This document discusses various aspects of war reporting and propaganda. It examines how journalists have historically covered conflicts from World Wars I and II through the Gulf War and modern conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. It explores the different types of reportage, including technical, official, ideological, and critical reporting. It also analyzes the challenges journalists face in separating fact from propaganda during wars and how embedded and unilateral reporting have evolved. Questions are raised about journalists' complicity in propaganda and how the demands of news coverage may impact public understanding.
1) The document discusses the challenges of journalists maintaining objectivity while covering wars involving their home countries. It explores how close relationships with military units through embedding can compromise neutral reporting.
2) Case studies show how embedded journalists' perspectives and safety became tied to the units they were with, blurring the line between observer and participant.
3) The effects of embedding on news coverage are debated, with concerns that over-identification with troops can slant coverage, while others believe contextualized reporting is still possible. Overall objectivity in war reporting is difficult to maintain.
This document discusses several questions related to wartime journalism and the challenges journalists face in covering conflicts. It notes that over 1,000 journalists have been killed since 1992 while reporting on wars, with many murders going unpunished. Embedded journalism is questioned as it puts reporters under military oversight, though it also provides access. The lines between fact and propaganda can be blurred in conflicts, and the demands of the news cycle may impact public understanding. Overall, the document examines the complexities of reporting on wars and balancing truth-telling with safety.
The document discusses challenges facing journalists covering warfare, including:
1. Journalists were either "embedded" with military units for access, taking a pro-military viewpoint, or "unilateral" and independent but with less access and greater risks.
2. Embedded journalism provided great visuals but less analysis, and limits on access reduced critical reporting. Unilateral journalists faced closed borders and risk of attack.
3. The demands of 24-hour news coverage and limits on access resulted in more speculation than factual reporting, complicating efforts to separate facts from propaganda.
This article analyzes and critiques the relationship between the media and the military during times of war. It argues that embedded reporting in Iraq magnifies biases in journalism and leads to an unprecedented collaboration between the media and military that allows for pro-war propaganda disguised as objective reporting. While embedded reporting aims to provide in-depth coverage of the war, it limits journalists' scope and filters information through military and editorial perspectives, compromising objectivity. This raises questions about whether embedded reporting provides an accurate portrayal of war or instead shapes public opinion and perceptions in a way that distracts from and desensitizes the realities of conflict.
This presentation discusses the dangers faced by embedded journalists covering the Iraq war. It notes that within 3 months of the war beginning, 15 journalists had died. It also raises issues around whether embedding journalists with military units biased their reporting or led them to dramatize or sensationalize violence. The presentation addresses debates around the impacts of new technologies and media on how war is portrayed.
This document discusses issues around objectivity and patriotism in war reporting. It explores how embedded journalists covering wars from within military units may struggle to maintain objectivity. Being embedded can cause reporters to develop close bonds with soldiers that cloud their judgment or prevent critical reporting. However, others argue embedding provides valuable context. Overall, there is no consensus on whether embedding helps or hinders objective reporting on wars.
This document discusses the challenges of objective and patriotic reporting on wars for journalists. It presents perspectives on how embedded reporting can influence coverage by getting journalists too close to the military units they are embedded with. Case studies show how close involvement has affected some reporters' ability to remain neutral observers and contextualize events. While public desire for patriotism may allow some slant, media balance is still important. The document argues embedded journalism can both help and hinder the nature of news reported, depending on how close the relationship becomes.
The document discusses four forms of war reporting: technical, official, ideological, and critical. It provides examples of each type from various conflicts. Technical reporting focuses on the equipment journalists use. Official reporting involves working with the government and military. Ideological reporting takes sides. Critical reporting aims for objectivity but faces challenges remaining neutral given constraints on access and information.
1) The document discusses the challenges of journalists maintaining objectivity while covering wars involving their home countries. It explores how close relationships with military units through embedding can compromise neutral reporting.
2) Case studies show how embedded journalists' perspectives and safety became tied to the units they were with, blurring the line between observer and participant.
3) The effects of embedding on news coverage are debated, with concerns that over-identification with troops can slant coverage, while others believe contextualized reporting is still possible. Overall objectivity in war reporting is difficult to maintain.
This document discusses several questions related to wartime journalism and the challenges journalists face in covering conflicts. It notes that over 1,000 journalists have been killed since 1992 while reporting on wars, with many murders going unpunished. Embedded journalism is questioned as it puts reporters under military oversight, though it also provides access. The lines between fact and propaganda can be blurred in conflicts, and the demands of the news cycle may impact public understanding. Overall, the document examines the complexities of reporting on wars and balancing truth-telling with safety.
The document discusses challenges facing journalists covering warfare, including:
1. Journalists were either "embedded" with military units for access, taking a pro-military viewpoint, or "unilateral" and independent but with less access and greater risks.
2. Embedded journalism provided great visuals but less analysis, and limits on access reduced critical reporting. Unilateral journalists faced closed borders and risk of attack.
3. The demands of 24-hour news coverage and limits on access resulted in more speculation than factual reporting, complicating efforts to separate facts from propaganda.
This article analyzes and critiques the relationship between the media and the military during times of war. It argues that embedded reporting in Iraq magnifies biases in journalism and leads to an unprecedented collaboration between the media and military that allows for pro-war propaganda disguised as objective reporting. While embedded reporting aims to provide in-depth coverage of the war, it limits journalists' scope and filters information through military and editorial perspectives, compromising objectivity. This raises questions about whether embedded reporting provides an accurate portrayal of war or instead shapes public opinion and perceptions in a way that distracts from and desensitizes the realities of conflict.
This presentation discusses the dangers faced by embedded journalists covering the Iraq war. It notes that within 3 months of the war beginning, 15 journalists had died. It also raises issues around whether embedding journalists with military units biased their reporting or led them to dramatize or sensationalize violence. The presentation addresses debates around the impacts of new technologies and media on how war is portrayed.
This document discusses issues around objectivity and patriotism in war reporting. It explores how embedded journalists covering wars from within military units may struggle to maintain objectivity. Being embedded can cause reporters to develop close bonds with soldiers that cloud their judgment or prevent critical reporting. However, others argue embedding provides valuable context. Overall, there is no consensus on whether embedding helps or hinders objective reporting on wars.
This document discusses the challenges of objective and patriotic reporting on wars for journalists. It presents perspectives on how embedded reporting can influence coverage by getting journalists too close to the military units they are embedded with. Case studies show how close involvement has affected some reporters' ability to remain neutral observers and contextualize events. While public desire for patriotism may allow some slant, media balance is still important. The document argues embedded journalism can both help and hinder the nature of news reported, depending on how close the relationship becomes.
The document discusses four forms of war reporting: technical, official, ideological, and critical. It provides examples of each type from various conflicts. Technical reporting focuses on the equipment journalists use. Official reporting involves working with the government and military. Ideological reporting takes sides. Critical reporting aims for objectivity but faces challenges remaining neutral given constraints on access and information.
The document discusses the challenges journalists face in maintaining objectivity while covering wars their home countries are involved in. Embedded reporting is questioned as it could compromise journalists' independence and cause them to adopt the military's perspective. Examples are given of embedded journalists struggling with maintaining objectivity when witnessing events firsthand or developing close relationships with troops. Overall, the document raises concerns that embedding and patriotic ties could unintentionally influence coverage and hinder objective reporting on wars.
The document discusses the role of public relations and framing in wartime, with a focus on the Iraq War in 2003. It examines how the US military shaped public perception of the war by embedding journalists and controlling the narrative. It also looks at the role of Al-Jazeera in providing an alternative perspective by reporting directly from the ground in Iraq. The challenges of separating fact from propaganda are explored.
The document discusses the role of media framing and propaganda in shaping public perceptions of war, using the 2003 Iraq War and Al-Jazeera as case studies. It explores how the US military embedded journalists to control the narrative and open their operations to reduce perceptions of spin. In contrast, Al-Jazeera's independent reporting from Iraq provided alternative perspectives that countered the Western narrative and gave voice to Iraqi civilians. The document questions whether global news can be fit for purpose or if alternatives like Al-Jazeera are needed to balance hegemonic media versions of reality.
This document discusses propaganda during World War 1. It describes how the British government set up the Wellington House propaganda bureau in 1914, headed by Charles Masterman, to secretly recruit famous British authors to write pro-war books, articles, and pamphlets. The goal was to generate support for the war and Britain's war aims while denigrating Germany. Many outrageous lies and atrocity stories about German actions were produced and distributed worldwide under the guise of objective reports. The propaganda bureau was highly effective in manipulating public opinion and rewriting the narrative of the war in Britain for decades after.
Freedom Betrayed - Herbet Hoover's Secret History of the Second World War and...Peter Hammond
This document summarizes the book "Freedom Betrayed: Herbert Hoover's Secret History of the Second World War and Its Aftermath". The book is a critical analysis of FDR and Churchill's actions before, during, and after WWII. It argues that FDR deliberately led the US into WWII against public opinion and betrayed Eastern European nations to Stalin. It also asserts that FDR provoked Japan into attacking Pearl Harbor by imposing sanctions. The book challenges conventional views of WWII and the actions of FDR and Churchill. It provides extensive documentation through footnotes to support its claims and interpretations of events.
Inglorious Threat Intelligence by Rick HollandDigital Shadows
Digital Shadows' Rick Holland spoke at the 2017 SANS Forensics CTI Summit. He discussed how World War II provides countless lessons for the intelligence analyst in his talk, "Inglorious Threat Intelligence."
The document discusses key facts and events surrounding the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963. It names Lee Harvey Oswald as the sole assassin according to the Warren Commission, though it notes various conspiracy theories. It also covers Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society domestic programs and America's increasing involvement in the Vietnam War during his presidency.
During World War II, the US government and media widely used propaganda to portray the Japanese as subhuman and encourage support for the war effort. Propaganda took the form of posters, films, magazines and newspapers that dehumanized Japanese people by depicting them as monsters or apes. The propaganda relied on racist notions of biological differences between races and fueled anti-Japanese sentiment. The Office of War Information oversaw propaganda production across media to promote the war.
The document provides the rules and questions for a board game about the Vietnam War. Players aim to collect colored markers on their ID tags by correctly answering trivia questions about events, leaders, battles, and terms related to the war. Questions cover topics like the Tet Offensive, Nixon's Vietnamization policy, and battles like Dien Bien Phu.
The document provides information about Nazi propaganda techniques and goals. It explains that Nazi propaganda had two main purposes: to create a positive image of Hitler and the Nazi party, and to create a negative view of enemies, particularly Jews. It describes several of Hitler's propaganda methods, including presenting simple repetitive themes, appealing to emotion, having broad mass appeal, and focusing on one main enemy. It also discusses how propaganda was pervasive in Nazi Germany through various media. Finally, it outlines the goals of both pro-Nazi and anti-Jewish Nazi propaganda, such as portraying Hitler as a savior and Jews as the source of all problems in Germany.
The Cold War was a period of tensions between the United States and Soviet Union from 1947-1990. The two superpowers had opposing goals - the Soviet Union aimed to spread communism worldwide while the US sought to contain communism and undermine the communist bloc. This ideological battle led to proxy wars, arms races, and a constant threat of global nuclear war that dominated international politics for decades.
Neil Postman argues that political philosophy cannot be done effectively on television because its form works against the content, as television focuses on short sound bites, brief answers, and sensationalism rather than substantive discussion. Doctorow's concept of the Xnet in Little Brother draws from the idea of a darknet for underground file sharing and challenges authority, similar to concepts discussed by Orwell regarding totalitarianism and nationalism becoming more powerful forces than reason. The document discusses different views of media, technology, and authority presented in Little Brother through the attitudes of characters like Marcus and his father.
1) The document outlines how a country would mobilize its resources and population for total war, raising issues around legislation, the armed forces, workers, women, youth, resources, towns and cities, and morale.
2) It discusses how to get around parliamentary democracy, expand the small standing army, mobilize the diverse economy and workers, protect children and utilize women as mothers are typically not workers.
3) Maintaining morale is identified as a major challenge given the enemy's tactics and the likelihood of thousands of deaths; major towns and cities would all be targets requiring protection.
The document summarizes the rise and fall of Muammar Gaddafi's rule in Libya over 42 years from 1969 to 2011. It provides photos and captions highlighting key moments such as Gaddafi gaining control of Libya at age 27 in 1969, publishing his Green Book in 1975, being interviewed by Barbara Walters in 1989, receiving an award from Nelson Mandela in 1997, and ultimately being killed by rebels in 2011, ending his 42-year rule of Libya.
The War Game depicts the aftermath of a nuclear attack on Britain. Though it won the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1966, its graphic depictions resulted in the BBC delaying its release for 19 years due to its controversial nature. The film uses a news magazine style and interviews to realistically illustrate the devastating humanitarian effects of nuclear war and challenge the view that governments could adequately prepare for such an event. It became associated with the anti-nuclear Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. While some critics like Ebert felt it should have been more widely seen, the BBC deemed it too horrific for public broadcast.
To what extent does the historical film and literature realistically depict g...Megan Kedzlie
A historical investigation that analyzes the extent to which film and literature realistically depicted the warfare that the US Troops experienced under General Westermoreland's "Search and Destroy" tactics.
This document discusses different perspectives on why the United States failed in Vietnam. Source A describes General Westmoreland's view that negative media coverage helped turn US public opinion against the war. Source B explains Ho Chi Minh's view of effective guerrilla tactics like harassing the enemy. Interpretation 1 argues that superior US firepower was ineffective against guerrilla warfare. Interpretation 2 contends that initially pro-war media began questioning the lack of progress and turned against the war after reporting on the Tet Offensive.
World War 2 propaganda from America, Russia, and Britain. The document discusses how propaganda was used to gain public support for the war and influence public opinion. It provides examples of propaganda slogans from each country encouraging support and participation in the war such as "For the Motherland, Honor and Freedom!" from Russian propaganda and "Soldier, we wait for you days and nights!" from American propaganda.
This document discusses media coverage of 9/11 and the Iraq War. It describes how the media initially reported 9/11 as an accident before determining it was a deliberate attack. Over 40% of headlines used terms like "attack" and "attacked" to describe the events. The document also examines embedded journalism during the Iraq War, noting tensions between maintaining impartiality while receiving military guidelines. Problems included only seeing a limited perspective and safety issues for journalists, with some killed in the line of duty.
Reporting war and the media of the Middle EastRob Jewitt
1) Al-Jazeera, launched in 1996, is a major news network in the Middle East with an estimated audience of 35-50 million viewers. It provides an alternative to Western media perspectives and is popular for its on-the-ground war coverage.
2) However, Al-Jazeera is also controversial and has been accused of bias or acting as a propaganda tool. Critics argue it sensationalizes coverage and is too sympathetic to Islamist views, while supporters see it as fulfilling the journalistic role of bearing witness.
3) The document discusses different theories around news media and their relationship to politics, propaganda, and public opinion-forming during conflicts like the Iraq War. It also notes the rise
The document discusses the challenges journalists face in maintaining objectivity while covering wars their home countries are involved in. Embedded reporting is questioned as it could compromise journalists' independence and cause them to adopt the military's perspective. Examples are given of embedded journalists struggling with maintaining objectivity when witnessing events firsthand or developing close relationships with troops. Overall, the document raises concerns that embedding and patriotic ties could unintentionally influence coverage and hinder objective reporting on wars.
The document discusses the role of public relations and framing in wartime, with a focus on the Iraq War in 2003. It examines how the US military shaped public perception of the war by embedding journalists and controlling the narrative. It also looks at the role of Al-Jazeera in providing an alternative perspective by reporting directly from the ground in Iraq. The challenges of separating fact from propaganda are explored.
The document discusses the role of media framing and propaganda in shaping public perceptions of war, using the 2003 Iraq War and Al-Jazeera as case studies. It explores how the US military embedded journalists to control the narrative and open their operations to reduce perceptions of spin. In contrast, Al-Jazeera's independent reporting from Iraq provided alternative perspectives that countered the Western narrative and gave voice to Iraqi civilians. The document questions whether global news can be fit for purpose or if alternatives like Al-Jazeera are needed to balance hegemonic media versions of reality.
This document discusses propaganda during World War 1. It describes how the British government set up the Wellington House propaganda bureau in 1914, headed by Charles Masterman, to secretly recruit famous British authors to write pro-war books, articles, and pamphlets. The goal was to generate support for the war and Britain's war aims while denigrating Germany. Many outrageous lies and atrocity stories about German actions were produced and distributed worldwide under the guise of objective reports. The propaganda bureau was highly effective in manipulating public opinion and rewriting the narrative of the war in Britain for decades after.
Freedom Betrayed - Herbet Hoover's Secret History of the Second World War and...Peter Hammond
This document summarizes the book "Freedom Betrayed: Herbert Hoover's Secret History of the Second World War and Its Aftermath". The book is a critical analysis of FDR and Churchill's actions before, during, and after WWII. It argues that FDR deliberately led the US into WWII against public opinion and betrayed Eastern European nations to Stalin. It also asserts that FDR provoked Japan into attacking Pearl Harbor by imposing sanctions. The book challenges conventional views of WWII and the actions of FDR and Churchill. It provides extensive documentation through footnotes to support its claims and interpretations of events.
Inglorious Threat Intelligence by Rick HollandDigital Shadows
Digital Shadows' Rick Holland spoke at the 2017 SANS Forensics CTI Summit. He discussed how World War II provides countless lessons for the intelligence analyst in his talk, "Inglorious Threat Intelligence."
The document discusses key facts and events surrounding the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963. It names Lee Harvey Oswald as the sole assassin according to the Warren Commission, though it notes various conspiracy theories. It also covers Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society domestic programs and America's increasing involvement in the Vietnam War during his presidency.
During World War II, the US government and media widely used propaganda to portray the Japanese as subhuman and encourage support for the war effort. Propaganda took the form of posters, films, magazines and newspapers that dehumanized Japanese people by depicting them as monsters or apes. The propaganda relied on racist notions of biological differences between races and fueled anti-Japanese sentiment. The Office of War Information oversaw propaganda production across media to promote the war.
The document provides the rules and questions for a board game about the Vietnam War. Players aim to collect colored markers on their ID tags by correctly answering trivia questions about events, leaders, battles, and terms related to the war. Questions cover topics like the Tet Offensive, Nixon's Vietnamization policy, and battles like Dien Bien Phu.
The document provides information about Nazi propaganda techniques and goals. It explains that Nazi propaganda had two main purposes: to create a positive image of Hitler and the Nazi party, and to create a negative view of enemies, particularly Jews. It describes several of Hitler's propaganda methods, including presenting simple repetitive themes, appealing to emotion, having broad mass appeal, and focusing on one main enemy. It also discusses how propaganda was pervasive in Nazi Germany through various media. Finally, it outlines the goals of both pro-Nazi and anti-Jewish Nazi propaganda, such as portraying Hitler as a savior and Jews as the source of all problems in Germany.
The Cold War was a period of tensions between the United States and Soviet Union from 1947-1990. The two superpowers had opposing goals - the Soviet Union aimed to spread communism worldwide while the US sought to contain communism and undermine the communist bloc. This ideological battle led to proxy wars, arms races, and a constant threat of global nuclear war that dominated international politics for decades.
Neil Postman argues that political philosophy cannot be done effectively on television because its form works against the content, as television focuses on short sound bites, brief answers, and sensationalism rather than substantive discussion. Doctorow's concept of the Xnet in Little Brother draws from the idea of a darknet for underground file sharing and challenges authority, similar to concepts discussed by Orwell regarding totalitarianism and nationalism becoming more powerful forces than reason. The document discusses different views of media, technology, and authority presented in Little Brother through the attitudes of characters like Marcus and his father.
1) The document outlines how a country would mobilize its resources and population for total war, raising issues around legislation, the armed forces, workers, women, youth, resources, towns and cities, and morale.
2) It discusses how to get around parliamentary democracy, expand the small standing army, mobilize the diverse economy and workers, protect children and utilize women as mothers are typically not workers.
3) Maintaining morale is identified as a major challenge given the enemy's tactics and the likelihood of thousands of deaths; major towns and cities would all be targets requiring protection.
The document summarizes the rise and fall of Muammar Gaddafi's rule in Libya over 42 years from 1969 to 2011. It provides photos and captions highlighting key moments such as Gaddafi gaining control of Libya at age 27 in 1969, publishing his Green Book in 1975, being interviewed by Barbara Walters in 1989, receiving an award from Nelson Mandela in 1997, and ultimately being killed by rebels in 2011, ending his 42-year rule of Libya.
The War Game depicts the aftermath of a nuclear attack on Britain. Though it won the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1966, its graphic depictions resulted in the BBC delaying its release for 19 years due to its controversial nature. The film uses a news magazine style and interviews to realistically illustrate the devastating humanitarian effects of nuclear war and challenge the view that governments could adequately prepare for such an event. It became associated with the anti-nuclear Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. While some critics like Ebert felt it should have been more widely seen, the BBC deemed it too horrific for public broadcast.
To what extent does the historical film and literature realistically depict g...Megan Kedzlie
A historical investigation that analyzes the extent to which film and literature realistically depicted the warfare that the US Troops experienced under General Westermoreland's "Search and Destroy" tactics.
This document discusses different perspectives on why the United States failed in Vietnam. Source A describes General Westmoreland's view that negative media coverage helped turn US public opinion against the war. Source B explains Ho Chi Minh's view of effective guerrilla tactics like harassing the enemy. Interpretation 1 argues that superior US firepower was ineffective against guerrilla warfare. Interpretation 2 contends that initially pro-war media began questioning the lack of progress and turned against the war after reporting on the Tet Offensive.
World War 2 propaganda from America, Russia, and Britain. The document discusses how propaganda was used to gain public support for the war and influence public opinion. It provides examples of propaganda slogans from each country encouraging support and participation in the war such as "For the Motherland, Honor and Freedom!" from Russian propaganda and "Soldier, we wait for you days and nights!" from American propaganda.
This document discusses media coverage of 9/11 and the Iraq War. It describes how the media initially reported 9/11 as an accident before determining it was a deliberate attack. Over 40% of headlines used terms like "attack" and "attacked" to describe the events. The document also examines embedded journalism during the Iraq War, noting tensions between maintaining impartiality while receiving military guidelines. Problems included only seeing a limited perspective and safety issues for journalists, with some killed in the line of duty.
Reporting war and the media of the Middle EastRob Jewitt
1) Al-Jazeera, launched in 1996, is a major news network in the Middle East with an estimated audience of 35-50 million viewers. It provides an alternative to Western media perspectives and is popular for its on-the-ground war coverage.
2) However, Al-Jazeera is also controversial and has been accused of bias or acting as a propaganda tool. Critics argue it sensationalizes coverage and is too sympathetic to Islamist views, while supporters see it as fulfilling the journalistic role of bearing witness.
3) The document discusses different theories around news media and their relationship to politics, propaganda, and public opinion-forming during conflicts like the Iraq War. It also notes the rise
Chapter 3 of a university course in media history by Prof. Bill Kovarik, based on the book Revolutions in Communication: Media History from Gutenberg to the Digital Age (Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2015).
This document discusses the rise of native advertising, a new form of online advertising that aims to blend seamlessly with a publisher's editorial content. It notes that while native ads aim to be less disruptive than traditional display ads, they risk compromising publishers' independence and breaking consumer trust if the sponsored nature is not clear. The document also raises questions about whether native ads can work alongside traditional content in a transparent way or if the practice inevitably poses challenges to separating advertising from editorial.
- Black popular music from the 1920s-1970s, including jazz, gospel, blues, and rhythm and blues, greatly influenced the development of rock and roll. However, black musical styles often existed separately from the mainstream pop market.
- In the 1950s, some black musical performers like Chuck Berry began to achieve mainstream success, and white musicians covering black songs also helped expose black music to broader audiences. However, questions remain about cultural appropriation within the music industry.
This document discusses the evolution of photography from its origins in the 19th century to the current digital age. It outlines four stages of photographic development: 1) 19th century pioneers like Niépce, Daguerre and Talbot, 2) 1900-1930 with Kodak and the rise of snapshots, 3) 1930-1990 involving professionalization and technique, and 4) the digital era beginning in 1990 characterized by ubiquitous cameras and networked sharing. The author argues that photography has become a collaborative process of production and consumption, with everyone now able to participate through camera phones and online sharing, though some note this has turned people into "image-junkies" constantly needing their reality confirmed.
This module examines popular music cultures through several lenses. Students will critically analyze the relationships between musical, cultural, social, economic and technological factors in popular music history. Various theories of popular culture will be developed and applied to the production, consumption and enjoyment of popular music, and how these have related to socio-political changes in society. Specific musical genres and performers will then be examined using these conceptual and theoretical frameworks. Students will complete two case studies and a final essay to demonstrate their understanding.
This module provides an introduction to the study of digital media cultures and the internet. Students will learn about the history and development of technologies like personal computers, video games, and mobile devices. They will examine how these technologies have impacted issues such as interactivity, participation, and digital media phenomena. The module will involve lectures, seminars, and tutorials. Students will complete two case studies and a final essay to assess their understanding of key concepts and critical issues related to digital media.
Disco emerged in the late 1960s and grew rapidly popular through the 1970s, with over 15,000 discos opening across the US. Disco nights brought together diverse groups on the dance floor to dance freely to percussive music. However, disco faced a backlash from social conservatives and was further damaged by its association with marginalized groups like the gay community as the AIDS crisis unfolded. While commercially successful, disco's inclusive culture challenged social norms and it was eventually replaced by new musical styles.
Black British music originated from Jamaican ska music that was brought over by immigrants in the late 1950s. Ska fused American blues, do-wop and African styles and was popular among Jamaican youth subcultures. This music spread to British cities with large West Indian populations in the 1960s. By the 1970s, reggae emerged and addressed the experiences of institutional racism faced by second-generation black British youth. Fusions of punk and reggae in the mid-1970s helped transform the genre and appeal to working-class white British audiences facing similar issues. Labels like Two Tone in the late 1970s promoted indigenous multi-ethnic bands like The Specials and The Beat, exploring anti-racism
Heavy metal emerged in the late 1960s from genres like blues rock and psychedelic rock. It originated from bands like Black Sabbath in Birmingham, England that played heavily amplified, blues-influenced rock. In the 1980s, heavy metal became hugely popular commercially in the US and abroad, diversifying stylistically and attracting a more gender-balanced audience from various classes. However, the lyrics and imagery of many metal bands were criticized for celebrating misogyny, violence, and toxic masculinity. This led to parental advisory labels and Senate hearings over heavy metal's influence in the 1980s.
Med332 post punk or rip it up and start againRob Jewitt
1. The document discusses the diverse and experimental nature of post-punk music between 1976-1983, which gave rise to genres like goth, new wave, synthpop and indie.
2. Post-punk is considered a "messy" conceptual category that resisted clear definition, as bands experimented musically and politically. This included feminist bands that critiqued gender roles and politics.
3. The proliferation of independent record labels and specialist shops in this era helped democratize the music industry and distribute post-punk genres in opposition to major labels. This laid the foundations for future "indie" music.
This document provides an overview of a media studies module. It outlines the module leader's contact details and office hours. It also describes the weekly schedule and content, which covers topics like news values, regulation, online news, documentaries, and reality television. Assessments include an online time-constrained test worth 40% and an assignment analyzing factual media texts. Recommended readings and resources are also listed.
Med332 roots, rocks, reggae the politics of bob marleyRob Jewitt
This document provides an overview of the politics and influence of reggae musician Bob Marley. It discusses how reggae music emerged from earlier Jamaican genres like ska and rocksteady and was influenced by Rastafarianism. Reggae served as a form of protest music addressing issues like inequality, racism, and colonialism. Bob Marley helped bring reggae to a global audience and used his music to spread messages of empowerment and pan-African unity. His lyrics frequently referenced Marcus Garvey and Haile Selassie and promoted Rastafarian ideals of repatriation to Africa.
Med312 Journalistic sources in the networked era: protecting and framingRob Jewitt
1. The document discusses principles of protecting confidential sources for journalists, including that sources must never be identified while alive.
2. Courts are very reluctant to require disclosure of sources, only doing so in exceptional cases where public or individual interests are at stake.
3. Views of whistleblowers have shifted over time in some media, from mostly positive coverage to some recent backlash against them in some outlets.
Whistleblowing and radical transparency on the internet have a long history but changing contexts. While the internet allows bypassing journalists, whistleblowers themselves have become the story through smear campaigns. Maintaining anonymity while revealing information is challenging as governments and corporations work to reassert control over information flows online through market dominance and security policies.
Mac201 2014 week 1 lecture 1 intro to moduleRob Jewitt
This document outlines the content and structure of a media studies module. It provides details on the module leader, weekly schedule, assessments, and recommended readings. Over the course of 12 weeks, students will examine topics like news values, media regulation, public opinion, online and global media, documentaries, reality TV, and gender representation. Assessment includes a timed test worth 40% and an analysis of a factual media text worth 60%. The module aims to develop students' understanding of how mainstream media shapes public understanding and its relationship with audiences, politics, and society.
This document discusses the origins and development of progressive rock music between the 1960s-1970s. It notes that progressive rock emerged from psychedelic rock in the late 1960s, drawing influence from classical music forms. Bands like Yes, Genesis, ELP, and Pink Floyd adopted multi-movement suites and other classical compositional techniques. Progressive rock sought to achieve both commercial popularity and artistic status on par with classical music. It became a major genre by the early 1970s, characterized by extended instrumental sections, eclectic styles, and multimedia live performances. However, progressive rock declined in popularity by the late 1970s.
The document discusses the history and evolution of hacking from the 1940s to present day. It covers the origins of hacking at MIT, the "Golden Age of Hacking" from 1980-1990 which saw the rise of bulletin board systems and publications like Phrack, and the shift to viewing hacking as criminal as the media portrayed it as a "moral panic" and police raids increased. It also mentions the rise of hacktivism and how hackers today are involved in online protests and political causes.
The document discusses different types of war reporting and issues around covering modern conflicts. It notes that there are four main forms of war reportage: technical, official, ideological, and critical. It then examines challenges around access to information, embedded vs. unilateral journalists, and the tension between objectivity and serving as an extension of the war effort for one's nation.
The document traces the evolution of military public affairs from the Revolutionary War to modern conflicts. It discusses how the military's relationship with the media and public has changed over time, from directly communicating with citizens to tighter control of information to the current environment of embedded journalists. It emphasizes the importance of keeping the public informed to maintain support for military operations.
Foreign Correspondents & International ReportingCubReporters.org
Foreign correspondence refers to news coverage of international events and locations by journalists sent abroad from their home country. Over time, as technology advanced, more foreign correspondents were sent overseas but costs have led most print and television outlets to reduce their international presence. Now, foreign news coverage relies more on wire services, citizen journalists, and occasional deployments of reporters to cover major stories.
The document discusses the role of news media in covering conflicts like the 'war on terror' and the invasion of Iraq. It provides examples of how some media outlets uncritically reported government claims in the lead-up to the Iraq war without sufficient skepticism. Some newspapers later apologized for not properly verifying defectors' claims about Iraq's weapons programs. The document also examines debates around practices like embedding journalists with military forces and whether this limits the ability to report independently on a conflict.
World War II had a significant impact on daily life in America. After the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan in 1941, America entered the war and rationing of items like food and gas was implemented. The presentation discusses key events of the war such as America prioritizing the European front over Japan. It also examines important weapons used by American forces like the B-17 bomber, M4 Sherman tank, and M1 Thompson submachine gun. Life for soldiers on the frontlines was difficult, as they endured poor conditions, heavy loads of equipment, and limited medical care.
Explore the many facets of radio journalism and production in this program. This program is for you! You'll gain the practical skills you need to make a meaningful impact in the radio industry. You'll study everything from radio technology and production to management and business.
Read More : http://niilmuniversity.in/coursepack/media/RADIO_JOURNALISM_&_PRODUCTION.pdf
The document provides background on Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of Normandy on D-Day (June 6, 1944) during World War 2. It describes how the Allies used deception and misinformation through the Double Cross System to mislead German intelligence about the timing and location of the invasion. Paratroopers were dropped the night before to take out defenses and secure objectives, though bad weather caused issues. On June 6th, over 100,000 soldiers stormed Normandy's beaches after naval and air bombardments. This successful invasion marked a turning point in the war, leading to the liberation of Western Europe from Nazi Germany.
Video of the conference can be found here: http://media.ruc.dk/2012-10-05_3/iframe2.html
Title: The Committee on Public Information: Persuading a nation to war
Paper Abstract: This paper discusses findings from an archival case study of the Committee on Public Information about how the cultural systems of propaganda, journalism and popular culture can be used in persuading, informing and entertaining of audiences to galvanize support for a cause. The Committee on Public Information (CPI) was an American government propaganda organisation credited with successfully mobilizing public opinion to gain support to enter World War I. The CPI had over twenty divisions. This study analyses three: the Division of News, composed of newspapermen to gain media support; the Four Minute Men, a national group of rhetorical orators who spoke at motion-picture houses; and the Division of Pictorial Publicity, a group of famous illustrators who created the only colour images available of the war.
A variety of opposed stakeholders, including immigrants of Irish and German descent, women who were considered dangerous pacifists, and businessmen whose industries were needed to generate war goods, were addressed through a transmedia campaign. Strategies of the campaign included media relations, endorsements by public figures and celebrities, and inducing citizen-to-citizen peer pressure at a local level, and social interaction on a local, state and national level. The CPI’s propaganda campaign utilized all media forms available at that time including the tactics of speeches, posters, buttons, music, school competitions, and fashion. The highly successful campaign rallied the nation to arms and war work, and convinced Americans to change their daily lives in order to ration war goods and financially support the war.
The study contributes to understanding how the expectations of persuasion, truth and amusement relate to each other when mediated in cultural systems. An analysis using close reading of archival documents and Yuri Lotman’s concept of the semiosphere found that media credibility and transmedia bridged a gap between disparate cultural systems to create a successful campaign.
This document summarizes a presentation on depicting death in World War 2 posters. It discusses how propaganda posters aimed to create a shared national identity and portray citizens as active members of the war effort. The boundaries between civilians and soldiers were blurred, with attempts to depict everyone as heroic. Posters addressed many issues including recruiting, health and safety, and the enemy. Overall posters served as a government messaging tool but responses could be mixed, with "harsher" images more accepted for military audiences.
After the fall of the USSR, Western countries dominated the global narrative and perspective. Al-Jazeera was launched in 1996 as the first independent Arabic news channel to offer an alternative perspective and give voice to Arab opinions. It gained prominence covering the US war in Afghanistan when other networks were expelled. While popular in Europe and the Middle East, Al-Jazeera has faced accusations of bias from the US and was banned briefly in India for its coverage of Kashmir. The network argues it provides a needed alternative to Western-dominated media perspectives.
This document provides context on anti-communism and Cold War propaganda by the United States. It discusses how following the Russian Revolution in 1917, the US and other allies invaded Russia in an attempt to overthrow the Bolshevik government. This created deep insecurities in the Soviet Union and influenced its political development. It also describes how even before the invasion, the US engaged in an aggressive propaganda campaign portraying the Bolsheviks and Soviet Russia in extremely negative terms, publishing outrageous claims and stories of horror in major newspapers to turn public opinion strongly against communism. This propaganda laid the groundwork for the anti-communist mindset that dominated US foreign policy for decades during the Cold War.
CNN was founded in 1980 and was the first 24-hour news network, shown in over 212 countries. It has had significant impact and influence through its live coverage of major events like the Gulf War, 9/11 attacks, and elections. CNN now faces competition from other 24-hour news networks like Fox News, MSNBC, and international competitors like BBC and Sky News. CNN remains one of the dominant global news networks.
This document provides a retrospective from 1998 on intelligence challenges and proposed solutions. Some key points:
1. In the 1990s, the author recognized emerging threats like information warfare, transnational gangs, disease, and economic competition that conventional intelligence was not prepared to address.
2. A 2008 conference reiterated these issues and the need for a strategic model linking threats, preventive action, and whole-of-government/multinational cooperation.
3. The top threats to global security are said to be poverty, disease, environmental degradation, and conflict, according to a 2004 UN report, though these are still ignored.
4. To address today's threat of global destabilization, the author
The US Government has refused since WWII to be serious about intelligence as decision support, instead treating intelligence (and now DHS) and mini versions of the DoD prok process. There is nothing intelligent about how the USG does intelligence, and that is our national sucking chest wound.
The document outlines several key themes and events of the Cold War era:
1. The main themes included imperialism, the bipolar superpower world between the US and USSR, ideological mistrust between capitalism and communism, and strategic concerns around spheres of influence.
2. Major early events of the Cold War included the Truman Doctrine providing aid to Greece and Turkey in 1947 to counter Soviet influence, the Marshall Plan providing economic aid to rebuild Europe also in 1947, and the 1948 Berlin Airlift supplying West Berlin after the Soviet blockade.
3. NATO was formed in 1949 in response to the Berlin Crisis and as a military alliance to counter the Soviet threat in Europe. The 1950 Korean War further escalated tensions
The document discusses the use of posters for propaganda purposes during World War I, World War II, and other conflicts. Posters were used to recruit soldiers, promote war bonds, encourage conservation, and maintain morale on the home front. The document examines many examples of propaganda posters and asks the reader to evaluate which poster from several slides would be most effective and memorable, explaining their choice.
This document discusses the changing landscape of journalism in the digital age. It notes that the internet has disrupted the traditional model of large media institutions controlling the dissemination of news ("Big Media"). Now, ordinary people can participate in news gathering and distribution by uploading photos, videos, and reporting on events. Several examples are given of citizen journalism, such as during the 2005 London bombings. The document also examines statistics on changing newspaper circulation figures and the growth of online news consumption. It explores some of the opportunities and challenges faced by both traditional and new forms of journalism in the digital era.
Radiohead released their album "In Rainbows" digitally in 2007 with an optional price, allowing fans to pay what they wanted, including nothing. This unconventional release strategy received significant media attention and cut through the noise in a way that a traditional marketing campaign could not. As music sales decline, artists must get creative with digital marketing to maximize exposure. Lorde has found success selling as many albums as Miley Cyrus without relying on hype or provocative antics, proving high-quality music can stand on its own.
This document discusses issues around fake news, post-truth politics, and the changing media landscape. It explores how social media and online platforms have disrupted traditional journalism and allowed false or misleading information to spread more easily. Specifically, it examines how algorithms prioritize engaging content over facts, creating "filter bubbles" that influence users. This undermines the media's role in facilitating an informed public sphere.
Mac114 week 12 effecetive social media campaignsRob Jewitt
This document discusses effective social media campaigns and provides tips for running successful campaigns. It notes that 4 in 5 businesses have dedicated social media teams and advertise on social media. Some effective campaigns highlighted include those by Emirates Airlines, Casey Neistat for Comedy Central, Tasty recipes, and Donald Trump's #MAGA campaign. It provides 5 rules for social media campaigns, such as establishing clear goals and choosing the right platforms. Measurement tools for social mentions are also listed. The document closes by discussing potential futures of social media, including platforms controlling content distribution and the risk of fake news spreading.
Mac114 week 11 fomo the fear of missing outRob Jewitt
1. The document discusses the concept of "FOMO" or "fear of missing out" and its relationship to social media usage and psychological well-being.
2. A study found that FOMO correlates with general discontent and disproportionately affects young people, especially males.
3. The document proposes ways to harness FOMO for marketing purposes, such as through exclusivity, word-of-mouth promotions, flash sales, random acts of kindness, and live streaming events.
The document provides advice for students completing an assessment essay for a media studies module. It recommends that students spend approximately 136 hours on research-related activities like reading, watching media examples, and independent research by the end of week 8, leaving enough time to write and edit the essay. The assessment task requires students to analyze 1-2 key concepts from the module by applying them to a specific media format as an example. Some key concepts discussed include news values, ideology, and the public sphere. Students are advised to start planning their essay early and use sample essays as a guide for the expected level of analysis and demonstration of understanding.
Mac114 social video & personality brandingRob Jewitt
The document discusses personal branding and the rise of social media personalities. It notes that the most popular YouTube channels are dominated by comedic and entertainment content from individual creators who have built large followings. These YouTubers have established personal brands and achieved a form of celebrity status through cultivating their image and personality online. However, their fame relies on continual endorsement from subscribers who help shape their persona through comments and feedback. While social media lowers barriers to fame, it also makes YouTube celebrities' status precarious since it depends on maintaining community support.
Mac114 The business of blogging and blogging for businessRob Jewitt
This document discusses the business of blogging. It notes that while many blogs started as amateur online diaries, blogging has evolved into a new form of editorial content with loyal readerships. The document provides advice for monetizing a blog, including self-hosting to maintain control, creating useful content to attract an audience, networking to spread your expertise, developing your brand, and exploring multiple income streams such as ebooks, speaking, or selling merchandise related to your niche topic. It emphasizes allowing monetization to happen organically based on your audience's interests.
The document discusses the decline of blogs over time. It notes that the number of blogs peaked around 2005-2009 and then declined by 41% between 2006-2008. It argues that the rise of social media platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram have made blogs less popular as people now share information in real-time streams rather than dedicated blog pages. However, some argue that blogs have not disappeared but evolved into a more mature part of the publishing ecosystem, with casual bloggers leaving and more committed writers staying.
Mac114 week 2 lecture social media and journalismRob Jewitt
This document discusses the changing role of journalists and news organizations in the digital age. It explores how social media platforms like Twitter have become important tools for reporting and disseminating news. Journalists now have to balance speed and accuracy when using platforms like Twitter to engage with audiences and break stories. The rise of social media also means that audiences expect more immediacy and personality from journalists online.
This document provides an overview of the Media Studies 1 module. It introduces the module leader and their contact details. It then outlines the weekly topics that will be covered in the module's lectures and seminars over 12 weeks. These include discussions of news values, regulation of the media, debates around public opinion, and representations in factual media. It also provides details on the two assessments for the module - a timed online test worth 40% and a longer critical analysis assignment worth 60%.
This document provides information about the MAC114 - Introduction to social media module. It outlines:
- The module contact and learning outcomes which include skills and knowledge in social media.
- The teaching and learning structure which consists of lectures, workshops, and self-directed study totaling 192 hours.
- The module timetable, format, and running order which includes weekly lectures and workshops on social media topics.
- The assessment requirements which are a blog, critical evaluation, and essay.
Med332 Digital disruption in the music industryRob Jewitt
Digital technology disrupted the music industry in three main ways:
1. The introduction of digital formats like the CD and file sharing services like Napster made music easier to copy and share, reducing sales of physical formats and enabling rampant piracy.
2. As streaming services like Spotify grew, they shifted listening habits away from paid music downloads towards ad-supported or subscription streaming models, reducing revenues for labels and artists.
3. Younger audiences became less willing to pay for individual songs or albums as there were many free alternatives, devaluing music and making it harder for artists to earn a living from their work alone.
Mac201 television constructing the publicRob Jewitt
This document discusses the role of media in shaping public opinion and functioning as a public sphere. It examines debates around the responsibilities of broadcasters to stakeholders versus audiences. The ideal role of news media is seen as disseminating accurate, politically relevant information to contribute to an informed civic society. However, contemporary media are argued to have become "re-feudalized" due to ownership, advertising, and spin. The document analyzes BBC and ITV news coverage of public opinion and finds they construct audiences as apathetic. It also discusses whether shows like Question Time truly represent public spheres or serve ratings.
Women have faced marginalization and invisibility in histories of popular music. They have often been viewed primarily as singers and restricted from instrumental roles. To achieve success, women sometimes had to masquerade as masculine or temporarily assume expert positions normally held by men. Girl groups in particular were seen as transitory and meant to keep femininity in a subordinate role rather than allow women to achieve long-term fame or fortune. However, some artists have challenged gender stereotypes and pushed back against the notion that women cannot have their own musical ideas or be true collaborators.
This document discusses definitions of "indie" music and culture. It explores how indie has been defined as a type of musical production affiliated with small independent record labels that utilize independent distribution methods. The document also outlines how indie labels pioneered a DIY approach to production and distribution in the late 1970s and 1980s in the UK, forming cooperative networks like The Cartel to promote artistic freedom and counter commercial interests.
Med211 gamergate: actually, its about ethics in games journalismRob Jewitt
This document discusses the Gamergate controversy and participatory culture in gaming. It summarizes key aspects of Gamergate including criticism of Anita Sarkeesian and Zoe Quinn, the role of Eron Gjoni's blog post and criticisms of journalists like Nathan Grayson. It also references the #notyourshield hashtag and Tim Shafer's comments about Gamergate at the 2015 Game Developer's Choice Awards.
Networked journalism and the Arab Spring
1) Networked journalism refers to professionals and amateurs collaborating across traditional boundaries and platforms to report on events. It recognizes journalism as a process rather than just a product.
2) During the 2009 Iranian election protests, social media like Twitter played a key role in sharing information and organizing demonstrations when mainstream media faced censorship. However, social media also spread misinformation and exposed users to government monitoring.
3) The 2010-2011 Arab Spring uprisings saw social media and networked journalism help coordinate and spread information about protests in Tunisia and Egypt that ultimately led to the ousting of authoritarian leaders, despite some governments attempting to shut down internet access. While social media contributed to
The document discusses the rise of big data and its applications and limitations. It notes that while big data allows unprecedented tracking of digital behaviors, incorrect assumptions can lead to big errors. Proper theory and statistical modeling are still important to make sense of large datasets and signals amidst noise. Overall, big data offers new insights but also risks if not approached carefully.
This document discusses impartiality regulation in news media. It provides background on trust in various professions according to a 2012 survey. It then discusses concepts of objectivity and impartiality in news reporting. Several examples from Canada and the UK are presented where prominent news organizations and journalists were accused of bias or lack of impartiality. The document examines regulatory bodies like OFCOM and guidance on impartiality. It notes challenges to achieving true objectivity or impartiality and debates around balancing views. In conclusion, it questions if objectivity is possible and if impartiality is necessary, and whether balance may be a compromise.
This document outlines a session on news objectivity, impartiality, and balance. It discusses the concept of the "fourth estate" and the power of the media. It examines definitions of objectivity, impartiality, and balance in news reporting. It also explores criticisms of objectivity and how news values, sources, and routines can undermine objectivity. The document notes challenges around achieving impartiality and providing a "fair say" to diverse voices.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
3. Kate Adie
• Adopted by a Sunderland
couple as a baby
• Libya (1986)
• Shot in arm at Tiananmen
Square (1989)
• Gulf War 1 (1991)
• Bosnia (1992-1995)
• Rwanda (1994)
• Sierra Leone (2000)
3
4. Four forms of reportage:
1. Technical
2. Official
3. Ideological
4. Critical
4
5. 1 - Technical
• Relates to how near or far from the conflict
journalists can get
• Portability of equipment:
– 'All the gadgets a reporter needs can be carried
in a single suitcase that fits in the overhead
compartment of most planes'.
• (Peter Johnson, 'Media's war footing looks solid',
USA Today, 17 February 2003)
• GW1 - drive for ‘newness’
• GW2 – language/technology of war – ‘smart
bombs’, ‘daisy cutters’, night vision, MOABs,
Patriots, etc
5
6. 2 - Official
• Journalists and the Task Force to the Falklands
• Thatcher wanted to ‘manage’ journalists
• Influence on type of news produced
• Certain news suppressed
• Misinformation?
– “The BBC had made it clear there were some things it
could not reveal. If at the end of the conflict it had to
confess to the public that it had deliberately misled it,
rather than withheld certain information in the
interests of safeguarding life, the BBC’s credibility
would be gone.” (Former BBC editor)
6
7. 3 - Ideological
• Whose side should we be on?
• How do we decide?
– “When one’s nation is at war, reporting
becomes an extension of the war effort”
• Max Hastings (former editor of the Telegraph and
the Evening Standard) quoting his TV reporter
father’s famous line about WW2
7
8. 4 - Critical
• Ideals of journalistic objectivity/impartiality
– reporting the facts?
• Self reflective?
8
10. • WW1:
• DW Griffith’s Hearts
of the World, 1918
10
11. • WW1:
• Frank Hurley
• Australia’s official war
photographer
• Melded composites
11
12. • WW2
– Radio reports central
– Cecil Beaton images (often staged)
– Disney/Capra films (Why We Fight)
– The Empire Marketing Board film unit
12
13. Propaganda?
• 1st
televised crisis – Suez, 1956
• PM Anthony Eden tried to use BBC for
propaganda
• Vietnam (1957-1975) – myth of the body
bag
• Falklands (1982) – 2 important factors:
– Lobby system
– Pooling system
13
15. • Glasgow University Media Group:
• “There is no absolute unity of interest
among the media, the government and the
military”
– 1985, War and Peace News
15
16. 1. Many journalists like the idea of being a war
reporter - ITN correspondent:
‘There was never any danger that this good
wonderful war could escalate into anything like The
Day After (nuclear war film). It was a good gutsy
war but it was a safe gutsy war.’
1. BBC/ITN/Sky seek to be the nation’s news
service, so want to appear to be in tune with
national mood.
2. Normal news reporting features official sources
anyway, so why would broadcasters,
journalists change format now?
16
17. Gulf War 2
• Present attitude towards
(mediated) war?
• Civilian deaths?
• Surgical, precise, clean
strikes?
• ‘Smart’ bombs?
• Information
leakage/flow?
• www.iraqbodycount.org/
17
18. ‘Always on’ media
• 31st August 1997
• 11th September 2001
• 7th July 2005
• Speculation,
commentary and hourly
attempt to return to an
authoritative summary
18
19. Key changes in coverage
1. Increased availability of channels to view news
and many of these are not ‘home-grown’ –
e.g., Fox News, CNN, BBC World, Al-Jazeera.
2. Proliferation of news channels might suggest
news is increasingly important but news is
expensive and the modern media seek more
cost efficient soft news and entertainment
(visuals over analysis?)
19
20. Other changes
– AP & Reuters have financial constraints – must
cover wars adequately but can’t increase
subscription costs
– Satellite news channels lose ad revenue because
viewers want non-stop coverage & advertisers don’t
want to be associated with disasters.
– News producers cut back on foreign
correspondents (lack reporters)
– The attempt to be neutral and balanced can make
for boring news (Fox News vs Al-Jazeera)
– Europe’s anti-war sentiment? (Tumber & Palmer,
2004, point to the lack of space given to anti-war
voices).
20
22. Questions to consider
• To what extent is it possible to separate
the fact from the propaganda/spin?
• How complicit are journalists in this
process?
• How might the demands for copy impact
upon public knowledge?
22
23. • Ray Heibert (1991) Public Relations Review
• Public relations and public communications
would play an increasingly significant role in
warfare
• The battle for public opinion would be as
important as the engagement of soldiers on the
front
23
24. • Ray Heibert (2003) Public Relations Review
• We don’t think about facts but about the way
those facts are framed
• Framing an issue becomes THE most powerful
way to control our response to something.
24
28. • See Lakoff (2003)
• Classic narratives:
– Self-defense story
– Rescue story
28
29. • Global audience = occasional language
slip-ups
• “Crusade”
• “Axis of Evil”
• “Operation Enduring Freedom”
• “Coalition of the Willing”
• “Saddam’s Fedayeen”
29
30. • The essential strategy for becoming the
standard of truth when no one believes you is
to open your operations to the kind of risk that
no one would take if he were planning to lie.
Spin is out of the question. Good or bad, the
story is there for the reporter to see. In a
company criticized for, say, global labor
practices, this would mean opening overseas
factories to unscheduled media visits. In this
war, it means embedded reporters”
– Clark S Judge, 2003,
http://www.whwg.com/thefirm/sample.php/54/Clark_S._Jud
30
32. • CentCom (Qatar)
• $1.5m briefing centre
• Plasma screens, mini studious, phone banks
• Designed by Hollywood set designer, George
Allison
• Platform for truth (US General Tommy Franks)
• Seating arrangements reflected pecking order
32
33. • “When Americans wake up in the morning, they
will first hear from the [Persian Gulf] region,
maybe from General Tommy Franks, then later
in the day, they will hear from the Pentagon,
then the State Department, then later on the
White House will brief.”
– Suzy DeFrances, President Bush’s deputy assistant
for communications cited in Douglas Quenqua, March
24th
2003, PR Week
http://www.prweekus.com/White-House-prepares-to-feed-2
33
36. • “Photos of sleek fighter jets, rescued POWs, and
smiling Iraqis cheering the arrival of U.S. troops
are easy to find among Combat Camera’s public
images. Photos of bombed-out Baghdad
neighborhoods and so-called ‘collateral damage’
are not.”
– cited in Heibert, 2003: 252 36
40. • [S]ome of us have led a very different existence
these past weeks. A daily shuttle, hundreds of
miles from the action, from a comfortable hotel
to the press centre at the drab as-Sayliyah
military base, home to CentCom's forward
headquarters. And while we allowed ourselves
to say "here at CentCom", we knew that we
were being held at arm's length.
40
41. • We were rarely allowed to stray from the spartan
warehouse with its hi-tech briefing room and
cramped, woefully inadequate work-spaces. The
real business of running the war was taking
place in other, equally spartan warehouses
some distance away in this vast, faceless facility.
It is an odd way to cover a war, and some
wondered if it was really worth it.
– Paul Adams, 2003, ‘Reporters’ log: final thoughts’
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/world/2003/reporters_lo
41
42. • Iraq:
– 2000-2500 reporters
– 600-700 embedded (500 US journalists)
• Embeds
– officially placed with military units
• Unilaterals
– roving, independent journalists without military
support taking huge risks to get access to stories
42
43. • “The broadcast networks are complicit. With
their embedded teams producing great visuals,
what need is there for broader analysis from the
battlefield? One British network was instrumental
in getting one of its own unilateral reporters
kicked out of an embed position for rocking the
boat…”
43
44. • “…ITN, Sky and the BBC all belong to an
exclusive club: the Forward Transmission Unit,
based just inside Iraq and attached to the
military, which allows a select few
correspondents to package the war. With such
extreme limits on access, why jeopardise what
you've got?”
– Lucy Mangan, April 7 2003, The Guardian
http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2003/apr/07/mondaymed
44
45. Dangers facing unilaterals?
• “Two weeks into this war, the constraints are
tightening. Previously slack border points are
now closed. Those unilateral journalists entering
Iraq "illegally" do so at higher risk, with no
expectation of any assistance from a coalition
army warned away from them”
– Lucy Mangan, April 7 2003, The Guardian
http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2003/apr/07/mondaymed
45
46. • Death of ITN journalist Terry Lloyd
• Palestine Hotel attack (Reuters)
• In The Line of Fire (BBC)
46
47. • “US forces must prove that the incident was not a
deliberate attack to dissuade or prevent journalists from
continuing to report on what is happening in Baghdad.”
– Robert Menard, secretary–general of Paris–based Reporters
Without Borders. Cited in Ciar Bryne, April 9 2003,
http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2003/apr/09/pressandpublishing.iraqa
47
48. • “There’s nothing sacrosanct about a hotel with a bunch
of journalists in it.”
– (Retired Marine Corps Lt. Gen. Bernard E. Trainor, reported by
Washington Post, April 9)
48
49. • “If you look at what fills newspapers now, it’s the
equivalent of reality TV – it’s superficial, there’s very little
news reporting, there’s very little analysis, but there’s a
lot of conjecture. The media thought they were going to
get a one-hour-45-minute Hollywood blockbuster and it’s
not like that. War is a dirty, ugly thing, and I worry about
it being dignified as ‘infotainment’”
– (Air Marshall Burridge, Daily Telegraph, April 7 2003)
49
50. • ‘The most obvious casualty has been the distinction
between warrior and correspondent. First-person plural
is now the pronoun of choice, whether subconscious or
not. Take Mark Franchetti in the Sunday Times: "Back in
Kuwait, as we had edged towards the border ready for
the advance, we had been dozing in our assault
vehicle... [Now] we were racing across the lunar
landscape in attack formation...To the occasional
stunned shepherds, we invaders must have seemed
like ghosts out of a Mad Max movie.”’
– Lucy Mangan, April 7 2003, The Guardian
50
51. • Sometimes the urge to identify subsumes gender. A
report by Sarah Oliver in the Mail on Sunday opened
with the arresting line: "We rode at dawn, the men of
the 1st Royal Irish," before going on to describe how
"our column thundered through the Rumailah oilfield"
and closed with the news that "Last night we were
holding 37 officers, 277 men and expecting another
200".’
– Lucy Mangan, April 7 2003, The Guardian
51
52. The ‘fog’ of war
• The Guardian: April 11, 2003
• See this link for claims and denials at the
time
– http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2003/apr/11/pres
52
53. How should journalists show the
reality of warfare?
• Clip from C4 show “Iraq: The Hidden Story”
• 2008 53
55. Questions to consider
• To what extent is it possible to separate the fact
from the propaganda during conflicts?
• How complicit are journalists in this process?
• How might the demands for copy impact upon
public knowledge?
• Can embedded journalism ever be balanced?
55
56. Questions?
1. So we have ‘nowness’, we have immediate coverage,
we have words and images but what do we know about
war?
2. Should war reporting be for information or an extension
of the war effort?
3. As viewers we can watch the news non-stop – does this
mean that we understand the news as a construction
(as provisional, disputed, happening as journalists
speak)?
4. Does news become reduced to narrative with points of
closure – do we stop viewing when the statue is pulled
down? When do we start to watch again, or really listen,
or even think?
5. How long did our interest in Iraq last? Are we concerned
with it today? Should we be?
56
58. Additional resources
• David Leigh, 2003, ‘False Witness’-
examples of military disinformation and
the media. Available at
– http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,2763,92931
• Report of faked war report from Sky News.
Actual footage available at:
– http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3078693.stm
58
61. • Tension between free speech and national
security/media and government
• DA-Notice system is voluntary and extra
legal
• Arrangement between government and
media not to publish certain information
61
62. Free Speech
• Various theories justifying free speech –
‘free speech as an argument from
democracy’ most relevant here
• Not an absolute right – national security is
a legitimate reason for limiting free speech
62
63. DA-Notices: Still Useful?
• No
the internet has increasingly changed the way the
public accesses news and information
increased information available in the ‘public domain’
(international news, war bloggers, www.arrse.co.uk)
• Yes
System still useful for old technology – hard copy print
media, radio & television (also have internet platforms
that need policing)
Represents an alterative conciliatory approach
63
65. Princely PR
• Caroline Gammell, March 1 2008, The Telegraph, ‘How the Prince Harry
blackout was broken’
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1580111/How-the-Prince-Harry-
blackout-was-broken.html
• Non attributed, March 2, 2008, The Independent, ‘The people's prince: with
Harry in Afghanistan. Dog of war or PR pawn?’
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/the-peoples-prince-with-
harry-in-afghanistan-dog-of-war-or-pr-pawn-790323.html
• Peter McKay, March 2 2008, Mail, ‘Prince Harry in Afghanistan: Oh! What a
lovely PR stunt’ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/columnists/article-
524341/Prince-Harry-Afghanistan-Oh-What-lovely-PR-stunt.html
• Peter Wilby, March 3 2008, The Guardian, ‘'Harry's war' - it's just a blatant
PR stunt’
http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/mar/03/royalsandthemedia.pressand
publishing
65
80. Ahmed Chalabi
• Interim oil minister in Iraq April-May 2005 and December-
January 2006
• Deputy prime minister from May 2005 until May 2006.
• Pre-2003 invasion, under his guidance the Iraqi National
Congress, supported by lobbyists BKSH & Associates, provided
substantial info on which U.S. Intelligence based its
condemnation of Saddam Hussein, including reports of
weapons of mass destruction and alleged ties to al-Qaeda
80
81. Useful material
Control Room
(2004, Jehane Noujaim)
WMD: Weapons of Mass Deception
(2004, Danny Schechter)
Panorama Special: In The Line of Fire
(21st
Nov 2004, BBC)
Al- Jazeera on war coverage http://youtu.be/NTo6dbqKlsw
Al- Jazeera discusses the PoWs
http://youtu.be/mWdDMAH6Kvw
81
84. Restrepo
• The Korengal Valley
• Embedded with Second
Platoon, B Company, 2nd
Battalion, 503rd Infantry
Regiment (airborne), 173rd
Airborne Brigade Combat
Team of the U.S. Army
84
85. ‘Grunt documentaries’
• ‘by privileging personal experience over
historical awareness, these accounts
construct a version of the war in which it
becomes impossible to apprehend such
atrocities as Haditha, Ramadi, Abu Ghraib’
– Tony Grajeda 2007
85
90. Ofcom: Section 1
• Violence and dangerous behaviour
• 1.11 Violence, its after-effects and descriptions of violence, whether verbal
or physical, must be appropriately limited in programmes broadcast before
the watershed … and must also be justified by the context.
• 1.12 Violence, whether verbal or physical, that is easily imitable by children
in a manner that is harmful or dangerous:
– must not be featured in programmes made primarily for children unless there is strong
editorial justification;
– must not be broadcast before the … unless there is editorial justification.
• 1.13 Dangerous behaviour, or the portrayal of dangerous behaviour, that is
likely to be easily imitable by children in a manner that is harmful:
– must not be featured in programmes made primarily for children unless there is strong
editorial justification;
– must not be broadcast before the watershed (in the case of television) … unless there is
editorial justification.
90
91. Ofcom: Section 2
• Harm and Offence
• 2.4 Programmes must not include material (whether in individual
programmes or in programmes taken together) which, taking into account
the context, condones or glamorises violent, dangerous or seriously
antisocial behaviour and is likely to encourage others to copy such
behaviour.
• 2.5 Methods of suicide and self-harm must not be included in programmes
except where they are editorially justified and are also justified by the
context.
91
92. Questions to consider
• Why do some journalists risk their lives to get stories?
• What can the mainstream media show us? Should there be limits?
Why/not?
• To what extent is it possible to separate fact from propaganda/spin?
• How complicit are journalists in this process during wartime?
• How might the demands for copy/footage/stories impact upon public
knowledge?
92
Not covered by The Guardian? More likely Gaddafi propaganda? Uploaded here first: pro-Gaddafi site: http://libyasos.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/libyan-liberation-frontline-news_07.html