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Circuito Rectificador de Onda Completa Con Transformador de Corriente 
Nestor Miguel Lazcano Tapia 
Instituto Tecnológico De Tuxtla Gutiérrez 
nestor_ronal09@hotmail.com 
Resumen-El siguiente reporte explica de manera detallada el funcionamiento de un circuito, que convierte la corriente alterna (corriente en forma senoidal) en corriente directa (corriente continua o constante), por medio de diodos ordenados de forma estratégica y un capacitor que almacena la energía y la reparte en forma continua. 
I. INTRODUCCION 
Un rectificador de onda completa es un circuito empleado para convertir una señal de corriente alterna (AC) de entrada en corriente continua (DC). A diferencia del rectificador de media onda, en este caso, la parte negativa de la señal se convierte en positiva o bien la parte positiva de la señal se convertirá en negativa, según se necesite una señal positiva o negativa de corriente continua. 
Por otro parte, un transformador que es un dispositivo que convierte la energía eléctrica alterna de un cierto nivel de tensión, en energía alterna de otro nivel de tensión al que se tenga que se necesite convertir. 
II. FUNDAMENTOS 
II-A. Capacitor electrolítico 
Los capacitores electrolíticos se polarizan de modo que una placa sea positiva y la otra negativa. Estos capacitores se utilizan para valores de capacitancia que van desde 1 μF hasta más de 200,000 μF, pero sus voltajes de ruptura son relativamente bajos (350 v es un máximo característico) y sus cantidades de fuga son altas [1]. 
Figura 1. Capacitor electrolítico 
II-B. Rectificador de onda completa 
Permite el paso de corriente unidireccional (en un sentido) a través de la carga durante los 360° del ciclo de entrada, mientras que un rectificador de media onda permite corriente a través de la carga sólo durante la mitad del ciclo [2]. 
Figura 2. Puente de diodos 
II-C. Transformador reductor Es un transformador donde el voltaje secundario es menor que el voltaje primario. La cantidad en que se reduce el voltaje depende de la relación de vueltas. La relación de vueltas de un transformador reductor siempre es menor que 1 porque el número de vueltas en el devanado secundario siempre es menor que el número de vueltas en el devanado primario [1].
Figura 3. Transformador magnético. 
II-D. Conectores 
Se caracterizan por su patillaje y construcción física, tamaño, resistencia de contacto, aislamiento entre los pines, robustez y resistencia a la vibración, resistencia a la entrada de agua u otros contaminantes, resistencia a la presión, fiabilidad, tiempo de vida (número de conexiones/desconexiones antes de que falle), y facilidad de conexión y desconexión [3]. 
Figura 4. Conector de 3 entradas. 
III. DESARROLLO 
Para cumplir con los requisitos en tiempo y forma de la práctica, hemos elaborado el siguiente diagrama que se muestra en la figura 5, el cual se encuentra dividido en cinco diferentes tópicos, es de gran importancia seguir el orden preestablecido para llegar a hacer una buena práctica. 
Figura 5. Diagrama de procesos. 
III-A. Propuesta de diseño 
Esta es la parte del proceso donde se investigó los componentes, el funcionamiento del circuito y se definieron los componentes que se utilizarían, se plasmó en papel haciendo los diferentes cálculos para después hacer una comparativa. 
También elegimos los componentes más adecuados que cumplieran nuestras necesidades. 
Figura 6. Diagrama de componentes. 
III-B. Diagrama esquemático electrónico 
El diseño propuesto en la etapa anterior se pasa a un programa para generar diseños llamado Proteus (Herramienta de diseño y modelado de circuitos electrónicos), en el cual se establecen las conexiones del circuito.
Figura 7. Diagrama esquemático electrónico. 
III-C. Simulación. 
Para la realización del diagrama esquemático electrónico se utilizó el software de simulación llamado PROTEUS (Herramienta de diseño y modelado de circuitos electrónicos) mediante la herramienta ISIS. En este software se realizaron las conexiones de los diferentes componentes como son el: capacitor, transformador, diodos rectificadores y sus respectivos conectores y se prueba o simula, para saber si funciona de manera correcta o si tiene algún tipo de falla, como se muestra en la figura 8, donde podemos observar los valores que recibe cada componente con el paso de la corriente y mediante el osciloscopio virtual observamos cómo está trabajando el circuito. 
En esta parte también se comprueban los resultados obtenidos en el anexo III-A, que deben de coincidir. 
Figura 8. Diagrama esquemático electrónico simulado. 
III-D PCB. 
En esta parte de la práctica mediante la herramienta PROTEUS, convertimos nuestro diagrama como el que se muestra en la figura 7 de nuestro circuito, a PCB donde acomodamos las piezas del circuito en una Board Edge de tal manera que todo funcione correctamente, y aprovecháramos todos los espacios disponibles de nuestra placa, aunque con una herramienta del PCB llamada Auto-placer podemos acomodar los componentes de manera automática, solo sería cuestión de disminuir los espacios entre ellas para hacer el tamaño de la placa lo más compacto posible, después asignamos el tamaño más adecuado de los rieles en la placa, donde también podemos utilizar una herramienta del PCB llamada Auto-router, para que dibuje los rieles y conecte los componentes automáticamente. Así concluiríamos esta sección. 
En la figura 9 podemos observar cómo queda nuestro PCB después de hacer la conversión de ISIS a ARES. 
Figura 9. PCB layout. 
III-E visualización en tercera dimensión. 
Después de haber concluido de manera eficiente los pasos anteriores, pasamos dentro de la misma herramienta PROTEUS a la visualización en tercera dimensión, para observar de qué manera nos quedaría nuestro circuito si lo pasáramos a una placa de circuito impreso como se muestra la figura 10, en la imagen podemos observar como son físicamente nuestros componentes.
Figura 10. Visualización en 3D. 
Por otra parte en la figura 11 podemos observar la parte trasera de nuestra placa, donde las carriles deben ser de una cubierta de cobre en donde se imprimirá el circuito, y después utilizando cloruro férrico retiramos todo el exceso de cobre dándole así la forma deseada de nuestra impresión. 
Figura 11. Circuito impreso en nuestra placa. 
IV. CONCLUSIÓN 
Podemos concluir que, como la mayoría de los dispositivos electrónicos necesitan alimentación de corriente continua (DC), no la corriente alternada (AC) disponible en un tomacorriente del hogar. Los circuitos llamados rectificadores convierten AC en DC utilizando componentes llamados diodos. Puente de onda completa utiliza cuatro diodos. Aunque necesita más diodos, el rectificador puente de onda completa baja los costos utilizando un transformador más simple. 
REFERENCIAS 
[1] Floyd Thomas L., 8va edición, Principios de circuitos eléctricos, PEARSON EDUCACION, México, 2007. 
[2] Floyd Thomas L., 8va edición, Dispositivos electrónicos, PEARSON EDUCACION, México, 2008. 
[3] Albert Paul Malvino, 6ta edición, Principios de Electrónica, Mc Graw Hill, Madrid, España, 2000.

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Rectificador de onda

  • 1. Circuito Rectificador de Onda Completa Con Transformador de Corriente Nestor Miguel Lazcano Tapia Instituto Tecnológico De Tuxtla Gutiérrez nestor_ronal09@hotmail.com Resumen-El siguiente reporte explica de manera detallada el funcionamiento de un circuito, que convierte la corriente alterna (corriente en forma senoidal) en corriente directa (corriente continua o constante), por medio de diodos ordenados de forma estratégica y un capacitor que almacena la energía y la reparte en forma continua. I. INTRODUCCION Un rectificador de onda completa es un circuito empleado para convertir una señal de corriente alterna (AC) de entrada en corriente continua (DC). A diferencia del rectificador de media onda, en este caso, la parte negativa de la señal se convierte en positiva o bien la parte positiva de la señal se convertirá en negativa, según se necesite una señal positiva o negativa de corriente continua. Por otro parte, un transformador que es un dispositivo que convierte la energía eléctrica alterna de un cierto nivel de tensión, en energía alterna de otro nivel de tensión al que se tenga que se necesite convertir. II. FUNDAMENTOS II-A. Capacitor electrolítico Los capacitores electrolíticos se polarizan de modo que una placa sea positiva y la otra negativa. Estos capacitores se utilizan para valores de capacitancia que van desde 1 μF hasta más de 200,000 μF, pero sus voltajes de ruptura son relativamente bajos (350 v es un máximo característico) y sus cantidades de fuga son altas [1]. Figura 1. Capacitor electrolítico II-B. Rectificador de onda completa Permite el paso de corriente unidireccional (en un sentido) a través de la carga durante los 360° del ciclo de entrada, mientras que un rectificador de media onda permite corriente a través de la carga sólo durante la mitad del ciclo [2]. Figura 2. Puente de diodos II-C. Transformador reductor Es un transformador donde el voltaje secundario es menor que el voltaje primario. La cantidad en que se reduce el voltaje depende de la relación de vueltas. La relación de vueltas de un transformador reductor siempre es menor que 1 porque el número de vueltas en el devanado secundario siempre es menor que el número de vueltas en el devanado primario [1].
  • 2. Figura 3. Transformador magnético. II-D. Conectores Se caracterizan por su patillaje y construcción física, tamaño, resistencia de contacto, aislamiento entre los pines, robustez y resistencia a la vibración, resistencia a la entrada de agua u otros contaminantes, resistencia a la presión, fiabilidad, tiempo de vida (número de conexiones/desconexiones antes de que falle), y facilidad de conexión y desconexión [3]. Figura 4. Conector de 3 entradas. III. DESARROLLO Para cumplir con los requisitos en tiempo y forma de la práctica, hemos elaborado el siguiente diagrama que se muestra en la figura 5, el cual se encuentra dividido en cinco diferentes tópicos, es de gran importancia seguir el orden preestablecido para llegar a hacer una buena práctica. Figura 5. Diagrama de procesos. III-A. Propuesta de diseño Esta es la parte del proceso donde se investigó los componentes, el funcionamiento del circuito y se definieron los componentes que se utilizarían, se plasmó en papel haciendo los diferentes cálculos para después hacer una comparativa. También elegimos los componentes más adecuados que cumplieran nuestras necesidades. Figura 6. Diagrama de componentes. III-B. Diagrama esquemático electrónico El diseño propuesto en la etapa anterior se pasa a un programa para generar diseños llamado Proteus (Herramienta de diseño y modelado de circuitos electrónicos), en el cual se establecen las conexiones del circuito.
  • 3. Figura 7. Diagrama esquemático electrónico. III-C. Simulación. Para la realización del diagrama esquemático electrónico se utilizó el software de simulación llamado PROTEUS (Herramienta de diseño y modelado de circuitos electrónicos) mediante la herramienta ISIS. En este software se realizaron las conexiones de los diferentes componentes como son el: capacitor, transformador, diodos rectificadores y sus respectivos conectores y se prueba o simula, para saber si funciona de manera correcta o si tiene algún tipo de falla, como se muestra en la figura 8, donde podemos observar los valores que recibe cada componente con el paso de la corriente y mediante el osciloscopio virtual observamos cómo está trabajando el circuito. En esta parte también se comprueban los resultados obtenidos en el anexo III-A, que deben de coincidir. Figura 8. Diagrama esquemático electrónico simulado. III-D PCB. En esta parte de la práctica mediante la herramienta PROTEUS, convertimos nuestro diagrama como el que se muestra en la figura 7 de nuestro circuito, a PCB donde acomodamos las piezas del circuito en una Board Edge de tal manera que todo funcione correctamente, y aprovecháramos todos los espacios disponibles de nuestra placa, aunque con una herramienta del PCB llamada Auto-placer podemos acomodar los componentes de manera automática, solo sería cuestión de disminuir los espacios entre ellas para hacer el tamaño de la placa lo más compacto posible, después asignamos el tamaño más adecuado de los rieles en la placa, donde también podemos utilizar una herramienta del PCB llamada Auto-router, para que dibuje los rieles y conecte los componentes automáticamente. Así concluiríamos esta sección. En la figura 9 podemos observar cómo queda nuestro PCB después de hacer la conversión de ISIS a ARES. Figura 9. PCB layout. III-E visualización en tercera dimensión. Después de haber concluido de manera eficiente los pasos anteriores, pasamos dentro de la misma herramienta PROTEUS a la visualización en tercera dimensión, para observar de qué manera nos quedaría nuestro circuito si lo pasáramos a una placa de circuito impreso como se muestra la figura 10, en la imagen podemos observar como son físicamente nuestros componentes.
  • 4. Figura 10. Visualización en 3D. Por otra parte en la figura 11 podemos observar la parte trasera de nuestra placa, donde las carriles deben ser de una cubierta de cobre en donde se imprimirá el circuito, y después utilizando cloruro férrico retiramos todo el exceso de cobre dándole así la forma deseada de nuestra impresión. Figura 11. Circuito impreso en nuestra placa. IV. CONCLUSIÓN Podemos concluir que, como la mayoría de los dispositivos electrónicos necesitan alimentación de corriente continua (DC), no la corriente alternada (AC) disponible en un tomacorriente del hogar. Los circuitos llamados rectificadores convierten AC en DC utilizando componentes llamados diodos. Puente de onda completa utiliza cuatro diodos. Aunque necesita más diodos, el rectificador puente de onda completa baja los costos utilizando un transformador más simple. REFERENCIAS [1] Floyd Thomas L., 8va edición, Principios de circuitos eléctricos, PEARSON EDUCACION, México, 2007. [2] Floyd Thomas L., 8va edición, Dispositivos electrónicos, PEARSON EDUCACION, México, 2008. [3] Albert Paul Malvino, 6ta edición, Principios de Electrónica, Mc Graw Hill, Madrid, España, 2000.