Recent techniques and Modern tools in weed management

RECENT TECHNIQUES
IN WEED
MANAGEMENT
SEMINOR ON

CONTENT
 INTRODUCTION
 EMERGING ISSUES IN WEED SCIENCE
 MODERN TECHNOLOGY AND TOOLS FOR WEED MANAGEMENT
 FUTURE ADVANCEMENTS
 RESEARCH WORKS TO BE DONE
 CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION
 Current crop production levels are not adequate to feed the projected population.
 Meeting the food and fiber demands of the world’s growing population will only be possible
with highly productive agricultural systems in which weed management is a critical
component.
 Advancements in weed control technology have had a huge impact on agricultural
productivity.
 The increase in evolved herbicide resistance.
 The lack of new MOAs threatens to make almost all existing herbicides unusable by 2050.
 Integrating old and new weed management technologies into more diverse weed
management systems.

EMERGING ISSUES IN WEED
MANAGEMENT
 Herbicide Resistance
 Weed Plasticity
 Herbicide-Resistant crops
 Misconceptions about Integrated
Weed management
 Neglected Areas of Research in Weed
science
 Lack of improved mode of action of
herbicides
 Herbicide Related Contamination
 Lack of Trained Weed Scientists in
Developing Countries
 Climate Change
 Use of traditional herbicides

MODERN TECHNOLOGY AND
TOOLS
 Precision weed management or site specific weed management
 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAV) or Drones
 Abrasive grit
 Harvest weed seed control
 Nanotechnology
 Future advancements
 New combinations

PRECISION WEED MANAGEMENT OR
SITE SPECIFIC WEED MANAGEMENT
 Distribution of weeds is typically patchy, resulting in wastage of valuable compounds,
increased costs, crop damage risk, pest resistance to chemicals, environmental
pollution and contamination of products.
 Real-time weed detection/recognition and control in agronomic field crops requires
seamless integration and high performance of sensors, data processing, and
actuation systems.
 Continuing technological advances in computer vision, robotics, machine learning,
etc. are advancing for the improved site specific weed management.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
 Artificial intelligence (“AI”), is a branch of computer science that aims to create intelligent
machines that work and react like humans.
 AI is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computers
systems.
 These processes include learning, reasoning and self correction.
 Particular applications of AI include expert systems, speech recognition and machine
vision.

APPLICATIONS OF AI IN GLOBAL
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL ROBOTICS
 Agricultural robots have great potential to deliver weed control technologies that are
much more adaptable.
 They potentially could direct chemical or cultivation tools to directly target weed plants.
 Agricultural robots bring recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) to bear on the
control of weeds in crop fields.
 Blue river technology, Ecorobotix, Zasso technology, etc are the companies working
on agricultural robotic weed management.

AUTONOMOUS WEEDING ROBOT
Source : ecorobotix

SEE AND SPRAY TECHNIQUE
 Precisely spraying herbicides only where needed.
 See & Spray does not rely on spacing or color to identify weeds. Instead it has
unparalleled ability to recognize differences between plants in conditions that would
challenge the human eye.
 Robotic nozzles target unwanted weeds in real time as the machine passes eliminates 80
per cent of the volume of chemicals normally sprayed on crops
 Custom nozzle designs enable <1-inch spray resolution.
 See & Spray is currently operating in weeding for cotton and soybeans.
Source: Blue river technology

SELECTIVE SPRAYING OF CHEMICAL

SPOT AND SPRAY TECHNIQUE
(CHEMICAL SPRAYED ON WEEDS & COTTON AVOIDED)

LETTUCE BOT
 Focused on lettuce thinning, a traditionally time-intensive and expensive
task of eliminating unwanted lettuce seedlings.
 The lettuce bot automated this arduous process by taking images,
identifying which plants to remove, spraying them, and verifying the
accuracy and performance of the system, all in real time.

AUTONOMOUS ROBOT
 90% less herbicide
 Up to 30% less expensive than standard treatments
 Improved yield: no herbicide left on the crops
 Conserves the organic life of the soil, with limited soil compaction
 2 x 15 liters – more than enough for one day of autonomous operation
Source : Ecorobotix

AUTONOMOUS SPRAYING ROBOT
Source : Ecorobotix

PRECISION SMART SPRAYING
Source : Ecorobotix

a) Showing a field with cotton plant
and weed plant nutsedge
b)Weed map automatically mapped for
spray where region ‘x ‘ shows spray area
(Lamm, 2000)

DRONES OR UNMANNED AERIAL
VEHICLES

DRONE OR UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES (UAV)
 DRONE (Dynamic Remotely Operated Navigation Equipment), also
known as UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), is a device which can fly either
with the help of autopilot and GPS coordinates on the pre-set course or
can be operated manually with radio signals using the remote control or
smartphone app.
 Unmanned Air Vehicle can stay in the air for up to 30 hours, doing the
repetitive tasks, performing the precise, repetitive faster scan of the
region even in the complete darkness or in the fog.

APPLICATION OF DRONES IN AGRICULTURE

Contd.,
 Various sensors are used in the drones based upon the purpose.
1. Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) bands: These bands are used for counting the
number of plants, for modeling elevation, and visual inspection of the crop field.
2. Near Infra-Red (NIR) band: This band is used for water management, erosion
analysis, plant counting, soil moisture analysis, and assessment of crop health.
3. Red Edge band (RE): It is used for plant counting, water management, and crop
health assessment.
4. Thermal Infra-Red band: This band has applicability in irrigation scheduling,
analyzing plant physiology, and yield forecasting.

WEED IDENTIFICATION
 Drones can be used to identify the weeds present in the field and helps in timely
weeding.
 Using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) sensor data and post-
flight image processing to create a weed map, farmers and their agronomists
can easily differentiate areas of high intensity weed proliferation from healthy
croped areas.

CROP SPRAYING
 Drones can scan the ground and spray the correct amount of liquid, modulating
distance from the ground and spraying in real time for even coverage.
 Experts estimate that aerial spraying can be completed up to five times faster
with drones than with traditional machinery.
 The amount of chemicals to be sprayed can be adjusted depending upon the crop
conditions, or the degree of severity of the weeds or insect-pest attack.
 Drones pave the pathway to precision agriculture.
 The spraying of chemicals over tall crops can be done easily by drones without
any damage.

ABRASIVE GRIT METHOD
 Abrasive weeding is a non-chemical weed management tool. Weed leaves and stems are
abraded by small grits propelled by compressed air.
 This abrasion results in defoliation, stem breakage, or tissue damage leading to weed
injury or, ideally, mortality.
 More recent research has focused on the development of grit applicator machines and
specialized nozzles, and the potential for using organic fertilizers as grits to integrate weed
and nitrogen management in one field pass.
 Grit sources like corn cob, Wallnut shells, soyabean meal, etc can be used(0.015 –
0.035 inch diameter).

GRIT APPLICATOR
GRIT SOURCE ABRADED WEEDS

APPLICATORS
1. AIR COMPRESSOR - Reciprocating air compressors are suitable for
single-nozzle, hand-held grit application, but a rotary-screw air compressor
is required for continuous application of grits within a crop row with multiple
nozzles.
2. HOPPER AND METER - grit is either siphoned from the hopper or
delivered via pressure or gravity
3. NOZZLES –Each nozzle requires two different tubes: one carrying
compressed air and the other carrying grit.

Contd.,
 Forcella (2012) demonstrated the efficacy of grits derived from crop
residues such as corncobs or walnut shells in controlling small weed
seedlings in greenhouse and field experiments.
 Tomato and pepper can be sprayed one week after transplanting. Stem
abrasion is visible, but grit application does not reduce growth rate or yield
(Wortman 2014, 2015).
 Corn and soybean plants can be sprayed as early as the V1 growth stage
without any reduction in crop yield (Erazo-Barradas, 2017).

WEED CONTROL (%) AFTER TWO GRIT APPLICATIONS,
MEASURED AS A REDUCTION IN WEED BIOMASS RELATIVE TO
A WEEDY CHECK IN GRAIN AND VEGETABLE CROPPING
SYSTEMS.
CROP WEED CONTROL
(%)
NOTES
Corn 70-90% Applied to in-row areas and paired with between-rows
, corn at V1 and V3 stage.
Tomato 60-80% Applied to planting hole area in plastic film; weeds at 2
and 3-leaf stage at first application.
Pepper 75-95% Applied to planting hole area in plastic film; weeds at
1-leaf stage
broccoli 50-70% Applied to intra-row area and paired with inter-row
cultivation; >90%grass weeds
(Erazo-Barradas et al., 2017)

HARVEST WEED SEED CONTROL
 Alternative nonchemical weed control practices are needed to control herbicide
resistant or escaped weeds.
 Harvest weed seed control (HWSC) tactics have been developed that include
both cultural and mechanical management practices to decrease the number of
weed seeds replenishing the soil seed bank.
 These management practices include the use of chaff carts, narrow windrow
burning, the Harrington Seed Destructor, bale direct systems and other means
of targeting the chaff during harvest.

HARVEST WEED SEED CONTROL
OPTIONS
 Growers can prevent further additions to the soil seedbank at the time of harvest by
practicing HWSC tactics. These tactics have shown a range of 75 to 99 percent weed
seed destruction at the time of harvest (Walsh et al., 2013)
1. Narrow Windrow Burning
 The inexpensive system uses a chute mounted on the rear of the combine that
concentrates all of the chaff into a narrow row.
 Burning the entire field is not as effective in killing the weed seeds as burning the chaff in
the windrows.
 In soybean, narrow windrow burning reduced escaped Palmer amaranth by 73% and the
soil seedbank by 62% over 3 years (Norsworthy et al., 2016)

CHAFF CART
 The simple chaff cart method consists of a chaff collection and transfer
mechanism attached to a grain harvester that delivers the weed seed into a
bulk collection bin.
 This method allows for the chaff and the weed seed to be collected and
removed from the field.
 Another option is to dump the chaff material in the field and then burn the
chaff piles.

HARRINGTON SEED DESTRUCTOR
(HSD)
 The Harrington Seed Destructor (HSD) was developed by an Australian crop
producer, Ray Harrington, in 2005.
 The Harrington Seed Destructor (HSD) is a unique weed seed control system that
smashes the chaff and weed seed fraction as it exits the harvester, destroying
seed viability and returning the crushed fraction to the paddock.
 The HSD is a trailer mounted cage mill with chaff transfer systems.
 Preliminary research using the HSD has shown that during commercial wheat
harvest, 95 percent of annual ryegrass, wild radish, wild oat and brome grass
weed seed was destroyed (Walsh et al., 2013).

BALE DIRECT SYSTEMS
 The bale direct system consists of a large baler directly attached to the
combine that constructs bales from the chaff exiting the harvester.
 This system captures the weed seed, and the bales formed can then be used
as feed for livestock.
 A significant secondary benefit is the collection and removal of annual weed
seeds.
 The limitations of this method are that there is a very limited market for the
baled product and there is some risk in spreading the resistant weed seeds to
other fields through the distribution of the bales.

EFFICIENCY AND ADOPTION OF HARVEST WEED SEED
CONTROL SYSTEMS
system Weed species Seed
control
(%)
adoption Extra benefit reference
Harrington
seed destructor
Annual ryegrass
Brome grass
Wild oat
Wild radish
95
99
99
93
High adoption rate due
to high Efficiency
Residue retention
for soil protection
and fertility
Enhancement
Walsh et al.
(2012)
Chaff carts Annual ryegrass
Wild radish
Wild oat
73 to 86
95
74
Less due to problems
of subsequent handling
of chaff
Alternative use of
chaff as feed
for the livestock
Walsh and
Powels (2007)
Shirtliffe and Entz
(2005)
Narrow
windrow
burning
Annual ryegrass
and wild radish
99 for
each
Most widely adopted as
economical, simple, and
efficient
Relatively
ecofriendly as
it avoids burning of
the whole field
Walsh and
Newman (2007)
Bale direct Annual ryegrass 95 Less due to lack of
availability of markets
for baled material
Baled feed stock for
livestock
Walsh and
Newman (2007)
SOURCE: Bajwa et al., (2015)

NANOTECHNOLOGY
 New technologies, such as nanotechnology, have been developed as tools to
decrease the adverse effects of excessive herbicide application (Perez-de-
Luque, 2017).
 Nanotechnology-based delivery systems are able to perform a sustained release
of active compounds in the optimum concentration.
 Nanotechnology can provide greater safety for agricultural crops and for non-
target organisms, such as pollinators (Shukla et al., 2019).
 Nanoparticles can serve as “magic bullets”, containing herbicides, nano-
pesticide fertilizers, or genes, which target specific cellular organelles in plant to
release their content.

NANOHERBICIDES
 None of the herbicides inhibits activity of viable belowground plant parts like
rhizomes or tubers, which act as a source for new weeds in the ensuing season.
 A target specific herbicide molecule encapsulated with nanoparticles is aimed
for specific receptor in the roots of target weeds, which enter into roots system
and translocated to parts that inhibit glycolysis of food reserve in the root
system.
 Nano surfactant based on soybean micelles has been reported to make
glyphosate-resistant crops susceptible to glyphosate when it is applied with the
“nanotechnology-derived surfactant”. (Abigail
and Chidambaram, 2017).

NANOHERBICIDE ACTION OF TARGETED WEED
PLANT

contd.,
 Maruyama et al. (2016) used combinations of imazapyr and imazapic
encapsulated in chitosan-based nanoparticles (chitosan/alginate, CS/ALG,
and chitosan/tripolyphosphate, CS/TPP) to control weeds.
 Abigail et al. (2016) used rice husks to produce nanoparticles as a carrier
for 2,4-D herbicides. nanoformulations showed a higher herbicidal activity
against the target plant Brassica sp. than commercial 2,4-D and also observed
a reduction in soil leaching after the encapsulation of herbicides.

NANOFORMULATION APPROACHES OF
BIOHERBICIDES
 Nanoformulations of biochemical bioherbicides have the potential to increase biocontrol
efficiency because large surface areas of nanoparticles result in a lower volume of
bioherbicide required, thereby increasing concentration in a smaller package with reduced
costs (Pallavi and Sharma, 2017).
 Controlled release of the biotic agent or its phytotoxic metabolite(s) is one advantage that
could be achieved using variations of nanoparticles and other nanoformulation technology.
The biotic agent or metabolite could be attached to or incorporated within a nanocarrier
that would also protect against degradation (Hershenhorn et al., 2016).

Contd.,
 An oil/water nanoemulsion of the essential oil of savory (Satureja hortensis)
applied to Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album demonstrated
complete lethality at 4000 μL L−1 and offers promise as an effective nano-
bioherbicide for weed control in organic farming systems (Hazrati et al., 2017).

FUTURE ADVANCEMENTS
 RNAi Technology
 Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) Technology
 Altering Sex Ratios

RNA interference (RNAi)
 A potential new technology is the use of RNA to silence key genes through
the process of RNA interference (RNAi).
 This technology would potentially be applied as a spray to enhance weed
susceptibility to herbicides or direct death of the weed.
 RNA has great potential for weed management, because sequences can be
designed to selectively target a specific weed species or a group of related
weed species.

Contd.,
 Increased EPSPS production compensates for the enzyme molecules
inhibited by glyphosate, making the plant insensitive to the herbicide.
 The application of artificial siRNA (short interference RNA) with glyphosate
to minimize the production of enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase
(EPSPS) in glyphosate-resistant weeds.
 Silencing the mRNA for EPSPS revert the plant phenotype from resistant to
susceptible.
 The potential application of this technology for resistance management is
broad, granting that the resistance mechanism is known and is amenable to
gene silencing (Korres et al ., 2019).

PLANT GENOME EDITING
 Genome editing allows precise manipulation of the genome of an organism using
sequence-specific nucleases.
 Nucleases create specific double-strand breaks at specific locations in the genome,
which are lethal, and must be repaired.
 The genome editing technology utilizes this DNA repair mechanism (Malzahn et al.,
2017) and is enabled by genomics and biotechnology tools.
 Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-
associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) genetic editing system efficiently inserts a
targeted mutation, which results in a conversion from heterozygous to the
homozygous condition and transmission of a specific gene to nearly all progeny.

ALTERING SEX RATIOS
 Some species of flowering plants are dioecious, meaning there must be male and
female plants present and subsequent gene exchange in order for reproduction to occur.
 In dioecious species, male-to-female sex ratios are expected to be expressed as 1:1.
 Environmental factors or stressors may affect the sex expressions leading to
asynchronous flowering.
 If a gene drive system could be developed to target sex-specific genes through
CRISPR/Cas9, sex ratios could be managed to reduce the population.
(Gage, K. L., & Schwartz-Lazaro, L. M., 2019)

COMBINATION OF PAST SOLUTIONS AND NEW
TECHNOLOGIES
 Spot and spray technique, variable rate application (chemicals and
irrigation), targeted tillage, autonomous tractors, unmanned aerial vehicles
and robots.
 Should be combined with more unique options which are still in use like
laser weeding, stamping, microwaves and radiations, electrical discharge,
flaming, pressurized air or solar irradiation.

AREAS OF ADDITIONAL RESEARCH
 Improvement in the sanitation procedures to prevent weed seeds
movement.
 Discussing long term management of soil seedbank with growers.
 Collecting data about reduction in seedbank due to various management
methods.
 Identify and breed for competitive crop trials.
 Study the interactions between weeds and microbes.

Contd.,
 Quantify microbial stimulants or additives that may increase crop competitive
ability against weed species.
 Encourage weed seed predators in agricultural fields by promoting the creation
of complex habitat.
 Grower education, as well as the education of future weed scientists, in the fields
of weed biology and ecology is a critical investment.
 Narrow range of host specificity should be improved in bioherbicides.
 More attempts for new generation formulations, synergistic combinations and
other biotechnological approach.

CONCLUSION
 The conventional methods like intercrops, cover crops, conservation
tillage, flaming, herbicides cannot be replaced suddenly.
 To have better weed management and to overcome herbicide resistance,
these technologies and improved tools should be used.
 The robotic weed management, soil seed bank management,
nanaotechnology, biotechnology improvement may be future options for
weed control other than the conventional method of weed control.

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