9. DEDUCTIVE REASONING
“Theory Before Research”
ConstructTheory/Model
Select Hypotheses
Formulate Project
DataGathering, etc.
Find Support (or Not) for
Hypotheses through
Analysis
INDUCTIVE REASONING
“Research BeforeTheory”
Investigate Phenomena
Measure Attributes
Analyze Data, Discern Patterns
ConstructTheory
10.
11. PHILOSOPHICAL
OBJECTIONS
Measuring Reasoning
Construction of “Facts”
PRACTICAL
OBJECTIONS
Subjects are Misleading
Complexity of Behavior
Multiple Meanings and/or
Value-Laden Concepts
Gathering/Obtaining Data
12.
13. Initial step in an empirical research project
focuses on choosing a research question
Limitations:
Political, Social,
or Geographical
Observable
Significant
14. Political scientists, sociologists , and
geograpahers investigate diverse phenomena
Subjects for Research Questions:
Individuals or Groups
Institutions
Political Jurisdictions
Social Problems
Geographic Locations
15. In most cases research questions focus on a
presumed causal relationship
Normative research questions?
23. Literature Review is NOT a Book Review
Scholarship is cumulative
Importance of:
Organizing
Integrating
Evaluating
24. #1:What have others found on my topic?
#2: How is my project related to others’ work?
#3:What explains observed variations?
#4: Do relationships exist between concepts?
#5: How can concepts been defined/measured?
#6: How can I identify researchable hypotheses?
#7:What data sources have others used?
#8: How can I develop alternative designs?
25. THINGSTO DO
Relevant Work
Relevant Concepts / Ideas
Literature to Study
What is the “gap?”
Group Literature
(Theory, Method, Results)
Use Quotes Sparingly
THINGSTO NOT DO
Every. Single. Source
“Play-by-Play” Description
Unorganized Literature
Use the “Boxcar Method”
Article 1 says this…
Article 2 says this…