morality. It then covers several important historical cases in research ethics, including the Nazi experiments, Tuskegee Syphilis Study, Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and Belmont Report. The four main ethical principles - respect for autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice - are introduced. The document also discusses ethical issues around communicable disease control and informed consent.
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Unit 8. Ethical Considerations in Reseaerch.pptx
Ethical Consideration in Research:
Objectives:
1. Define the terms related to ethics in research
2. Discuss historical events of ethical mischiefs and evolution of ethics as protecting human rights
3. Discuss the ethical principles, declaration of Helsinki and research code of ethics
4. Describe different types of informed consent, i.e. verbal, written, individual and institutional consent.
5. Produce a meaningful informed consent form.
6. Identify role and importance of ethical considerations in research.
Ethical Considerations in Research:
Ethical considerations in research are a set of principles that guide the research designs and practices.
Scientists and researchers must always adhere to a certain code of conduct when collecting data from people.
The goals of human research often include understanding real-life phenomena, studying effective treatments, investigating behaviors, and improving lives in other ways.
What you decide to research and how you conduct that research involve key ethical considerations.
Ethical considerations work to:
Protect the rights of research participants
Enhance research validity
Maintain scientific or academic integrity.
History of Research Ethics:
Nuremberg Code
Dec. 9, 1946, when an American military tribunal opened criminal proceedings against 23 leading German physicians and administrators for their willing participation in war crimes and crimes against humanity.
Among the charges were that German physicians conducted medical experiments on thousands of concentration camp prisoners without their consent. Most of the subjects of these experiments died or were permanently crippled as a result.
As a direct result of the trial, the Nuremberg Code was established in 1948, stating that “The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential,” making it clear that subjects should give consent and that the benefits of research must outweigh the risks.
Although it did not carry the force of law, the Nuremberg Code was the first international document which advocated voluntary participation and informed consent.
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In the late 1950s, thalidomide was approved as a sedative in Europe; it was not approved in the United States by the FDA.
The drug was prescribed to control sleep and nausea throughout pregnancy, but it was soon found that taking this drug during pregnancy caused severe deformities in the fetus.
Many patients did not know they were taking a drug that was not approved for use by the FDA, nor did they give informed consent. Some 12,000 babies were born with severe deformities due to thalidomide.
U.S. Senate hearings followed and in 1962 the so-called “Kefauver Amendments” to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act were passed into law to ensure drug efficacy and greater drug safety.
For the first time, drug manufacturers were required to prove to the FDA the effectiveness of their products before marketing them.
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- The Nuremberg Code established voluntary consent as essential after Nazi experiments.
- The Tuskegee Syphilis Study withheld treatment from black men for decades without consent.
- Key principles include respect for autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Informed consent requires competence, disclosure, understanding, voluntariness, and consent.
- Guidelines like the Declaration of Helsinki aim to apply ethics principles to clinical research internationally. Maintaining confidentiality is also important.
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Unit 8. Ethical Considerations in Reseaerch.pptx
Ethical Consideration in Research:
Objectives:
1. Define the terms related to ethics in research
2. Discuss historical events of ethical mischiefs and evolution of ethics as protecting human rights
3. Discuss the ethical principles, declaration of Helsinki and research code of ethics
4. Describe different types of informed consent, i.e. verbal, written, individual and institutional consent.
5. Produce a meaningful informed consent form.
6. Identify role and importance of ethical considerations in research.
Ethical Considerations in Research:
Ethical considerations in research are a set of principles that guide the research designs and practices.
Scientists and researchers must always adhere to a certain code of conduct when collecting data from people.
The goals of human research often include understanding real-life phenomena, studying effective treatments, investigating behaviors, and improving lives in other ways.
What you decide to research and how you conduct that research involve key ethical considerations.
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Protect the rights of research participants
Enhance research validity
Maintain scientific or academic integrity.
History of Research Ethics:
Nuremberg Code
Dec. 9, 1946, when an American military tribunal opened criminal proceedings against 23 leading German physicians and administrators for their willing participation in war crimes and crimes against humanity.
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As a direct result of the trial, the Nuremberg Code was established in 1948, stating that “The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential,” making it clear that subjects should give consent and that the benefits of research must outweigh the risks.
Although it did not carry the force of law, the Nuremberg Code was the first international document which advocated voluntary participation and informed consent.
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The B cell receptor is a transmembrane protein on B cells that is composed of a membrane-bound immunoglobulin molecule and a signal transduction moiety. The B cell receptor consists of an Ig molecule anchored to the cell's surface and has two key functions: signal transduction upon antigen interaction and internalization of antigens for processing and presentation to T cells. The B cell co-receptor is a complex of CD19, CD21, and CD81 expressed on mature B cells.
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Group 2 students - Wajjiha Amjad, Ayesha Ishtiaq, Sheeza Arif, and Shabana Noor - submitted a report on antibodies to Dr. Sadaf. The report defines antibodies and discusses their structure, including heavy and light chains that form a Y-shape. It also describes how antibodies bind to antigens and the variable and constant regions that determine specificity and effector functions. Furthermore, it explains how somatic hypermutation and VDJ recombination increase antibody diversity to target the wide range of pathogens encountered. The report concludes that monoclonal antibodies are better for therapeutic applications while polyclonal antibodies are generally preferable for research due to advantages in tolerance and epitope recognition.
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY T CELLS.pptx
The document discusses adaptive immunity and the immune response. It describes the four phases of the adaptive immune response as encounter, activation, attack, and memory. Acquired immunity develops over one's lifetime from vaccines, infections, or antibodies from others. The adaptive immune response involves B cells, helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. It also discusses the specificity, adaptiveness, discrimination between self and non-self, and memory properties of the adaptive immune response. The major cell types involved are T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, T memory cells, and regulatory T cells. The roles and mechanisms of these cell types are described in detail.
innate immunity.pptx
The document discusses innate immunity and the components that make up the innate immune system. It describes the innate immune system as the first line of defense against pathogens and antigens. The innate immune system acts immediately and provides non-specific protection. It consists of physical, chemical, and biological barriers that pathogens encounter. If pathogens breach these barriers, the cellular components of the innate immune system engage, including phagocytic cells, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and the complement system. The innate immune system provides a rapid but non-specific response to protect the body from infection.
immunology .pptx
The document provides an overview of the immune system presented by Dr. Sadaf Moeez. It defines key terms like immune system, immunology, immunity, and immune response. It describes the immune system as the cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate resistance to infections. The key tasks of the immune system are recognition of infections, effector functions to eliminate infections, regulation to prevent damage to the body, and memory to generate a strong secondary response. The document also discusses immunity, pathogens, antigens, types of immunity including innate and acquired, and antigens including exogenous and endogenous antigens.
immune organs final-1.pptx
The primary lymphoid organs that create lymphocytes are the bone marrow and thymus. The bone marrow produces B cells and some T cells, while the thymus matures T cells. Secondary lymphoid organs where lymphocytes are activated include lymph nodes, the spleen, tonsils, appendix, and Peyer's patches in the intestine. These organs work to filter the lymph and blood, recognize and eliminate pathogens and foreign cells, and support immune system functions.
ENDOCYTOSIS & INFLAMMATION-1.pptx
This document discusses endocytosis and inflammation. It defines endocytosis as the process by which cells take in material from outside through membrane vesicles. There are four main types of endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and caveolae. Phagocytosis specifically refers to the engulfing of large solid particles by immune cells, aided by opsonins and surface receptors like toll-like receptors. Inflammation is the immune response to infection or injury, marked by redness, swelling, heat and pain. Key events are the recruitment of phagocytes and the release of cytokines and acute phase proteins from the liver to combat pathogens and initiate healing. Fever occurs as part of inflammation and is induced by
Carbohydrates.pptx
Carbohydrates are organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They include sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides) and starches/fibers (polysaccharides). Monosaccharides like glucose are the simplest type, while polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds. Carbohydrates serve important functions like energy storage, structure in cell walls, and as components of other biomolecules. They are classified based on their structure as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides.
zika-virus-disease.pptx
Zika virus is spread by Aedes mosquitoes and can cause fever, rash and joint pain. It is particularly dangerous for pregnant women as it can cause microcephaly in fetuses. The virus was first identified in Uganda in 1947 and recent outbreaks have occurred in South America. It is usually mild and self-limiting, though acetaminophen can help relieve symptoms. Prevention focuses on reducing mosquito bites through clothing, repellents and nets. Currently there is no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment.
vaccines
Group A presented on the topic of Corona virus. Their presentation defined corona virus as a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It outlined the initial outbreak in Wuhan, China in late 2019 and the subsequent declaration of a global pandemic by WHO in March 2020. The presentation described the virus's morphology, life cycle within host cells, common symptoms, treatment options including self-care and medical care such as oxygen supplementation.
Viral vectors Gene Replacement Therapy.pptx
This document discusses biosafety considerations for gene therapy including criteria for categorizing biological risk, the history of human gene therapy, and risk management when working with adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. It provides guidelines for ensuring appropriate containment procedures based on risk group classifications from organizations like the NIH and WHO. Gene therapy aims to treat disease by replacing or correcting defective genes, and AAV vectors are promising for gene transfer and expression due to their ability to infect cells and remain as episomes.
Steps_of_Virus_Infections.pdf
Viral replication involves six key steps: 1) attachment, where the virus attaches to the host cell; 2) penetration, where the virus enters the host cell; 3) uncoating and replication, where the viral genetic material incorporates into the host cell and induces replication; 4) assembly, where new viral components are assembled; 5) release, where new viruses are released by cell lysis or budding; 6) for retroviruses like HIV, reverse transcription must occur to convert viral RNA into DNA before integration and replication. The overall process allows the virus to hijack the host cell's machinery to produce new viral progeny and spread infection.
Replication of Virus.pptx
Viruses are classified into six groups based on their nucleic acid composition and ability to produce mRNA. The groups are: 1) dsDNA viruses, 2) ssDNA viruses, 3) dsRNA viruses, 4) ssRNA viruses with positive strands, 5) ssRNA viruses with negative strands, and 6) ssRNA viruses with reverse transcriptase. Virus replication involves adsorption to host cells, penetration, uncoating, replication of the viral genome, transcription and translation to produce proteins, assembly of new virus particles, and release.
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THE SPECIAL SENCES- Unlocking the Wonders of the Special Senses: Sight, Sound...
Title: Unlocking the Wonders of the Special Senses: Sight, Sound, Smell, Taste, and Balance
Introduction:
Welcome to our captivating SlideShare presentation on the Special Senses, where we delve into the extraordinary capabilities that allow us to perceive and interact with the world around us. Join us on a sensory journey as we explore the intricate structures and functions of sight, sound, smell, taste, and balance.
The special senses are our primary means of experiencing and interpreting the environment, each sense providing unique and vital information that shapes our perceptions and responses. These senses are facilitated by highly specialized organs and complex neural pathways, enabling us to see a vibrant sunset, hear a symphony, savor a delicious meal, detect a fragrant flower, and maintain our equilibrium.
In this presentation, we will:
Visual System (Sight): Dive into the anatomy and physiology of the eye, exploring how light is converted into electrical signals and processed by the brain to create the images we see. Understand common vision disorders and the mechanisms behind corrective measures like glasses and contact lenses.
Auditory System (Hearing): Examine the structures of the ear and the process of sound wave transduction, from the outer ear to the cochlea and auditory nerve. Learn about hearing loss, auditory processing, and the advances in hearing aid technology.
Olfactory System (Smell): Discover the olfactory receptors and pathways that enable the detection of thousands of different odors. Explore the connection between smell and memory and the impact of olfactory disorders on quality of life.
Gustatory System (Taste): Uncover the taste buds and the five basic tastes – sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami. Delve into the interplay between taste and smell and the factors influencing our food preferences and eating habits.
Vestibular System (Balance): Investigate the inner ear structures responsible for balance and spatial orientation. Understand how the vestibular system helps maintain posture and coordination, and explore common vestibular disorders and their effects.
Through engaging visuals, interactive diagrams, and insightful explanations, we aim to illuminate the complexities of the special senses and their profound impact on our daily lives. Whether you're a student, educator, or simply curious about how we perceive the world, this presentation will provide valuable insights into the remarkable capabilities of the human sensory system.
Join us as we unlock the wonders of the special senses and gain a deeper appreciation for the intricate mechanisms that allow us to experience the richness of our environment.
Research, Monitoring and Evaluation, in Public Health
This is a presentation on the overview of the role of monitoring and evaluation in public health. It describes the various components and how a robust M&E system can possitively impact the results or effectiveness of a public health intervention.
English Drug and Alcohol Commissioners June 2024.pptx
Presentation made by Mat Southwell to the Harm Reduction Working Group of the English Drug and Alcohol Commissioners. Discuss stimulants, OAMT, NSP coverage and community-led approach to DCRs. Focussing on active drug user perspectives and interests
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对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
一比一原版布里斯托大学毕业证(Bristol毕业证书)学历如何办理
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【我们承诺采用的是学校原版纸张（纸质、底色、纹路）我们拥有全套进口原装设备，特殊工艺都是采用不同机器制作，仿真度基本可以达到100%，所有工艺效果都可提前给客户展示，不满意可以根据客户要求进行调整，直到满意为止！】
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信号:176555708】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信号:176555708】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
留信网服务项目：
1、留学生专业人才库服务（留信分析）
2、国（境）学习人员提供就业推荐信服务
3、留学人员区块链存储服务
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
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一比一原版(UoA毕业证)昆士兰科技大学毕业证如何办理
UoA毕业证学历书【微信95270640】办文凭{昆士兰科技大学毕业证}Q微Q微信95270640UoA毕业证书成绩单/学历认证UoA Diploma未毕业、挂科怎么办？+QQ微信：Q微信95270640-大学Offer（申请大学）、成绩单（申请考研）、语言证书、在读证明、使馆公证、办真实留信网认证、真实大使馆认证、学历认证
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国外毕业证学位证成绩单办理流程：
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2开始安排制作昆士兰科技大学毕业证成绩单电子图；
3昆士兰科技大学毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
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5昆士兰科技大学成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
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nursing management of patient with Empyema ppt
prepared by Prof. BLESSY THOMAS, SPN
Empyema is a disease of respiratory system It is defines as the accumulation of thick, purulent fluid within the pleural space, often with fibrin development.
Empyema is also called pyothorax or purulent pleuritis.
It’s a condition in which pus gathers in the area between the lungs and the inner surface of the chest wall. This area is known as the pleural space.
Pus is a fluid that’s filled with immune cells, dead cells, and bacteria.
Pus in the pleural space can’t be coughed out. Instead, it needs to be drained by a needle or surgery.
Empyema usually develops after pneumonia, which is an infection of the lung tissue. it is mainly caused due in infectious micro-organisms. It can be treated with medications and other measures.
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For the most result-oriented Russian Spa treatment in Ajman, visit our Massage Center. Our Russian therapists are skilled in various techniques to address health concerns. Our body-to-body massage is efficient due to individualized care and high-grade massage oils.一比一原版(USF毕业证)旧金山大学毕业证如何办理
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1所有材料真实但资料不全无法提供完全齐整的原件。【如：成绩单丶毕业证丶回国证明等材料中有遗失的。】
2获得真实的国外最终学历学位但国外本科学历就读经历存在问题或缺陷。【如：国外本科是教育部不承认的或者是联合办学项目教育部没有备案的或者外本科没有正常毕业的。】
3学分转移联合办学等情况复杂不知道怎么整理材料的。时间紧迫自己不清楚递交流程的。
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国外旧金山大学旧金山大学硕士学位证成绩单办理方法：
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Research Ethics.pptx
- 2. Research Ethics • Unethical research by Nazis • The Belmont Report • IRB
- 3. Unethical Research by Nazi’s • Karl Brandit conducted grusome experiments on jewish prisoners 1. Exposures to toxins 2. Exposure to freezing temperature 3. Exposure with deadly infectious agents 4. Sterilization
- 5. The Holocaust • The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. • Deaths: Around 6 million Jews • Start date: 1941 • End date: May 8, 1945 • Location: Nazi Germany, German-occupied Europe
- 6. Genocide • The deliberate killing of a large number of people from a particular nation or ethnic group with the aim of destroying that nation or group.
- 7. Nuremberg Code • A report about standards for ethical research • The Nuremberg Code has been foundation of other reports regarding ethics in research
- 8. Belmont Report • 1970 US Govt established the National Commision for protection of human subjects of biomedical and behavioral research • The commission wrote the Belmont Report
- 9. Belmont Report • Belmont report describes three core concepts of ethical research 1. Respect for person 2. Beneficence (an act of charity, mercy, and kindness with a strong connotation of doing good to others including moral obligation) 3. Justice
- 10. 1. Respect For Person • Recognition of human dignity informed consent process • Informed Consent.....when researchers tell potential participants about the study and ask if they want to participate or not?
- 11. Informed Consent • Informed consent contain three elements 1. Information 2. Comprehension 3. Voluntarianess
- 12. Respect For Person • Informed consent... Information • People must be given enough information in order to make a knowledgable decision if they want to participate or not
- 13. Complete Information • Information given to participate usually include 1. Purpose of research 2. Study methods 3. Time required to participate 4. Potential risk/benefits 5. Can ask question 6. Can quit participation at any time
- 14. Respect For Person • Informed consent- Comprehension • People comprehend the information that you give to them • Information must be presented in a way for people to understand it • Include special classes of people < 18 years, • Impaired mental capaciities, terminally ill, comatose
- 15. Respect for Person • Informed consent...............Volunteriness • People must be willing giving consent (permission to participate in the study) • People must not feel any pressure to participate
- 16. Respect for Person • Informed consent..........people are totally informed about the research study • People understand the information • People are willing to participate • People usually give consent by signing a form or verbally saying that they consent
- 17. Beneficence • Protecting people in research from harm • Maximize possible benefits of research and minimize possible harms • Benefits/harms.......physical, psychological, societal
- 18. Justice • Benefits and burden of research should be equally distributed fairly among people groups • This means researhers should not be baised in term of 1. Sex, 2. Race, 3. Social status and so on
- 19. Justice • I think my reseach can discover the cure for colon cancer and include only white people • ( benefits of research not fairly distributed)
- 20. Justice • Protection of the institutionalized such as prisoners or institutinalized people with mental health problems • Research can be conducted with them only on certain conditions • These groups are already burdened from being institutionalized • They do not need to feel further burden of being studied
- 21. IRB • Institution Review Board • A panel of people who determine if a proposed research study is ethical • Every institution that conduct research has a IRB • Before researchers conduct study they have to fill out application that describe their study how they are going to carry out the study • The potential benefits • The potential harm of the study
- 22. IRB • IRB read the application and decide will the research would be ethical or not? • If ethical IRB approves the study and the research can be started • If IRB does not approve the study the researchers will have to change how they want to change this study in order to make it ethical • Studies can not be conducted without approval from the IRB
- 30. Conclusion • War crimes of Nazis scientist inspired the scientific community to set guidelines for ethical research practices • The Belmort report defines core aspects of ethical research such as 1. Respect for person 2. Beneficence and justice 3. An IRB also ensures ethical research by reviweing research ideas before being conducted