The document provides instructions for changing direct speech, questions, orders, and requests to indirect or reported speech. It explains that pronouns and verb tenses should be changed, with tenses moving back one step. For questions, the question mark and helping verb should be removed and the subject placed before the verb to make it a statement. Pronouns, question words, and verbs are changed accordingly. No changes are made to tenses for reported orders or requests. Examples are given showing the changes needed for direct to indirect speech, questions, and orders/requests.

1. Direct speech to indirect/ reported speech:
Steps:
1- Remove “. “
2- Reporting verb (said/ told)+ that
3- Change pronouns
4- Tenses: One step backwards
Change:
1- “I think he is right,” said Dr Paul. ………………………………………………………………………….
2- “I am nothappy,” said Fatma to me. ………………………………………………………………………
3- “They haven’t gone yet,” said Ahmed to Laila. ……………………………………………………………
4- Dalia told Talal that she hoped they wouldn’tgetlost.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5- Dalia replied thatshe had notenjoyed the movie
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6- “ I will go someday,” said Sami. …………………………………………………………………………
7- “They may go someday,” said Haidi. ……………………………………………………………………..
8- “He has to answer,” said Hoda. ……………………………………………………………………………
9- “I must go,” said Rami. ……………………………………………………………………………………..
10- “They went yesterday,” said Sami to her. ………………………………………………………………….
Direct to indirect/ reported questions:
Steps:
1- Remove “. “
2- Reporting verb (asked/ wanted to know) + Q word / (if/ whether)
3- Q → statement:
- Remove helping v. / question mark (?)
- Start with subject+ v.
4- Change pronouns
5- Tenses: One step backwards
Change:
1- “Where do you stay?” He asked. …………………………………………………………………
2- “Are you happy?” She asked me. ………………………………………………………………...
3- “What time does she have to be back?” They asked.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4- “Where did you stay?” He asked me. ………………………..…………………………………….
5- “How long has she been there?” He asked.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6- Ahmed wanted to know what Egyptian food Terry liked.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7- “Is it 5 sharp?” He asked. ……………………………………………………………………………….
8- “Can you hear me?” She asked. ……………………………………………………………………….
9- “Does he speak English athome?” I asked.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10- Mona asked me whether I liked the movie.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. Direct to indirect/ reported negative/ positive orders & requests:
Steps:
1- Remove “. “
2- Reporting verb (asked/ told)+ to/ not to+ inf
3- Change pronouns
4- No tenses!
Change:
1- “Do the household, Mona, Mum said. ……………………………………………………………….
2- “Don’t shout at me,” He said. …………………………………………………………………………
3- “Don’t sleep very late,” Maher said. ………………………………………………………………….
4- Request: “Give me your pen, please,” said Laila.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
5- “Stand up,” the teacher said. ……………………………………………………………………………
1- The manager asked us to wait for him. ………………………………………………………………...