Moral principles that govern a person’s behavior or the conducting of an activity.
Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with morality. It is concerned with distinguishing between good and evil in the world, between right and wrong human actions, and between virtuous and nonvirtuous characteristics of people-The American Dictionary of Cultural Literacy(2005).
Research Methods: Ethics I (Human Research)Brian Piper
lecture 2 from a college level research methods in psychology course taught in the spring 2012 semester by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Linfield College,
Research Methods: Ethics I (Human Research)Brian Piper
lecture 2 from a college level research methods in psychology course taught in the spring 2012 semester by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Linfield College,
EMPHNET-PHE Course: Module seven(part2)-research integrity and publication et...Dr Ghaiath Hussein
This is a series of presentations I gave in the Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET)'s Public Health Ethics (PHE) course that was held in Amman in June 2014.
This is the second part of the presentation on research ethics. It focuses on the ethical issues related to research integrity, and publication ethics.
Most people learn ethical norms at home, school, church, or other social settings.
Although most people acquire their sense of right and wrong during childhood, moral
development occurs throughout life, and human beings pass through different stages of growth as they mature. Ethical norms are so ubiquitous that one might be tempted to regard them as simple
commonsense.
Research ethics are essential for several reasons. They promote the aims of the research, such as expanding knowledge. They support the values required for collaborative work, such as mutual respect and fairness. This is essential because scientific research depends on collaboration between researchers and groups.
Research ethics are moral principles that guide researchers to conduct and report research without deception or intention to harm the participants of the study or members of the society as a whole, whether knowingly or unknowingly. Practising ethical guidelines while conducting and reporting research is essential to establish the validity of your research.
The following is a rough and general summary of some ethical principles that various codes
address:
Honesty
Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data, results, methods and
procedures, and publication status.
Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not deceive
colleagues, research sponsors, or the public.
Objectivity
Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research where
objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or minimise bias or self-deception. Disclose personal
or financial interests that may affect research.
Integrity
Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action.
Carefulness
Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your work and the
work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities, such as data collection, research
design, and correspondence with agencies or journals.
Openness
Share data, results, ideas, tools, and resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.
Respect for Intellectual Property
Honour patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all
research contributions. Never plagiarise.
Confidentiality
Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.
Responsible Publication
Publish to advance research and scholarship, not to advance your career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.
Responsible Mentoring
Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their welfare and allow them to make
their own decisions.
Respect for colleagues
Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.
EMPHNET-PHE Course: Module seven(part2)-research integrity and publication et...Dr Ghaiath Hussein
This is a series of presentations I gave in the Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET)'s Public Health Ethics (PHE) course that was held in Amman in June 2014.
This is the second part of the presentation on research ethics. It focuses on the ethical issues related to research integrity, and publication ethics.
Most people learn ethical norms at home, school, church, or other social settings.
Although most people acquire their sense of right and wrong during childhood, moral
development occurs throughout life, and human beings pass through different stages of growth as they mature. Ethical norms are so ubiquitous that one might be tempted to regard them as simple
commonsense.
Research ethics are essential for several reasons. They promote the aims of the research, such as expanding knowledge. They support the values required for collaborative work, such as mutual respect and fairness. This is essential because scientific research depends on collaboration between researchers and groups.
Research ethics are moral principles that guide researchers to conduct and report research without deception or intention to harm the participants of the study or members of the society as a whole, whether knowingly or unknowingly. Practising ethical guidelines while conducting and reporting research is essential to establish the validity of your research.
The following is a rough and general summary of some ethical principles that various codes
address:
Honesty
Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data, results, methods and
procedures, and publication status.
Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not deceive
colleagues, research sponsors, or the public.
Objectivity
Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research where
objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or minimise bias or self-deception. Disclose personal
or financial interests that may affect research.
Integrity
Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action.
Carefulness
Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your work and the
work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities, such as data collection, research
design, and correspondence with agencies or journals.
Openness
Share data, results, ideas, tools, and resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.
Respect for Intellectual Property
Honour patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all
research contributions. Never plagiarise.
Confidentiality
Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.
Responsible Publication
Publish to advance research and scholarship, not to advance your career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.
Responsible Mentoring
Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their welfare and allow them to make
their own decisions.
Respect for colleagues
Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.
Unit 8. Ethical Considerations in Reseaerch.pptxshakirRahman10
Ethical Consideration in Research:
Objectives:
1. Define the terms related to ethics in research
2. Discuss historical events of ethical mischiefs and evolution of ethics as protecting human rights
3. Discuss the ethical principles, declaration of Helsinki and research code of ethics
4. Describe different types of informed consent, i.e. verbal, written, individual and institutional consent.
5. Produce a meaningful informed consent form.
6. Identify role and importance of ethical considerations in research.
Ethical Considerations in Research:
Ethical considerations in research are a set of principles that guide the research designs and practices.
Scientists and researchers must always adhere to a certain code of conduct when collecting data from people.
The goals of human research often include understanding real-life phenomena, studying effective treatments, investigating behaviors, and improving lives in other ways.
What you decide to research and how you conduct that research involve key ethical considerations.
Ethical considerations work to:
Protect the rights of research participants
Enhance research validity
Maintain scientific or academic integrity.
History of Research Ethics:
Nuremberg Code
Dec. 9, 1946, when an American military tribunal opened criminal proceedings against 23 leading German physicians and administrators for their willing participation in war crimes and crimes against humanity.
Among the charges were that German physicians conducted medical experiments on thousands of concentration camp prisoners without their consent. Most of the subjects of these experiments died or were permanently crippled as a result.
As a direct result of the trial, the Nuremberg Code was established in 1948, stating that “The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential,” making it clear that subjects should give consent and that the benefits of research must outweigh the risks.
Although it did not carry the force of law, the Nuremberg Code was the first international document which advocated voluntary participation and informed consent.
Thalidomide
In the late 1950s, thalidomide was approved as a sedative in Europe; it was not approved in the United States by the FDA.
The drug was prescribed to control sleep and nausea throughout pregnancy, but it was soon found that taking this drug during pregnancy caused severe deformities in the fetus.
Many patients did not know they were taking a drug that was not approved for use by the FDA, nor did they give informed consent. Some 12,000 babies were born with severe deformities due to thalidomide.
U.S. Senate hearings followed and in 1962 the so-called “Kefauver Amendments” to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act were passed into law to ensure drug efficacy and greater drug safety.
For the first time, drug manufacturers were required to prove to the FDA the effectiveness of their products before marketing them.
David Resnik - MedicReS World Congress 2012MedicReS
Ethical Dilemmas in Scientific Research
David B. Resnik, JD, PhD, NIEHS/NIH
This research is supported by the NIEHS/NIH. It does not represent the views of the NIEHS, NIH, or US government.
Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity • a micro report by Rosie WellsRosie Wells
Insight: In a landscape where traditional narrative structures are giving way to fragmented and non-linear forms of storytelling, there lies immense potential for creativity and exploration.
'Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity' is a micro report from Rosie Wells.
Rosie Wells is an Arts & Cultural Strategist uniquely positioned at the intersection of grassroots and mainstream storytelling.
Their work is focused on developing meaningful and lasting connections that can drive social change.
Please download this presentation to enjoy the hyperlinks!
This presentation, created by Syed Faiz ul Hassan, explores the profound influence of media on public perception and behavior. It delves into the evolution of media from oral traditions to modern digital and social media platforms. Key topics include the role of media in information propagation, socialization, crisis awareness, globalization, and education. The presentation also examines media influence through agenda setting, propaganda, and manipulative techniques used by advertisers and marketers. Furthermore, it highlights the impact of surveillance enabled by media technologies on personal behavior and preferences. Through this comprehensive overview, the presentation aims to shed light on how media shapes collective consciousness and public opinion.
2. ETHICS:
• Moral principles that govern a person’s behavior
or the conducting of an activity.
• Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with morality.
It is concerned with distinguishing between good and evil
in the world, between right and wrong human actions, and
between virtuous and non virtuous characteristics of
people-The American Dictionary of Cultural Literacy
(2005).
5. Tuskegee Study ( Alabama) 1932 -1972:
• 399 poor and mostly illiterate Negro males suffering from
Syphilis were studied to observe the natural progression of the
disease.
• The subjects were not told they had syphilis and consequently
they went into infecting many of their wives, which resulted in 19
of their children being born with congenital syphilis.
• By 1947 penicillin had become the standard treatment for
syphilis. However, the treatment was withheld.
• Plenty of papers were published from this study. Eventually the
study was leaked to the press and the program was terminated.
6. Nazi human experimentation early 1940’s:
• Experiments carried out on large numbers of
prisoners in concentrated camps by the German.
Nazi regime during World War II:
They were forced into participating,
Typically, the experiments resulted in death,
disfigurement or permanent disability of the
subjects
7. Nazi human experimentations:
• Malaria experiments (1942-1945) – conducted on over 1200 prisoners to
test for immunization and treatment of malaria. Prisoners were infected by
mosquitoes or by injections of extracts of the mucous glands of female
mosquitoes. About a half died of the disease and subsequent complications.
• Mustard gas experiments (1939-1945) - subjects were deliberately
exposed to mustard gas which inflicted severe chemical burns . Then they were
tested to find the most effective treatment for the mustard gas burns.
• Sulfonamide experiments (1942-1943) – Wounds inflicted on the
subjects were infected with bacteria, such as Streptococcus, gas gangrene and
tetanus. Blood circulation to these wounds was interrupted to create a
condition similar to that of a battlefield wound. Infection was aggravated by
forcing wood shavings and ground glass into the wounds. The infection was
treated with sulfonamide and other drugs to determine their effectiveness.
8. Aftermath of the experimentations:
• Many of the subjects died, many others were murdered after
the tests were completed to carryout a post mortem. Those
who survived were often left mutilated, suffering permanent
disability, weakened bodies, and mental duress.
• On August 19, 1947, the doctors captured by Allied forces
were put on trial in USA – Doctor’s trial. At the trial, several
of the doctors argued in their defense that there was no
international law regarding medical experimentation.
• This led to the development of the Nuremberg Code of
medical ethics.
9. Nuremberg Code – 1949:
The code calls for standards such as,
• Voluntary consent of human subjects
• To recognize that the risks must out
weigh the expected benefit, and that
unnecessary pain and suffering must
be avoided.
• Doctors should avoid actions that injure
human patients.
10. DECLARATION OF HELSINKI (1964):
• Greater care can be exercised
to protect subjects from harm.
• Strong, independent
justification for exposing a
healthy volunteer to
substantial risk of harm.
• Investigators must protect life
and health of research
subjects.
11. The Importance of Research Ethics:
• They promote the aims of research, such as expanding knowledge.
• They support the values required for collaborative work, such as
mutual respect and fairness. This is essential because scientific
research depends on collaboration between researchers and groups.
• They mean that researchers can be held accountable for their actions.
Many researchers are supported by public money, and regulations on
conflicts of interest, misconduct, and research involving humans or
animals are necessary to ensure that money is spent appropriately.
• They ensure that the public can trust research. For people to support
and fund research, they have to be confident in it.
12. Codes of Ethics:
• Government agencies who fund or commission research often publish
codes of conduct for researchers, or codes of ethics.
• For example, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Food and
Drug Administration (FDA) both publish ethical codes. Some ethical
codes may have the force of law behind them, while others may
simply be advisable.
• Be aware that even if you do nothing illegal, doing something
unethical may end your research career.
• Many or even most ethical codes cover the following areas:
13. Honesty and Integrity:
• This means that you need to report your research honestly, and that
this applies to your methods (what you did), your data, your results,
and whether you have previously published any of it.
• You should not make up any data, including extrapolating
unreasonably from some of your results, or do anything which could
be seen as trying to mislead anyone. It is better to undersell than over-
exaggerate your findings.
• When working with others, you should always keep to any
agreements, and act sincerely.
14. Fairness:
• You should aim to avoid bias in any aspect of your research, including
design, data analysis, interpretation, and peer review.
• For example, you should never recommend as a peer reviewer
someone you know, or who you have worked with, and you should try
to ensure that no groups are unintentionally excluded from your
research.
• This also means that you need to disclose any personal or financial
interests that may affect your research.
15. Carefulness:
• Take care in carrying out your research to avoid careless mistakes.
• You should also review your work carefully and critically to ensure
that your results are credible.
• It is also important to keep full records of your research.
• If you are asked to act as a peer reviewer, you should take the time to
do the job effectively and fully.
16. Openness:
• You should always be prepared to share your data and results, along
with any new tools that you have developed, when you publish your
findings, as this helps to further knowledge and advance science.
• You should also be open to criticism and new ideas.
17. Respect for Intellectual Property:
• You should never plagiarize, or copy, other people’s work and try to
pass it off as your own. You should always ask for permission before
using other people’s tools or methods, unpublished data or results. Not
doing so is plagiarism.
• Obviously, you need to respect copyrights and patents, together with
other forms of intellectual property, and always acknowledge
contributions to your research. If in doubt, acknowledge, to avoid any
risk of plagiarism.
• Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind: inventions; literary and
artistic works; and symbols, names and images used in commerce
• Plagiarism is an act or instance of using or closely imitating the language and
thoughts of another author without authorization and the representation of that
author's work as one's own, as by not crediting the original author
18. Confidentiality:
• You should respect anything that has been provided in confidence. You
should also follow guidelines on protection of sensitive information
such as patient records.
Responsible Publication:
• You should publish to advance the state of research and knowledge,
and not just to advance your career. This means, in essence, that you
should not publish anything that is not new, or that duplicates someone
else’s work.
Legality:
• You should always be aware of laws and regulations that govern your
work, and be sure that you conform to them.
19. Animal Care:
• If you are using animals in your research, you should always be sure that your
experiments are both necessary and well-designed. You should also show respect
for the animals you are using, and make sure that they are properly cared for.
Human Subjects Protection:
• If your research involves people, you should make sure that you reduce any
possible harm to the minimum, and maximize the benefits both to participants and
other people.
• This means, for example, that you should not expose people to more tests than are
strictly necessary to fulfil your research aims. You should always respect human
rights, including the right to privacy and autonomy. You may need to take
particular care with vulnerable groups, which include, but are not limited to,
children, older people, and those with learning difficulties.
20. The Role of the Ethics Committee:
• Most universities have an ethics committee. This is required to
scrutinize all research proposals, to ensure that they do not raise any
ethical issues.
• This will generally include research for master’s and undergraduate
degrees and Ph.D. studies.
21. Guidance on Ethical Treatment of Research
Participants (Human and Animal):
• The ethical treatment of research participants (human and animal) requires
informed consent for human participants, humane treatment of animals,
nondiscriminatory practices, and confidentiality.
Informed Consent:
• When conducting clinical research, the obtaining of informed consent is
required. Informed consent is a procedure through which a competent
subject, after having received and understood all the research-related
information, can voluntarily provide his or her willingness to participate in
a clinical trial.Failure to obtain written consent from individuals
participating in research, or from the parents/guardians of individuals
participating in research, represents an ethical violation of Principles and
Rules of ethics.