Research and information Literacy, Research Literacy, Academic writing سواد اطلاعاتی و پژوهشی

1. ‫اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻢ‬‫اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ‬‫اﷲ‬‫ﺑﺴﻢ‬
‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮي‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاد‬
‫ﻧﻮروزي‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯿﺮﺿﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫دﮐﺘﺮاي‬-‫ﮐﺎﻧﺎدا‬
‫ﺗﻬﺮان‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﯿﺌﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬ ‫وب‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮدﺑﯿﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻼت‬ ‫داور‬ ،‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮ‬ ،‫ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪه‬
anoruzi@gmail.com

2. ‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاد‬
‫آﻣﺎر‬ ‫و‬ ‫رﯾﺎﺿﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاد‬‫ﺳﻮاد‬‫ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧ‬‫ﻪ‬‫اي‬
‫ﺳﻮاد‬‫رﺳﺎﻧﻪ‬)،‫ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﻮاد‬‫ﺷﺒﮑﻪ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫رﺳﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬ ‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬(
،‫اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬ ‫زﺑﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﻮاد‬
‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاد‬)‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬ ‫روش‬(،
...
‫راﯾﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاد‬‫اي‬‫ﺳﻮاد‬‫ﺳﻨﺘﯽ‬

4. ‫ﺳﻮاد‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬‫اي‬‫از‬‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫و‬‫راﻫﺒﺮدﻫﺎﺳﺖ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺮد‬‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﮔﺮ‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬‫را‬‫ﻗﺎدر‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﺳﺎزد‬‫ﺗﺎ‬‫ﻧﯿﺎزﻫﺎي‬
‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬‫ﺧﻮد‬‫را‬‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ‬‫و‬‫ﺑﺮآورده‬‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬،‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﯾﮏ‬‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮ‬‫ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ‬‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬‫و‬‫ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ‬
‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ‬‫ﺧﻮد‬‫را‬‫ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ‬،‫دﻫﺪ‬‫آن‬‫را‬‫در‬‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬‫ﮐﻠﯿﺪواژه‬‫ﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬‫ﺑﺎزﻧﻤﺎﯾﯽ‬‫و‬‫ﺑﯿﺎن‬،‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬‫ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ‬‫در‬‫اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬‫و‬‫ﻣﻮﺗﻮرﻫﺎي‬
‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﮔﻮﮔﻞ‬‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬،‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬‫و‬‫در‬،‫ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬
‫ﺑﺎزﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬‫ﺷﺪه‬‫را‬‫از‬‫ﻟﺤﺎظ‬‫ﺳﻨﺪﯾﺖ‬‫و‬‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬‫ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬‫و‬‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﺳﻮاد‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬‫اي‬‫از‬‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫و‬‫راﻫﺒﺮدﻫﺎﺳﺖ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺮد‬‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﮔﺮ‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬‫را‬‫ﻗﺎدر‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﺳﺎزد‬‫ﺗﺎ‬‫ﻧﯿﺎزﻫﺎي‬
‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬‫ﺧﻮد‬‫را‬‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ‬‫و‬‫ﺑﺮآورده‬‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬،‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﯾﮏ‬‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮ‬‫ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ‬‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬‫و‬‫ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ‬
‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ‬‫ﺧﻮد‬‫را‬‫ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ‬،‫دﻫﺪ‬‫آن‬‫را‬‫در‬‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬‫ﮐﻠﯿﺪواژه‬‫ﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬‫ﺑﺎزﻧﻤﺎﯾﯽ‬‫و‬‫ﺑﯿﺎن‬،‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬‫ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ‬‫در‬‫اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬‫و‬‫ﻣﻮﺗﻮرﻫﺎي‬
‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﮔﻮﮔﻞ‬‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬،‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬‫و‬‫در‬،‫ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬
‫ﺑﺎزﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬‫ﺷﺪه‬‫را‬‫از‬‫ﻟﺤﺎظ‬‫ﺳﻨﺪﯾﺖ‬‫و‬‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬‫ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬‫و‬‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬.

5. »‫ﺑﺎﺳﻮاد‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬‫ﻓﺮدي‬‫اﺳﺖ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ‬‫ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ‬‫ﻧﯿﺎز‬‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬‫را‬‫دارد‬‫و‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﺟﺎﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬،‫ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬‫و‬‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫از‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬‫ﻣﻮرد‬‫ﻧﯿﺎز‬‫ﺑﭙﺮدازد‬‫و‬‫ﺑﯿﺎﻣﻮزد‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﺑﯿﺎﻣﻮزد‬«
)‫اﻧﺠﻤﻦ‬‫ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺪاران‬‫آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ‬(.
‫آﻣﻮزش‬‫ﺳﻮاد‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬‫از‬‫دﺑﺴﺘﺎن‬‫ﯾﺎ‬‫ﺣﺘﯽ‬‫ﭘﯿﺶ‬‫از‬‫آن‬‫آﻏﺎز‬
‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬‫و‬‫ﺗﺎ‬‫ﭘﺎﯾﺎن‬‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬‫اداﻣﻪ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﯾﺎﺑﺪ‬.
‫آﻣﻮزش‬‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ‬‫ﻣﺤﻮر‬،‫ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي‬‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﭘﺮﺳﺶ‬،
‫ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬‫و‬‫آﻣﻮزش‬‫ﻣﺎدام‬‫اﻟﻌﻤﺮ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬‫از‬‫ﺟﻠﻮه‬‫ﻫﺎي‬
‫ﺳﻮاد‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬‫در‬‫آﻣﻮزش‬‫رﺳﻤﯽ‬‫ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎ‬‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬.
»‫ﺑﺎﺳﻮاد‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬‫ﻓﺮدي‬‫اﺳﺖ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ‬‫ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ‬‫ﻧﯿﺎز‬‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬‫را‬‫دارد‬‫و‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﺟﺎﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬،‫ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬‫و‬‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫از‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬‫ﻣﻮرد‬‫ﻧﯿﺎز‬‫ﺑﭙﺮدازد‬‫و‬‫ﺑﯿﺎﻣﻮزد‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﺑﯿﺎﻣﻮزد‬«
)‫اﻧﺠﻤﻦ‬‫ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺪاران‬‫آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ‬(.
‫آﻣﻮزش‬‫ﺳﻮاد‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬‫از‬‫دﺑﺴﺘﺎن‬‫ﯾﺎ‬‫ﺣﺘﯽ‬‫ﭘﯿﺶ‬‫از‬‫آن‬‫آﻏﺎز‬
‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬‫و‬‫ﺗﺎ‬‫ﭘﺎﯾﺎن‬‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬‫اداﻣﻪ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﯾﺎﺑﺪ‬.
‫آﻣﻮزش‬‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ‬‫ﻣﺤﻮر‬،‫ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي‬‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﭘﺮﺳﺶ‬،
‫ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬‫و‬‫آﻣﻮزش‬‫ﻣﺎدام‬‫اﻟﻌﻤﺮ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬‫از‬‫ﺟﻠﻮه‬‫ﻫﺎي‬
‫ﺳﻮاد‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬‫در‬‫آﻣﻮزش‬‫رﺳﻤﯽ‬‫ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎ‬‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬.

6. ‫اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬‫ﺷﺪه‬‫ﺗﺎ‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬‫ﺑﺪون‬‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻦ‬‫از‬‫ﻫ‬‫ﺮ‬
‫ﻓﯿﻠﺘﺮي‬‫در‬‫دﺳﺘﺮس‬‫ﻫﻤﮕﺎن‬‫ﻗﺮار‬‫ﮔﯿﺮد‬‫ﻣﯽ‬.،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺳﺶ‬‫ﻫﺎﯾﯽ‬‫در‬‫ﻣﻮرد‬،‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬،‫ﭘﺎﯾﺎﯾﯽ‬‫ﺛﺒﺎت‬‫و‬‫اﺻﯿﻞ‬‫ﺑﻮد‬‫ن‬
‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬‫ﻣﻄﺮح‬‫اﺳﺖ‬.
‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻋﻼوه‬‫اﯾﻦ‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬‫از‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬‫و‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫رﺳﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن‬‫ﻧﻈﯿﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻦ‬)‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ‬(،،‫ﺻﺪا‬‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ‬‫و‬‫ﮐﺎرﻫﺎي‬‫ﮔﺮاﻓﯿﮑﯽ‬‫در‬‫دﺳﺘﺮس‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬.‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬‫اﯾﻦ‬‫ﻣﻮارد‬‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﺗﺎ‬‫اﻓﺮاد‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﭼﺎﻟﺶ‬
‫ﺟﺪي‬‫در‬‫ﻓﻬﻢ‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬‫و‬‫ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬‫آن‬‫روﺑﻪ‬‫رو‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.
‫اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬‫ﺷﺪه‬‫ﺗﺎ‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬‫ﺑﺪون‬‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻦ‬‫از‬‫ﻫ‬‫ﺮ‬
‫ﻓﯿﻠﺘﺮي‬‫در‬‫دﺳﺘﺮس‬‫ﻫﻤﮕﺎن‬‫ﻗﺮار‬‫ﮔﯿﺮد‬‫ﻣﯽ‬.،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺳﺶ‬‫ﻫﺎﯾﯽ‬‫در‬‫ﻣﻮرد‬،‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬،‫ﭘﺎﯾﺎﯾﯽ‬‫ﺛﺒﺎت‬‫و‬‫اﺻﯿﻞ‬‫ﺑﻮد‬‫ن‬
‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬‫ﻣﻄﺮح‬‫اﺳﺖ‬.
‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻋﻼوه‬‫اﯾﻦ‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬‫از‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬‫و‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫رﺳﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن‬‫ﻧﻈﯿﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻦ‬)‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ‬(،،‫ﺻﺪا‬‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ‬‫و‬‫ﮐﺎرﻫﺎي‬‫ﮔﺮاﻓﯿﮑﯽ‬‫در‬‫دﺳﺘﺮس‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬.‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬‫اﯾﻦ‬‫ﻣﻮارد‬‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﺗﺎ‬‫اﻓﺮاد‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﭼﺎﻟﺶ‬
‫ﺟﺪي‬‫در‬‫ﻓﻬﻢ‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬‫و‬‫ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬‫آن‬‫روﺑﻪ‬‫رو‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.

7. ‫ﻓﺮد‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺳﻮاد‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬،‫ارزش‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬‫را‬‫ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ‬‫داده‬
‫و‬‫وﻗﺘﯽ‬‫ﺑﺮاي‬‫ﺣﻞ‬،‫ﻣﺸﮑﻠﯽ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬‫ﻧﯿﺎزﻣﻨﺪ‬،‫اﺳﺖ‬‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ‬
‫ﭘﯿﺪا‬‫ﮐﺮدن‬‫و‬‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ‬‫آن‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫را‬‫داﺷﺘﻪ‬‫و‬‫ﻗﺎدر‬‫اﺳﺖ‬‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي‬
‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬‫را‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫دﯾﺪ‬‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎدي‬‫ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬‫ﮐﻨﺪ؛‬‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ‬‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫از‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬‫را‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫درﺳﺘﯽ‬‫و‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬‫دﻫﺪ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫و‬‫از‬
،‫ﻃﺮﻓﯽ‬‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ‬‫اﯾﺠﺎد‬‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي‬‫ﮐﯿﻔﯽ‬‫را‬‫ﻧﯿﺰ‬‫دارد‬.
‫ﻓﺮد‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺳﻮاد‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬،‫ارزش‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬‫را‬‫ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ‬‫داده‬
‫و‬‫وﻗﺘﯽ‬‫ﺑﺮاي‬‫ﺣﻞ‬،‫ﻣﺸﮑﻠﯽ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬‫ﻧﯿﺎزﻣﻨﺪ‬،‫اﺳﺖ‬‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ‬
‫ﭘﯿﺪا‬‫ﮐﺮدن‬‫و‬‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ‬‫آن‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫را‬‫داﺷﺘﻪ‬‫و‬‫ﻗﺎدر‬‫اﺳﺖ‬‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي‬
‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬‫را‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫دﯾﺪ‬‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎدي‬‫ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬‫ﮐﻨﺪ؛‬‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ‬‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫از‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬‫را‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫درﺳﺘﯽ‬‫و‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬‫دﻫﺪ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫و‬‫از‬
،‫ﻃﺮﻓﯽ‬‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ‬‫اﯾﺠﺎد‬‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي‬‫ﮐﯿﻔﯽ‬‫را‬‫ﻧﯿﺰ‬‫دارد‬.

8. ‫ﺳﻮاد‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻓﻨﺎوري‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬‫واﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬.‫ﻓﺮد‬‫ﺑﺎﺳﻮاد‬‫از‬‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬‫ﻓﻨﺎوري‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬‫ﻗﺎدر‬‫اﺳﺖ‬‫ﺗﺎ‬،‫راﯾﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫اﻓﺰارﻫﺎي‬‫ﻧﺮم‬،‫ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي‬‫و‬‫ﭘﺎﯾﮕﺎه‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬‫را‬‫ﺑﺮاي‬‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬
‫اﻣﻮر‬‫ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن‬‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮط‬‫ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﺗﺤﺼﯿﻞ‬،‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ‬،‫آﻣﻮزش‬‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ‬‫و‬
‫اﻣﻮر‬‫ﺷﺨﺼﯽ‬‫ﺧﻮد‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﮐﺎر‬‫ﮔﯿﺮد‬.

9. ‫وﺟﻮد‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎﯾﯽ‬‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬‫داﺷﺘﻦ‬‫ﺷﻬﺮوﻧﺪاﻧﯽ‬)،‫داﻧﺸﺠﻮﯾﺎن‬
،‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮان‬...(‫آﮔﺎه‬‫و‬‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ‬‫ﻣﺪار‬‫ﺷﻮد‬‫ﻧﻤﯽ‬‫ﻣﮕﺮ‬‫اﯾﻦ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫آن‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻻزم‬‫ﺑﺮاي‬‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‬‫از‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬‫را‬‫ﮐﺴﺐ‬‫ﮐﺮده‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﺳﻮاد‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬‫ﭘﺎﯾﻪ‬‫و‬‫اﺳﺎس‬‫ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي‬‫اﻟﻌﻤﺮ‬‫ﻣﺎدام‬‫را‬‫ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ‬‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬
‫و‬‫ﺑﺮاي‬‫ﮐﻠﯿﻪ‬‫ﺳﻄﻮح‬‫ﺗﺤﺼﯿﻠﯽ‬‫و‬‫ﺗﻤﺎم‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‬‫ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي‬‫ﻻزم‬‫و‬
‫ﺿﺮوري‬‫اﺳﺖ‬.‫ﺳﻮاد‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﺗﺎ‬‫ﻓﺮاﮔﯿﺮان‬‫ﻧﺤﻮه‬
‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﻫﺎي‬‫ﺧﻮد‬‫را‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬‫ﺑﺨﺸﯿﺪه‬‫و‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي‬‫ﺧﻮدﮔﺮان‬‫دﺳﺖ‬
‫ﯾﺎﺑﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻓﺮد‬‫ﺑﺎﺳﻮاد‬،‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬‫داراي‬‫وﯾﮋﮔﯽ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫و‬‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ‬‫ﻫﺎﯾﯽ‬‫اﺳﺖ‬‫از‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬‫اﯾﻨﮑﻪ‬‫او‬‫ﻗﺎدر‬‫اﺳﺖ‬‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬‫ﮐﺴﺐ‬‫ﺳﻮاد‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬‫را‬‫ﻃﯽ‬‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬.
‫وﺟﻮد‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎﯾﯽ‬‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬‫داﺷﺘﻦ‬‫ﺷﻬﺮوﻧﺪاﻧﯽ‬)،‫داﻧﺸﺠﻮﯾﺎن‬
،‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮان‬...(‫آﮔﺎه‬‫و‬‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ‬‫ﻣﺪار‬‫ﺷﻮد‬‫ﻧﻤﯽ‬‫ﻣﮕﺮ‬‫اﯾﻦ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫آن‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻻزم‬‫ﺑﺮاي‬‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‬‫از‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬‫را‬‫ﮐﺴﺐ‬‫ﮐﺮده‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﺳﻮاد‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬‫ﭘﺎﯾﻪ‬‫و‬‫اﺳﺎس‬‫ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي‬‫اﻟﻌﻤﺮ‬‫ﻣﺎدام‬‫را‬‫ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ‬‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬
‫و‬‫ﺑﺮاي‬‫ﮐﻠﯿﻪ‬‫ﺳﻄﻮح‬‫ﺗﺤﺼﯿﻠﯽ‬‫و‬‫ﺗﻤﺎم‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‬‫ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي‬‫ﻻزم‬‫و‬
‫ﺿﺮوري‬‫اﺳﺖ‬.‫ﺳﻮاد‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﺗﺎ‬‫ﻓﺮاﮔﯿﺮان‬‫ﻧﺤﻮه‬
‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﻫﺎي‬‫ﺧﻮد‬‫را‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬‫ﺑﺨﺸﯿﺪه‬‫و‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي‬‫ﺧﻮدﮔﺮان‬‫دﺳﺖ‬
‫ﯾﺎﺑﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻓﺮد‬‫ﺑﺎﺳﻮاد‬،‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬‫داراي‬‫وﯾﮋﮔﯽ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫و‬‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ‬‫ﻫﺎﯾﯽ‬‫اﺳﺖ‬‫از‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬‫اﯾﻨﮑﻪ‬‫او‬‫ﻗﺎدر‬‫اﺳﺖ‬‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬‫ﮐﺴﺐ‬‫ﺳﻮاد‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬‫را‬‫ﻃﯽ‬‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬.

10. Step 1
Identify and refine your topic
Step 2
Identify your best resources
OverviewoftheResearchProcessOverviewoftheResearchProcess
Step 3
Access and search the resources
Step 4
Evaluate results and repeat Steps
1 – 3 as needed!
OverviewoftheResearchProcessOverviewoftheResearchProcess

11. ‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬:
Research Topic
1.‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﻪ‬/‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮ‬ ‫دﻏﺪﻏﻪ‬
2.‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫ﺑﺪﯾﻊ‬/‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫ﻧﻮ‬
3.‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫ﭘﺬﯾﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ‬
4.‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬ ‫اوﻟﻮﯾﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻫﻤﯿﺖ‬)‫ﻧﯿﺎز‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ‬(
5.‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ‬
6.‫اﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬)‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰات‬ ،‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬ ،‫اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ‬ ،‫ﻣﺎدي‬(
7.‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
8.‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻮل‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬:
Research Topic
1.‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﻪ‬/‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮ‬ ‫دﻏﺪﻏﻪ‬
2.‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫ﺑﺪﯾﻊ‬/‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫ﻧﻮ‬
3.‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫ﭘﺬﯾﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ‬
4.‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬ ‫اوﻟﻮﯾﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻫﻤﯿﺖ‬)‫ﻧﯿﺎز‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ‬(
5.‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ‬
6.‫اﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬)‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰات‬ ،‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬ ،‫اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ‬ ،‫ﻣﺎدي‬(
7.‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
8.‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻮل‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬

12. ‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺎز‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺎز‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ‬
‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﺎﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﺎﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬
‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬ ‫ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬ ‫ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬ ‫ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬ ‫ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬
‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺧﻼﻗﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬

13. ‫دﻫﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺧﻮد‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺎز‬:
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﻧﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﮔﺎم‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻻزﻣﻪ‬»‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬«‫و‬»‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬«‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬
‫دارﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺎز‬.
‫دﻫﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺧﻮد‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺎز‬:
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﻧﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﮔﺎم‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻻزﻣﻪ‬»‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬«‫و‬»‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬«‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬
‫دارﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺎز‬.

14. •‫ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬
•‫ﮐﺘﺎب‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
•‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ‬‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬
•‫ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﯾﺎن‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
•‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬ ‫ﮔﺰارش‬
•‫ﻫﻤﺎﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
•‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺪ‬
•‫ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ‬‫اﺧﺘﺮاﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬
•‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ‬
•‫ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬
•‫ﮐﺘﺎب‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
•‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ‬‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬
•‫ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﯾﺎن‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
•‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬ ‫ﮔﺰارش‬
•‫ﻫﻤﺎﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
•‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺪ‬
•‫ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ‬‫اﺧﺘﺮاﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬
•‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ‬

16. •‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺪارك‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺳﻨﺎد‬
•‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺧﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫آﮔﺎﻫﯽ‬
•‫ﺟﺮاﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﯾﺪه‬
•‫ﺟﺰوه‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
•‫ﺷﻨﯿﺪاري‬ ‫و‬ ‫دﯾﺪاري‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬
•‫دﯾﺠﯿﺘﺎﻟﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬
•‫وﺑﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬
•‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺪارك‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺳﻨﺎد‬
•‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺧﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫آﮔﺎﻫﯽ‬
•‫ﺟﺮاﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﯾﺪه‬
•‫ﺟﺰوه‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
•‫ﺷﻨﯿﺪاري‬ ‫و‬ ‫دﯾﺪاري‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬
•‫دﯾﺠﯿﺘﺎﻟﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬
•‫وﺑﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬

17. ‫اﻧﻮاع‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬
‫داﯾﺮه‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎرﻓﯽ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﯾﺶ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﯾﺶ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺮوري‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺮوﯾﺠﯽ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ‬

18. ‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬
•‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬‫ﻣﺮوري‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬
•‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬
•‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺪ‬‫ﮐﺘﺎب‬
•‫ﻣﻮردي‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬
•‫ﮐﺎر‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﺰارش‬
•‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬
•‫ﺳﺮدﺑﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬
•‫ﮐﻮﺗﺎه‬ ‫ﻣﮑﺎﺗﺒﻪ‬/‫ﮐﻮﺗﺎه‬ ‫ﮔﺰارش‬
 Review Papers
 Research Papers
 Book Reviews
 Case Studies Reports
 Work-in-progress Reports
 Conceptual Papers
Letter to the editor
Short communication
•‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬‫ﻣﺮوري‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬
•‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬
•‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺪ‬‫ﮐﺘﺎب‬
•‫ﻣﻮردي‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬
•‫ﮐﺎر‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﺰارش‬
•‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬
•‫ﺳﺮدﺑﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬
•‫ﮐﻮﺗﺎه‬ ‫ﻣﮑﺎﺗﺒﻪ‬/‫ﮐﻮﺗﺎه‬ ‫ﮔﺰارش‬
 Review Papers
 Research Papers
 Book Reviews
 Case Studies Reports
 Work-in-progress Reports
 Conceptual Papers
Letter to the editor
Short communication

19. ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﮑﯿﺪه‬
•‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﮑﯿﺪه‬:
،‫ﻫﺪف‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫روش‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬،‫ﻫﺎ‬
،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬
،‫ﮔﯿﺮي‬‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ‬
•‫ﭘﺎراﮔﺮاﻓﯽ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬:
•‫ﺑﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬
•‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﮐﻠﯿﺪواژه‬:
•‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﮑﯿﺪه‬:150-100‫ﮐﻠﻤﻪ‬
•‫ﻫﻤﺎﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﭼﮑﯿﺪه‬:250-100‫ﮐﻠﻤﻪ‬
•‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﮑﯿﺪه‬:
،‫ﻫﺪف‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫روش‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬،‫ﻫﺎ‬
،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬
،‫ﮔﯿﺮي‬‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ‬
•‫ﭘﺎراﮔﺮاﻓﯽ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬:
•‫ﺑﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬
•‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﮐﻠﯿﺪواژه‬:
•‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﮑﯿﺪه‬:150-100‫ﮐﻠﻤﻪ‬
•‫ﻫﻤﺎﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﭼﮑﯿﺪه‬:250-100‫ﮐﻠﻤﻪ‬

20. ‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬‫در‬‫ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬‫در‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬‫اي‬‫راﯾﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬‫در‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﭘﺎﯾﮕﺎه‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬
‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬‫در‬‫وب‬
‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬‫در‬‫ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬‫در‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬‫اي‬‫راﯾﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬‫در‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﭘﺎﯾﮕﺎه‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬
‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬‫در‬‫وب‬

21. library.ut.ac.irlibrary.ut.ac.ir

22. Magiran
Noormags
SID
IranDoc
‫اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬
Magiran
Noormags
SID
IranDoc
‫اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬

23. www.magiran.com

39. sci.isc.gov.ir

42.  Web of Science
 Scopus
 Science Direct
 ProQuest
 DOAJ
 Google Scholar
 Web of Science
 Scopus
 Science Direct
 ProQuest
 DOAJ
 Google Scholar

51. ‫اﻧﻮاع‬
‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﻫﺎ‬

58. ‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬

63. ‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ‬‫ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬

64. ‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ‬‫در‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻪ‬ ‫اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬‫در‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻪ‬ ‫اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ISCISC

65. ‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ‬‫ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ISI/ ThomsonISI/ Thomson

66. ‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺗﻮرﻫﺎي‬
‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﺮاﻣﻮﺗﻮرﻫﺎي‬
‫وب‬ ‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻫﺎي‬
 Google Directory
 Yahoo Directory
 DMOZ
‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺗﻮرﻫﺎي‬
‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﺮاﻣﻮﺗﻮرﻫﺎي‬
‫وب‬ ‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻫﺎي‬
 Google Directory
 Yahoo Directory
 DMOZ

67. ‫وب‬ ‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻫﺎي‬
‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎي‬،‫دﯾﻤﻮز‬ ،‫ﯾﺎﻫﻮ‬ ،‫ﮔﻮﮔﻞ‬...
‫ﻣﻮﺗﻮرﻫﺎي‬‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬
‫ﮔﻮﮔﻞ‬)Google(
‫اﺳﮑﺎﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﮔﻞ‬)Google scholar(
‫ﯾﺎﻫﻮ‬)Yahoo(
‫آﻟﺘﺎوﯾﺴﺘﺎ‬)AltaVista(
‫ﺟﯿﻮز‬‫اﺳﮏ‬)Askjeevs(
‫وب‬ ‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻫﺎي‬
‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎي‬،‫دﯾﻤﻮز‬ ،‫ﯾﺎﻫﻮ‬ ،‫ﮔﻮﮔﻞ‬...
‫ﻣﻮﺗﻮرﻫﺎي‬‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬
‫ﮔﻮﮔﻞ‬)Google(
‫اﺳﮑﺎﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﮔﻞ‬)Google scholar(
‫ﯾﺎﻫﻮ‬)Yahoo(
‫آﻟﺘﺎوﯾﺴﺘﺎ‬)AltaVista(
‫ﺟﯿﻮز‬‫اﺳﮏ‬)Askjeevs(

68. ‫ﻓﺮاﻣﻮﺗﻮرﻫﺎي‬‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬
Zapmeta
Clusty
Ixquick
Metacrawler
Mamma
‫ﭘﻨﻬﺎن‬ ‫وب‬/‫ﻧﺎﻣﺮﺋﯽ‬ ‫وب‬
‫ﻓﺮاﻣﻮﺗﻮرﻫﺎي‬‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬
Zapmeta
Clusty
Ixquick
Metacrawler
Mamma
‫ﭘﻨﻬﺎن‬ ‫وب‬/‫ﻧﺎﻣﺮﺋﯽ‬ ‫وب‬
MetaMeta
SearchSearch
EngineEngine

72. ‫ﭼﺎﭘﯽ‬ ‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬
‫وب‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬
‫ﭼﺎﭘﯽ‬ ‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬
‫وب‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬

73. ‫آور‬ ‫ﭘﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬
‫ﻫﺪف‬
‫ﺻﺤﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫ﺟﺎري‬
‫ﺳﻮﮔﯿﺮي‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫آور‬ ‫ﭘﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬
‫ﻫﺪف‬
‫ﺻﺤﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫ﺟﺎري‬
‫ﺳﻮﮔﯿﺮي‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬

74. ‫ﺑﺮاي‬‫ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬،‫ﭼﺎﭘﯽ‬،‫وﺑﯽ‬،‫دﯾﭽﯿﺘﺎﻟﯽ‬‫و‬...‫ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎي‬
‫زﯾﺮ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﮐﺎر‬‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬:
 Authority
Currency
 Scholarly
 Objectivity
 Relevancy
 Primary vs. Secondary
،‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬‫ﺳﻨﺪﯾﺖ‬)‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬‫ﭘﺪﯾﺪآورﻧﺪه‬(
،‫ﺟﺎري‬‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬‫و‬‫روزآﻣﺪ‬‫ﺑﻮدن‬:‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬‫و‬‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ‬
‫واﻗﻊ‬‫ﺑﯿﻨﯽ‬‫و‬‫ﺑﯽ‬،‫ﻃﺮﻓﯽ‬‫ﻋﺪم‬‫ﺳﻮﮔﯿﺮي‬
‫رﺑﻂ‬)‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐ‬‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬(
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬‫دﺳﺖ‬‫اول‬‫ﯾﺎ‬‫دﺳﺖ‬‫دوم‬
‫ﺑﺮاي‬‫ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬،‫ﭼﺎﭘﯽ‬،‫وﺑﯽ‬،‫دﯾﭽﯿﺘﺎﻟﯽ‬‫و‬...‫ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎي‬
‫زﯾﺮ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﮐﺎر‬‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬:
 Authority
Currency
 Scholarly
 Objectivity
 Relevancy
 Primary vs. Secondary
،‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬‫ﺳﻨﺪﯾﺖ‬)‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬‫ﭘﺪﯾﺪآورﻧﺪه‬(
،‫ﺟﺎري‬‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬‫و‬‫روزآﻣﺪ‬‫ﺑﻮدن‬:‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬‫و‬‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ‬
‫واﻗﻊ‬‫ﺑﯿﻨﯽ‬‫و‬‫ﺑﯽ‬،‫ﻃﺮﻓﯽ‬‫ﻋﺪم‬‫ﺳﻮﮔﯿﺮي‬
‫رﺑﻂ‬)‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐ‬‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬(
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬‫دﺳﺖ‬‫اول‬‫ﯾﺎ‬‫دﺳﺖ‬‫دوم‬

75. ‫ﺑﺮداري‬‫ﺑﻬﺮه‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬‫از‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬
‫اﺳﺘﻨﺎد‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬
‫ﺑﺮداري‬‫ﺑﻬﺮه‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬‫از‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬
‫اﺳﺘﻨﺎد‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬

76. ‫دﻫﯽ‬‫اﺳﺘﻨﺎد‬ ‫اﻫﻤﯿﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺮون‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﯽ‬ ‫درون‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻨﺎددﻫﯽ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻨﺎددﻫﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﺷﯿﻮه‬:
APA
MLA
‫ﺷﯿﮑﺎﮔﻮ‬
‫وﻧﮑﻮور‬
‫دﻫﯽ‬‫اﺳﺘﻨﺎد‬ ‫اﻫﻤﯿﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺮون‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﯽ‬ ‫درون‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻨﺎددﻫﯽ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻨﺎددﻫﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﺷﯿﻮه‬:
APA
MLA
‫ﺷﯿﮑﺎﮔﻮ‬
‫وﻧﮑﻮور‬

77. ‫اﺳﺘﻨﺎد‬‫اﺳﺘﻨﺎد‬CitationCitation
،‫اﺳﺘﻨﺎد‬‫ارﺟﺎع‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﯾﮏ‬‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬،‫ﭼﺎﭘﯽ‬،‫اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮑﯽ‬‫و‬...‫اﺳﺖ‬
)‫اﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬‫ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ‬‫دﺳﺖ‬‫اول‬‫ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‬(.
‫اﺳﺘﻨﺎد‬‫ﺑﺮاي‬‫اﯾﻦ‬‫اﺳﺖ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪه‬‫ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬:
‫از‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬‫ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫ﺷﺪه‬‫اﯾﺪ؛‬
‫ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ‬‫از‬‫آﺛﺎر‬‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫ﺷﺪه‬‫اﯾﺪ؛‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬‫ﺟﺰﺋﯿﺎت‬‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫در‬‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬‫ﺷﺪه‬‫اﺳﺖ؛‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬‫آن‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫درﺳﺘﯽ‬‫ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ‬‫ﺷﺪه‬‫اﻧﺪ‬.
،‫اﺳﺘﻨﺎد‬‫ارﺟﺎع‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﯾﮏ‬‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬،‫ﭼﺎﭘﯽ‬،‫اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮑﯽ‬‫و‬...‫اﺳﺖ‬
)‫اﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬‫ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ‬‫دﺳﺖ‬‫اول‬‫ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‬(.
‫اﺳﺘﻨﺎد‬‫ﺑﺮاي‬‫اﯾﻦ‬‫اﺳﺖ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪه‬‫ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬:
‫از‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬‫ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫ﺷﺪه‬‫اﯾﺪ؛‬
‫ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ‬‫از‬‫آﺛﺎر‬‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫ﺷﺪه‬‫اﯾﺪ؛‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬‫ﺟﺰﺋﯿﺎت‬‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫در‬‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬‫ﺷﺪه‬‫اﺳﺖ؛‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬‫آن‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫درﺳﺘﯽ‬‫ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ‬‫ﺷﺪه‬‫اﻧﺪ‬.

78. ‫ﺷﯿﻮه‬‫اﺳﺘﻨﺎد‬‫ﻫﺎي‬
•‫ﻣﺘﻨﯽ‬ ‫درون‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻨﺎد‬
‫ﻣﺂﺧﺬ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت‬ ،‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ،‫ﺷﯿﻮه‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫در‬
‫آﯾﺪ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬.
).........‫ﻣﺘﻦ‬) .......(‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬ ‫ﺳﺎل‬ ،‫ﭘﺪﯾﺪآور‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﺎم‬(
•‫ﻣﺘﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺮون‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻨﺎد‬:
•‫ﻣﺘﻦ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺧﺎرج‬ ‫ﺟﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ارﺟﺎع‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬ ،‫ﺷﯿﻮه‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫در‬-‫ﭘﺎﯾﺎن‬ ،‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﻋﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻦ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻬﺎي‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬-‫ﺷﻮد‬‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫درج‬.
•‫ﮐﻮﭼﮏ‬ ‫ﻧﺎم‬ ،‫آور‬ ‫ﭘﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﺎم‬)‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬ ‫ﺳﺎل‬.(‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬.‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻞ‬:‫ﻧﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺎم‬.
).........‫ﻣﺘﻦ‬) .......(،‫ﻟﻮﯾﻦ‬1390‫ص‬ ،44(
•‫ﻣﺘﻨﯽ‬ ‫درون‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻨﺎد‬
‫ﻣﺂﺧﺬ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت‬ ،‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ،‫ﺷﯿﻮه‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫در‬
‫آﯾﺪ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬.
).........‫ﻣﺘﻦ‬) .......(‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬ ‫ﺳﺎل‬ ،‫ﭘﺪﯾﺪآور‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﺎم‬(
•‫ﻣﺘﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺮون‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻨﺎد‬:
•‫ﻣﺘﻦ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺧﺎرج‬ ‫ﺟﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ارﺟﺎع‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬ ،‫ﺷﯿﻮه‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫در‬-‫ﭘﺎﯾﺎن‬ ،‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﻋﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻦ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻬﺎي‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬-‫ﺷﻮد‬‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫درج‬.
•‫ﮐﻮﭼﮏ‬ ‫ﻧﺎم‬ ،‫آور‬ ‫ﭘﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﺎم‬)‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬ ‫ﺳﺎل‬.(‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬.‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻞ‬:‫ﻧﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺎم‬.
‫اﯾﺮا‬ ،‫ﻟﻮﯾﻦ‬) .1390.(‫ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﺷﯿﻤﯽ‬:‫ﺳﻨﺠﯽ‬‫ﻃﯿﻒ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮐﻮاﻧﺘﻮﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮏ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻟﯽ‬)‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ‬ ‫دﯾﮕﺮان‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎري‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯽ‬.(‫ﺗﻬﺮان‬:‫ﻓﺎﻃﻤﯽ‬.

80. www.bibme.org

81. www.citationmachine.net

82. refgen.ricest.ac.ir

83. the ethical and legal uses of
information and its technology
• Can I make a copy of this material?
• What are the issues surrounding censorship?
• Are there university policies about information
gathering, use or reproduction and dissemination?
‫رﻋﺎﯾﺖ‬‫اﺻﻮل‬‫اﺧﻼﻗﯽ‬‫در‬‫ﻧﮕﺎرش‬‫و‬‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ‬

84. ‫ﺣﻖ‬‫ﺑﺮداري‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮق‬‫ﻣﺎدي‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮق‬‫ﻣﻌﻨﻮي‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻗﺖ‬‫ادﺑﯽ‬
‫ﻗﻮل‬‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬‫و‬‫ﺑﺎزﮔﻮﯾﯽ‬
‫ﺣﻖ‬‫ﺑﺮداري‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮق‬‫ﻣﺎدي‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮق‬‫ﻣﻌﻨﻮي‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻗﺖ‬‫ادﺑﯽ‬
‫ﻗﻮل‬‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬‫و‬‫ﺑﺎزﮔﻮﯾﯽ‬

85. Plagiarism
• Copyright
• Fair Use
• Quoting and paraphrasing
•‫ﺑﺮداري‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﻖ‬
•‫ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
•‫ﺑﺎزﮔﻮﯾﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻗﻮل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬
• Copyright
• Fair Use
• Quoting and paraphrasing
•‫ﺑﺮداري‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﻖ‬
•‫ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
•‫ﺑﺎزﮔﻮﯾﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻗﻮل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬

87. ‫آﻣﻮزش‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺪاران‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫اﺧﻼق‬‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮان‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اي‬
‫ﮐﺪﻫﺎي‬ ‫آﻣﻮزش‬ ‫ﻟﺰوم‬ ‫و‬
‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ‬
‫آﻣﻮزش‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺪاران‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫اﺧﻼق‬‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮان‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اي‬
‫ﮐﺪﻫﺎي‬ ‫آﻣﻮزش‬ ‫ﻟﺰوم‬ ‫و‬
‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ‬

88. ‫ادﺑﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻗﺖ‬/‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬،‫داده‬ ‫ﺟﻌﻞ‬/
‫داده‬‫ﺳﺎزي‬‫و‬‫داده‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﯾﻒ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻗﺖ‬‫ادﺑﯽ‬‫و‬‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬)Plagiarism(:‫ﺗﺼﺎﺣﺐ‬‫و‬‫ﺗﻤﻠﮏ‬‫اﯾﺪه‬،‫ﻫﺎ‬
،‫ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ‬‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ‬‫و‬‫اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت‬‫ﺑﺪون‬‫ذﮐﺮ‬‫ﻧﺎم‬‫و‬‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬‫ﺻﺎﺣﺐ‬‫اﺛﺮ‬.
‫داده‬‫ﺳﺎزي‬‫ﯾﺎ‬‫ﺟﻌﻞ‬‫داده‬)Fabrication(:‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬‫داده‬‫و‬‫ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ‬‫و‬
‫ﺛﺒﺖ‬‫و‬‫ﮔﺰارش‬‫آﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺮﯾﻒ‬‫و‬‫دﺳﺘﮑﺎري‬‫داده‬‫ﻫﺎ‬)Falsification(:‫دﺳﺘﮑﺎري‬‫روش‬
‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬،‫ﮐﺎر‬‫اﺑﺰار‬‫و‬‫ﯾﺎ‬‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬‫و‬‫ﺣﺬف‬‫داده‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫و‬،‫ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻃﻮري‬‫ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬‫ﯾﮏ‬‫ﻣﻄﻠﺐ‬‫ﺛﺒﺖ‬،‫ﺷﺪه‬‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬‫ﻧﮕﺮدد‬.
‫ﺳﺮﻗﺖ‬‫ادﺑﯽ‬‫و‬‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬)Plagiarism(:‫ﺗﺼﺎﺣﺐ‬‫و‬‫ﺗﻤﻠﮏ‬‫اﯾﺪه‬،‫ﻫﺎ‬
،‫ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ‬‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ‬‫و‬‫اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت‬‫ﺑﺪون‬‫ذﮐﺮ‬‫ﻧﺎم‬‫و‬‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬‫ﺻﺎﺣﺐ‬‫اﺛﺮ‬.
‫داده‬‫ﺳﺎزي‬‫ﯾﺎ‬‫ﺟﻌﻞ‬‫داده‬)Fabrication(:‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬‫داده‬‫و‬‫ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ‬‫و‬
‫ﺛﺒﺖ‬‫و‬‫ﮔﺰارش‬‫آﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺮﯾﻒ‬‫و‬‫دﺳﺘﮑﺎري‬‫داده‬‫ﻫﺎ‬)Falsification(:‫دﺳﺘﮑﺎري‬‫روش‬
‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬،‫ﮐﺎر‬‫اﺑﺰار‬‫و‬‫ﯾﺎ‬‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬‫و‬‫ﺣﺬف‬‫داده‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫و‬،‫ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻃﻮري‬‫ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬‫ﯾﮏ‬‫ﻣﻄﻠﺐ‬‫ﺛﺒﺖ‬،‫ﺷﺪه‬‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬‫ﻧﮕﺮدد‬.

89. ‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ادﺑﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻗﺖ‬‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ادﺑﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻗﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻗﺖ‬‫ادﺑﯽ‬‫و‬‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫از‬‫اﯾﺪه‬،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫و‬‫اﺻﻄﻼح‬‫ﻫﺎي‬
،‫دﯾﮕﺮان‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬‫اﯾﺪه‬‫و‬‫اﺻﻄﻼح‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﺧﻮد‬‫و‬‫در‬،‫واﻗﻊ‬‫ﻧﻮﻋﯽ‬‫دﺳﺘﺒﺮد‬
‫ﻓﮑﺮي‬‫ﯾﺎ‬‫اﯾﺪه‬‫دزدي‬‫اﺳﺖ‬.
‫ﺳﺮﻗﺖ‬‫ادﺑﯽ‬‫و‬‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬‫ﻃﯿﻒ‬‫وﺳﯿﻌﯽ‬‫از‬‫دﺳﺘﺒﺮدﻫﺎي‬
‫آﮔﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﺗﺎ‬‫ﮐﭙﯽ‬‫ﮐﺮدن‬‫اﺗﻔﺎﻗﯽ‬‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬‫دﯾﮕﺮان‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﮔﺎﻫﯽ‬‫در‬‫اﺛﺮ‬‫ﻋﺪم‬‫آﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫از‬‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ‬‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬‫ﻗﻮل‬‫و‬‫ذﮐﺮ‬‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬
‫ﭘﯿﺶ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫آﯾﺪ‬.
‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻃﻮر‬‫ﮐﻠﯽ‬‫ﺳﺮﻗﺖ‬،‫ادﺑﯽ‬‫داراي‬‫دو‬‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬‫اﺳﺖ‬:‫اﻟﻒ‬.‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬‫ﻋﺒﺎرت‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫و‬‫ﯾﺎ‬‫اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻪ‬‫از‬‫ﯾﮏ‬‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬‫و‬‫ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‬‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ؛‬‫وب‬.‫ﻧﺎم‬‫ﻧﺒﺮدن‬‫از‬‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬‫و‬‫ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫ﺷﺪه‬‫اﺳﺖ‬.
‫ﺳﺮﻗﺖ‬‫ادﺑﯽ‬‫و‬‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫از‬‫اﯾﺪه‬،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫و‬‫اﺻﻄﻼح‬‫ﻫﺎي‬
،‫دﯾﮕﺮان‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬‫اﯾﺪه‬‫و‬‫اﺻﻄﻼح‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﺧﻮد‬‫و‬‫در‬،‫واﻗﻊ‬‫ﻧﻮﻋﯽ‬‫دﺳﺘﺒﺮد‬
‫ﻓﮑﺮي‬‫ﯾﺎ‬‫اﯾﺪه‬‫دزدي‬‫اﺳﺖ‬.
‫ﺳﺮﻗﺖ‬‫ادﺑﯽ‬‫و‬‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬‫ﻃﯿﻒ‬‫وﺳﯿﻌﯽ‬‫از‬‫دﺳﺘﺒﺮدﻫﺎي‬
‫آﮔﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﺗﺎ‬‫ﮐﭙﯽ‬‫ﮐﺮدن‬‫اﺗﻔﺎﻗﯽ‬‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬‫دﯾﮕﺮان‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﮔﺎﻫﯽ‬‫در‬‫اﺛﺮ‬‫ﻋﺪم‬‫آﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫از‬‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ‬‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬‫ﻗﻮل‬‫و‬‫ذﮐﺮ‬‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬
‫ﭘﯿﺶ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫آﯾﺪ‬.
‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻃﻮر‬‫ﮐﻠﯽ‬‫ﺳﺮﻗﺖ‬،‫ادﺑﯽ‬‫داراي‬‫دو‬‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬‫اﺳﺖ‬:‫اﻟﻒ‬.‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬‫ﻋﺒﺎرت‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫و‬‫ﯾﺎ‬‫اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻪ‬‫از‬‫ﯾﮏ‬‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬‫و‬‫ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‬‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ؛‬‫وب‬.‫ﻧﺎم‬‫ﻧﺒﺮدن‬‫از‬‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬‫و‬‫ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫ﺷﺪه‬‫اﺳﺖ‬.

90. ‫ﮐﺸﻒ‬ ‫اﻓﺰارﻫﺎي‬‫ﻧﺮم‬‫ﮐﺸﻒ‬ ‫اﻓﺰارﻫﺎي‬‫ﻧﺮم‬‫و‬ ‫ادﺑﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻗﺖ‬‫و‬ ‫ادﺑﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻗﺖ‬‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬
‫اﻓﺰارﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﺮم‬‫و‬‫وﺑﮕﺎه‬‫ﻫﺎﯾﯽ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫ﺑﺮاي‬‫ﮐﺸﻒ‬‫دﺳﺘﺒﺮد‬‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬‫در‬‫اﺳﻨﺎد‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﯽ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﮐﺎر‬‫روﻧﺪ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬Turnitin , Eve2 , Scan My essay,
Safe Assign.‫در‬‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ‬‫آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ‬‫و‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬‫ﺑﻮﯾﮋه‬
‫در‬‫آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ‬‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬‫ﺑﻮﺳﺘﻮن‬‫و‬‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬‫آﮐﺴﻔﻮرد‬‫و‬...‫از‬
Turnitin‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬.
‫ﻧﺮم‬‫اﻓﺰاز‬et-BLAST‫ﮐﻪ‬‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ‬‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬‫و‬‫ﮐﻠﯿﺪ‬
‫واژه‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬‫را‬‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬.
‫اﻓﺰارﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﺮم‬‫و‬‫وﺑﮕﺎه‬‫ﻫﺎﯾﯽ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫ﺑﺮاي‬‫ﮐﺸﻒ‬‫دﺳﺘﺒﺮد‬‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬‫در‬‫اﺳﻨﺎد‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﯽ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﮐﺎر‬‫روﻧﺪ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬Turnitin , Eve2 , Scan My essay,
Safe Assign.‫در‬‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ‬‫آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ‬‫و‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬‫ﺑﻮﯾﮋه‬
‫در‬‫آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ‬‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬‫ﺑﻮﺳﺘﻮن‬‫و‬‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬‫آﮐﺴﻔﻮرد‬‫و‬...‫از‬
Turnitin‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬.
‫ﻧﺮم‬‫اﻓﺰاز‬et-BLAST‫ﮐﻪ‬‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ‬‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬‫و‬‫ﮐﻠﯿﺪ‬
‫واژه‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬‫را‬‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬.

92. http://www.duplichecker.com/

93. www.duplichecker.com

94. ‫ﮔﯿﺮي‬ ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ‬‫ﮔﯿﺮي‬ ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ‬::
‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاد‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاد‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاد‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاد‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬
‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ‬
‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاد‬ ‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاد‬
‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬