Richard Dyer's star theory argues that celebrities become icons through their construction by media institutions for commercial purposes. Stars are crafted with idealized images and personalities to appeal to audiences, rather than representing their true selves. This allows audiences to easily identify with stars and form attachments, though it can also lead fans to emulate stars' behaviors. Meanwhile, Laura Mulvey's male gaze theory holds that women are typically portrayed in media as objects of the male gaze for visual pleasure, reinforcing patriarchal social norms. Finally, Tessa Perkins notes that stereotypes are not always negative, can apply to powerful groups as well as marginalized ones, may contain some truth, and help people understand the world, even if they are difficult