Report on Residential Construction

1
A REPORT
ON
CONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL TOWER
BY
MAYANK WALECHA 12STUJPCE0010
AT
An Internship Program-II station of
IcfaiTech
THE ICFAI UNIVERSITY, JAIPUR
(JAN-JULY,2016)

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A REPORT
ON
CONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL TOWER
BY
Mayank Walecha 12STUJPCE0010
Prepared in partial fulfillment of the
IUJ 401 Internship Program-II Course
AT
EXOTICA DREAMVILLE,
Greater Noida
An Internship Program-II station of
IcfaiTech,
THE ICFAI UNIVERSITY, JAIPUR

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AKNOWLEDGEMENT
“BECAUSE BEAUTIFUL DESTINATIONS ARE ACHIEVED THROUGH DIFFICULT PATH, BUT
SOMEONE SHOULD BE THERE TO SHOW THAT PATH”
Every project big or small is successful largely due to the effort of a number of
wonderful people who have always given their valuable advice or lent a helping
hand. I sincerely appreciate the inspiration; support and guidance of all those
people who have been instrumental in making this project a success.
I, Mayank Walecha, the student of ICFAI UNIVERSITY, JAIPUR am extremely
grateful to EXOTICA HOUSING for the confidence bestowed in me and
entrusting my project entitled.
At this juncture I feel deeply honored in expressing my sincere thanks to Mr. K.
Sharan (Skill Development Head)for making the resources available at right time
and providing valuable insights leading to the successful completion of my project.
I express my gratitude to my college for arranging the summer training in good
schedule. I also extend my gratitude to all the members of QUALITY LAB, who
assisted me in compiling the project.
I would also like to thank all the faculty members of ICFAI UNIVERSITY for
their critical advice and guidance without which this project would not have been
possible.
Last but not the least I place a deep sense of gratitude to my family members and
my friends who have been constant source of inspiration during the preparation of
this project work.
Mayank Walecha
Dated: 15/06/2016
Place: Delhi NCR

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IcfaiTech, THE ICFAI UNIVERSITY JAIPUR
Internship Program Division
Station: EXOTICA HOUSING
Centre: Greater Noida
Duration: 5 Months 15 Days
Date of Start: 4th
January, 2016
Date of Submission: 18th
June, 2016.
Title of the Project: Construction Of Residential Building
Name: Mayank Walecha
ID: 12STUJPCS0010
Name of the IP Faculty: Prof. R. Ranjan
Project Area: Dreamville

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Abstract
As a part of the academic requirements, an Industrial Training Program was undergone from
Jan 4 to June 18, 2016. During the training period, the different stage in the construction of the
Foundation of Non Tower was closely studied. The construction was undertaken by the firm
EXOTICA HOUSING, and the construction site is at Greater Noida. The work was completed in a
span of two-five years. Due to the low bearing capacity of the soil, and since the tower height
ranges from 40m to 75m, usually Reinforced Raft Foundation are used for such tall structures.
Raft foundations are used to distribute heavy column and wall loads across the entire building
area, to lower the contact pressure compared to conventional spread footings. The raft footing
constructed in the site was of dimension 7.7mx7.7mx3m. The first step in the construction was
plot-leveling, followed by marking and excavation of soil according to the engineering drawings.
PCC was laid to a thickness of 0.15m to level the base of the trench. Bar bending, placing and
tying of rebar are also done. The foundation consists of two reinforcement mats. The raft is of
0.35m thick. The reinforcements are also made for the connecting beams (0.55m thick) and the
four columns that are to be raised. Shuttering is also done. Concreting is carried out in three
stages. On the first day of concreting, the bottom slab and the connecting beams are concreted.
The next day concreting is done for the first 1.5m lift of the column. Since the tower is made of
steel, the foundation is to be connected to the tower using tower bolts. So the tower bolts are
fastened to their positions by using templates. On the next day the final stage of concreting is
carried out. Shutters are removed and plastering is done. Continuous curing for seven days is
compulsory for any concreting works. As a last step, backfilling of soil and leveling are done
which gives required strength for the foundation to resist overturning due to seismic and wind
loads.

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INDEX
Chapter 1: Introduction Page no.
1.1 Project Overview 7
1.2 Location Details 8
Chapter 2 Quality Control
2.1 Building materials 9
2.2 Ready mix Concrete 14
2.3 Concrete Mix Design 15
Chapter 3 Structure Work
3.1 Foundation 18
3.2 Layout 19
3.3 Bar bending Schedule 21
3.4 Concreting 23
3.5 Formwork 25
3.6 Curing 25
Chapter 4 Finishing
4.1 Plastering 27
4.2 Brickwork 27
4.3 Flooring 27
4.4 Doors & Windows 28
4.5 Waterproofing 28
Chapter 5 Construction Safety

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5.1 SOR 29
5.2 Conclusion 30
5.3 Appendix 30
5.4 References 32
5.5 Glossary 33

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
The Dreamville City located on the Yamuna Expressway, spread over 5000 acres, is the latest
project launched by EXOTICA HOUSING and residential flats, tennis court, badminton court
gym, yoga center, club house and much more. The development will be divided into various
thematic districts offering commercial, residential and institutional facilities. The Commercial
zone will offer well defined areas for elaborate financial and civic centers, along with this
Residential Districts which will have a vast range of products including villas, town homes,
residential plots and mid to high rise apartment blocks, with regular water supply and 24 hours
electric power supply, to suit the requirements of all. A new residential community of high rise
apartments –. The luxurious apartments are set amidst a healthy and pollution free neighborhood
with numerous other facilities like a pitch & putt golf course, various themed gardens, children
play areas etc. Dreamville is a limited edition personal suite amidst a fascinating landscape
parks. A home designed to value your own space, where style meets elegance and delights you
with a warm friendly living. Facing a serene water body and a boulevard running along to so
then your senses. Dreamville revolutionize your lifestyle with its unique architectural designs.
Dreamville comes as a marvel of living in style where homes are available in the option of
1/2/3/4 bedroom personal floors as well as breathtaking duplex apartments.
Figure 1 Exotica front view

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Figure 2 Purposed View
1.1 Location Details:
 The project site will be well connected with the Taj Expressway and NH24 along
its eastern boundary.
 Noida City Center Metro Station- tiime taken is 20mins.
 0 Points Greater Noida- time taken is 15 mins
 Crossing Republic-time taken is 10 mins.
 South Delhi- time taken is 40mins.

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CHAPTER 2 : QUALITY CONTROL LAB
2.1 BUILDING MATERIALS:
2.1.1 Cement:
Portland cement is composed of calcium silicates and aluminate and aluminoferrite It is obtained
by blending predetermined proportions limestone clay and other minerals in small quantities
which is pulverized and heated at high temperature – around 1500 deg centigrade to produce
‘clinker’. The clinker is then ground with small quantities of gypsum to produce a fine powder
called Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). When mixed with water, sand and stone, it combines
slowly with the water to form a hard mass called concrete. Cement is a hygroscopic material
meaning that it absorbs moisture In presence of moisture it undergoes chemical reaction termed
as hydration. Therefore cement remains in good condition as long as it does not come in contact
with moisture. If cement is more than three months old then it should be tested for its strength
before being taken into use. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has classified OPC in three
different grades The classification is mainly based on the compressive strength of cement-sand
mortar cubes of face area 50 cm2 composed of 1 part of cement to 3 parts of standard sand by
weight with a water-cement ratio arrived at by a specified procedure. The grades are
(i) 33 grade
(ii) 43 grade
(iii) 53 grade
The grade number indicates the minimum compressive strength of cement sand mortar in
N/mm2 at 28 days, as tested by above mentioned procedure.
Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) is obtained by either intergrading a pozzolanic material with
clinker and gypsum, or by blending ground pozzolana with Portland cement. Nowadays good
quality fly ash is available from Thermal Power Plants, which are processed and used in
manufacturing of PPC.
2.1.2 Coarse Aggregate:
Coarse aggregate for the works should be river gravel or crushed stone .It should be hard, strong,
dense, durable, clean, and free from clay or loamy admixtures or quarry refuse or vegetable
matter. The pieces of aggregates should be cubical, or rounded shaped and should have granular
or crystalline or smooth (but not glossy) non-powdery surfaces.Aggregates should be properly
screened and if necessary washed clean before use.
Coarse aggregates containing flat, elongated or flaky pieces or mica should be rejected. The
grading of coarse aggregates should be as per specifications of IS-383.
After 24-hrs immersion in water, a previously dried sample of the coarse aggregate should not
gain in weight more than 5%.Aggregates should be stored in such a way as to prevent
segregation of sizes and avoid contamination with fines.
Depending upon the coarse aggregate color, there quality can be determined as:

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Black => very good quality
Blue => good
Whitish =>bad quality
Figure 3 20mm Aggregate
Table No 1 Fineness Modulus
Max size of Aggregate Fineness Modulus
Max. Min.
Fine aggregate 2.0 3.5
Coarse aggregate : 20mm 6.0 6.9
40mm 6.9 7.5
75mm 7.5 8.0
150mm 8.0 8.5
2.1.3 Fine Aggregate:
Aggregate which is passed through 4.75 IS Sieve is termed as fine aggregate. Fine aggregate is
added to concrete to assist workability and to bring uniformity in mixture. Usually, the natural
river sand is used as fine aggregate. Important thing to be considered is that fine aggregates
should be free from coagulated lumps.
Grading of natural sand or crushed stone i.e. fine aggregates shall be such that not more than 5
percent shall exceed 5 mm in size, not more than 10% shall IS sieve No. 150 not less than 45%
or more than 85% shall pass IS sieve No. 1.18 mm and not less than 25% or more than 60% shall
pass IS sieve No. 600 micron.
2.1.4 Bricks:
A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry
construction. Traditionally, the term brick referred to a unit composed of clay, but it is now used
to denote any rectangular units lay in mortar. A brick can be composed of clay-bearing soil, sand

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and lime, or concrete materials. Bricks are produced in numerous classes, types, materials, and
sizes which vary with region and time period, and are produced in bulk quantities. Two basic
categories of bricks are fired and non-fired bricks. Brick is generally classified into two main
categories which are :
1) Traditional Bricks-The dimension if traditional bricks vary from 21 cm to 25cm in length,10
to 13 cm in width and 7.5 cm in height in different parts of country .The commonly adopted
normal size of traditional brick is 23 * 11.5*7.5 cm with a view to achieve uniformity in size of
bricks all over country.
2) Modular Bricks- Indian standard institution has established a standard size of bricks such a
brick is known as a modular brick. The normal size of brick is taken as 20*10*10 cm whereas its
actual dimensions are 19*9*9 cm masonry with modular bricks workout to be cheaper there is
saving in the consumption of bricks, mortar and labor as compared with masonry with traditional
bricks.
2.1.5 Reinforcement Bars:
Steel reinforcements are used, generally, in the form of bars of circular cross section in concrete
structure. They are like a skeleton in concrete body. Plain concrete without steel or any other
reinforcement is strong in compression but weak in tension. Steel is one of the best forms of
reinforcements, to take care of those stresses and to strengthen concrete to bear all kinds of loads.
Mild steel bars conforming to IS: 432 (Part I) and Cold-worked steel high strength deformed bars
conforming to IS:1786 (grade Fe 415 and grade 500, where 415 and 500 indicate yield stresses
415 N/mm2and 500N/mm2respectively) are commonly used. Grade Fe 415 is being used most
commonly nowadays. This has limited the use of plain mild steel bars because of higher yield
stress and bond strength resulting in saving of steel quantity. Some companies have brought
thermos mechanically treated (TMT) and corrosion resistant steel (CRS) bars with added
compression but weak in tension. Steel is one of the best forms of reinforcements, to take care of
those stresses and to strengthen concrete to bear all kinds of loads. Mild steel bars conforming to
IS: 432 (Part I) and Cold-worked steel high strength deformed bars conforming to IS:1786 (grade
Fe 415 and grade Fe 500, where 415 and 500 indicate yield stresses 415 N/mm2and
500N/mm2respectively) are commonly used. Grade Fe 415 is being used most commonly
nowadays. This has limited the use of plain mild steel bars because of higher yield stress and
bond strength resulting in saving of steel quantity. Some companies have brought thermos
mechanically treated (TMT) and corrosion resistant steel (CRS) bars with added features.
Bars range in diameter from 6 to 50 mm. Cold-worked steel high strength deformed bars start
from 8 mm diameter. For general house constructions, bars of diameter 6 to 20 mm are used.
Transverse reinforcements are very important. They not only take care of structural requirements
but also help main reinforcements to remain in desired position. They play a very significant role
while abrupt changes or reversal of stresses like earthquake .They should be closely spaced as
per the drawing and properly tied to the main/longitudinal reinforcement .Steel has an expansion
coefficient nearly equal to that of modern concrete. If this were not so, it would cause problems
through additional longitudinal and perpendicular stresses at temperatures different than the
temperature of the setting. Although rebar has ribs that bind it mechanically to the concrete, it

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can still be pulled out of the concrete under high stresses, an occurrence that often precedes a
larger-scale collapse of the structure. To prevent such a failure, rebar is either deeply embedded
into adjacent structural members (60-80 times the diameter),or bent and hooked at the ends to
lock it around the concrete and other rebar. This first approach increases the friction locking the
bar into place; while the second makes use of the high compressive strength of concrete.
Common rebar is made of unfinished tempered steel, making it susceptible to rusting.
2.1.6 Water:
Water is one of the most important elements in construction but people still ignore quality aspect
of this element. The water is required for preparation of mortar, mixing of cement concrete and
for curing work etc during construction work. The quality and quantity of water has much effect
on the strength of mortar and cement concrete in construction work. It has been observed that
certain common impurities in water affect the quality of mortar or concrete. Many times in spite
of using best material i.e. cement, coarse sand, coarse aggregate etc. in cement concrete, required
results are not achieved. Most of Engineers/Contractors think that there is something wrong in
cement, but they do not consider quality of water being used.
2.1.7 Admixtures:
Water Reducing Admixtures:
The water reducer admixture improves workability of concrete/mortar for the same water cement
ratio. The determination of workability is an important factor in testing concrete admixture.
Rapid loss of workability occurs during first few minutes after mixing concrete and gradual loss
of workability takes place over a period from 15 to 60 minutes after mixing. Thus relative
advantages of water reducing admixture decrease with time after mixing. These admixtures
increase setting time by about 2 to 6 hrs. During which concrete can be vibrated. This is
particularly important in hot weather conditions or where the nature of construction demands at
me gap between the placements of successive layers of concrete.
ADVANTAGES:
 It can reduce 10% of water consumption.
 It can improve mixture of cement concrete for workability.
 Compression strength improves by more than 15 %.
 It can reduce initial stage of cement heat hydration by large margin.
 It has no function of corrosion reinforcing bars.
 It increases workability, density and strength without increasing the quantity of cement.

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TABLE 2 TYPE OF ADXMIXTURE
Type of admixture Performance
Water reducing Water reduction at equal consistence
Water reduction ≥5%
High-range water reducing/super
plasticizing
Water reduction at equal consistence
Increase in consistence at equal w/c ratio
Water Reduction≥12%Slump increase≥120
mm
Water retaining Reduction in bleeding
Shrinkage Reduction≥50%
Water resisting Reduction in capillary absorption
Reduction≥50% by mass
Air entraining Air void characteristics in hardened
concrete.
Spacing factor≤0.200 µm
Set accelerating Reduction in initial setting time
Initial setting time Reduction≥40%at 5°C
2.2 Ready Mix Concrete:
Ready-mix concrete is a type of concrete that is manufactured in a factory or batching plant,
according to a set recipe, and then delivered to a work site, by truck mounted transit mixers. This
results in a precise mixture, allowing specialty concrete mixtures to be developed and
implemented on construction sites. Concrete itself is a mixture of Portland cement, water and
aggregates comprising sand and gravel or crushed stone. In traditional work sites, each of these
materials is procured separately and mixed in specified proportions at site to make concrete.
Ready Mixed Concrete is bought and sold by volume - usually expressed in cubic meters. RMC
can be custom-made to suit different applications.

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Table 3 Mix Design Adopted at RMC plant
S.No GRADE SAND CEMENT WATER GRIT
(10mm)
GRIT
(20mm)
ADMIXTURE
1 M-15 626.00 310.00 169.88 627.00 627.00 0.00
2 M-20 630.00 350.00 189.00 579.25 579.25 0.00
3 M-25 580.35 365.00 169.88 627.30 627.80 4.20
4 M-30 450.00 400.00 172.00 487.00 730.00 0.00
5 M-35 601.70 436.00 174.00 571.00 571.00 3.50
6 M-40 465.50 470.00 174.00 632.15 632.15 5.17
7 M-45 414.00 488.00 179.00 599.00 732.00 4.80
2.3 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
2.3.1 INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the basic engineering material used in most of the civil engineering structures. Its
popularity as basic building material in construction is because of, its economy of use ,good
durability and ease with which it can be manufactured at site. The ability to mould it into any
shape and size, because of its plasticity in green stage and its subsequent hardening to achieve
strength, is particularly useful. Concrete like other engineering materials needs to be designed for
properties like strength, durability, workability and cohesion. Concrete mix design is the science
of deciding relative proportions of ingredients of concrete, to achieve the desired properties in
the most economical way. With advent of high-rise buildings and pre-stressed concrete, use of
higher grades of concrete is becoming more common. Even the revised IS 456-2000 advocates
use of higher-grade of concrete for more severe conditions of exposure, for durability
considerations. With advent of new generation admixtures; it is possible to achieve higher grades
of concrete with high workability levels economically. Uses of mineral admixtures like fly ash,
slag, met kaolin and silica fume have revolutionized the concrete technology by increasing
strength and durability of concrete by many folds. Mix design of concrete is becoming more
relevant in the above-mentioned scenario. However, it should be borne in mind that mix design

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when adopted at site should be implemented with proper understanding and with necessary
precautions. Dolerite mix design manual is an attempt to increase the awareness among the users,
about concrete mix design. It is made with intention of serving as ready beckoner for personnel,
implementing mix design at site.
2.3.2 ADVANTAGES:
a) Good from economic point of view.
b) Better strength.
c) Better imperviousness and durability.
d) Dense and homogeneous concrete.
2.3.3 FACTORS TO CONSIDER:
 The grade designation giving the characteristic strength requirement of concrete.
 Maximum nominal size of aggregates to be used in concrete may be as large as possible
within the limits prescribed by IS 456:2000.
 The cement content is to be limited from shrinkage, cracking and creep.
 The workability of concrete for satisfactory placing and compaction is related to the size
and shape of section, quantity and spacing of reinforcement and technique used for
transportation, placing and compaction.
2.3.4 PROCEDURE:
1) Determine the mean target strength ft from the specified characteristic compressive
strength at 28-day fck and the level of quality control.
ft = fck + 1.65 S
2) Obtain the water cement ratio for the desired mean target using the empirical relationship
between compressive strength and water cement ratio so chosen is checked against the
limiting water cement ratio. The water cement ratio so chosen is checked against the
limiting water cement ratio for the requirements of durability given in table and adopts
the lower of the two values.
3) Estimate the amount of entrapped air for maximum nominal size of the aggregate from
the table.
4) Select the water content, for the required workability and maximum size of aggregates
(for aggregates in saturated surface dry condition) from table.
5) Determine the percentage of fine aggregate in total aggregate by absolute volume from
table for the concrete using crushed coarse aggregate.
6) Adjust the values of water content and percentage of sand as provided in the table for any
difference in workability, water cement ratio, grading of fine aggregate and for rounded
aggregate the values are given in table.
7) Calculate the cement content form the water-cement ratio and the final water content
as arrived after adjustment. Check the cement against the minimum cement content
from the requirements of the durability, and greater of the two values is adopted.

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8) From the quantities of water and cement per unit volume of concrete and the percentage
of sand already determined in steps 6 and 7 above, calculate the content of coarse and
fine aggregates per unit volume of concrete from the following relations:

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CHAPTER 3: STRUCTURE WORK
3.1 FOUNDATION
3.1.1 Raft Foundation
Raft foundations (sometimes known as Mat Foundations) are a large concrete slab which can
support a number of columns and walls. The slab is spread out under the entire building or at
least a large part of it which lowers the contact pressure compared to the traditionally used strip
or trench footings. Because of the speed and volume of houses required after the Second World
War, the raft foundation was widely used. The raft foundation was cheaper, easier to install and
most importantly, did not require as much excavation as the usual strip foundations. When the
Building Regulations were introduced in 1965 there were no generic rules for raft foundations
as there were for strip foundations. This meant that to use a raft foundation, it had to be
designed and approved by Building Control. This made the entire operation much more difficult
and time consuming so raft foundations became less widely used almost overnight.
Figure 4 Raft Foundation
3.1.2 How to do Raft Foundation?
A raft foundation spreads the weight of the building over the whole ground floor area of that
building. The raft is laid on a hardcore or scalping bed and usually thickened at the edges,

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especially in very poor ground. Rafts are most suitable when the ground is of good load bearing
capacity and little work is required to get a solid foundation.
Raft Foundations are built is this following steps:
1. The soil removed down to correct depth.
2. The foundation bed is then compacted by ramming.
3. Lay reinforcement on spacers over the foundation bed.
4. Pour the concrete over the reinforcement.
The foundation may stiffened by ribs or beams built in during construction which will add extra
strength and rigidity.
3.1.3 Advantages:
 The foundation and floor slab is combined, which saves time and materials.
 Less excavation is required.
Figure 5 Raft Foundation

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3.2 LAYOUT
Layout is the marking of column to column distance with the help of the grid line. Grid line is
basically a line obtained at the X axis and Y axis of the slab by hanging plumb bob and
measuring the distance of column situated at the one or two lower floors. It is checked by
measuring the angle made by X axis and y axis, if it comes to be 90o
it is said to be correct. Then
we can find out the distance of each column from grid line and mark the layout.

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Figure 6 Layout plan
3.3 BAR BENDING SCHEDULE
Bar bending schedule (or schedule of bars) is a list of reinforcement bars a given RCC work
item, and is presented in a tabular form for easy visual reference. This table summarizes all the
needed particulars of bars – diameter, shape of bending, length of each bent and straight portions,
angles of bending, total length of each bar, and number of each type of bar. This information is a
great help in preparing an estimate of quantities.
Length of one hook = (4d ) + [(4d+ d )] – where, (4d+ d ) refers to the curved portion = 9d.
The additional length (la) that is introduced in the simple, straight end-to-end length of a
reinforcement bar due to being bent up at say 30o
to 60o
, but it is generally 45o
) = l1 – l2 = la
Where,

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Giving different values to Q=30,45 and 60 degree espectively, we get different values of la, as
tabulated below:
Figure 2 presents the procedure to arrive at the length of hooks and the total length of a given steel
reinforcement.

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3.4 Concreting of Mat slab and Beams
The concreting of the mat slab and the connecting beams are done on the same day. On the
previous day, shuttering is fixed for the slab and the connecting beams. Wooden or Metal
shutters are used. The thickness of the slab after concreting should be 0.35m and that of
connecting beams is 0.55m. M20 concrete is used for concreting works. Cement, sand and
aggregate are in the proportion1:1.5:3. The aggregate is of size 2omm. The concrete is mixed
using a mixer that is placed near to the site. Admixtures are used in a specified amount. The
concrete is mixed and are hand carried to the location. Concrete is placed in layers of 10cm and
is instantly compacted by using needle vibrators. Special care is taken to avoid over compaction.
The connecting beams help in keeping the columns intact and to act as a single unit. The
concrete is dumped from a height not more than 30cm to ensure segregation does not take place.
Over-compaction results in bleeding of concrete. Also it adversely affects the strength of the
footing. Also the shuttering should stay in its position throughout the setting time.
Figure 8 Concreting

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3.4.1 Concreting of First Lift of Columns
The procedures for concreting the first lift of columns is same as that of the concreting of mat
slab. But it is done in two phases. At first the first lift, i.e. 1.5m of the column is concreted.
Compaction is done after placing the concrete. Before concreting the second lift, the tower
setting bolts are to be fixed, hence we use templates.
3.4.2 Preparation of Templates
A template is a steel plate fabricated to fix the bolts in position before concreting is done. It is a
10mm thick steel plate with four bolt holes at corners and central circular holes. The tower bolts
are fixed to the bolt holes and are fixed using nuts. The template on each column is connected to
the adjacent ones by using a steel angle of accurate length. This helps the templates to be in
position and acts as a single unit. Any alterations in position of any of the templates affect the
whole configuration. The markings on the template help us to appropriately fix the tower setting
bolts to the specified position.
Figure 9 Templates

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3.5 FORMWORK
Formwork is an ancillary construction, used as a mould for a structure. Into this mould , fresh
concrete is placed only to harden subsequently. The construction of formwork takes time and
involves expenditure up to 20 to 25% of the cost of the structure or even more. Design of these
temporary structures is made to economic expenditure. The operation of removing the formwork
is known as stripping. Stripped formwork can be reused. Reusable forms are known as panel
forms and non-usable are called stationary forms. Timber is the most common material used for
formwork. The disadvantage with timber formwork is that it will warp, swell and shrink.
Application of water impermeable cost to the surface of wood mitigates these defects.
3.4.1 Requirements Fulfilled By Formwork:
 It should be strong enough to withstand all types of dead and live loads.
 It should be rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced both horizontally and
vertically, so as to retain its shape.
 The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage of cement grout.
 Construction of formwork should permit removal of various parts in desired sequences
without damage to the concrete.
 The material of the formwork should be cheap, easily available and should be suitable for
reuse.
 The formwork should be set accurately to the desired line and levels should have plane
surface.
 It should be as light as possible.
 The material of the formwork should not warp or get distorted when exposed to the
elements.
 It should rest on firm base.
3.6 CURING
The term ‘curing’ is used to include maintenance of a favorable environment for the continuation
of chemical reactions, i.e. retention of moisture within, or supplying moisture to the concrete
from an external source and protection against extremes of temperature
Following are the methods for curing different building parts:-
Walls - Water should be sprinkled from the top such that it covers the whole area of the wall and
it should be remain wet.
Slab - Ponding should be done on the slab by constructing bunds of mortar
Beams and columns - The beams and columns can be maintained wet by tying gunny bags
around the periphery and by maintaining it wet always.
Ponding, continuous sprinkling, covering with wet cloth, cotton mats or similar materials,
covering with specially prepared paper, polyethylene, sealing coat applied as a liquid commonly

28
known as ‘curing compound’ which hardens to form a thin protective membrane, are some of the
methods by which concrete is cured. Curing should be started just after the surfaces begin to dry.
Normally 7 to 14 days curing is considered adequate.
Figure 10 curing

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CHAPTER 4: FINISHING
4.1 PLASTERING
Plaster protects structure from temperature variations; external attacks of sulphates, chlorides,
etc. Plaster also provides smooth & aesthetic surface on RCC & Brickwork surface. The
proportion of mortar used at site for ceiling coat is 1:4 and wall coat is 1:3. A plaster of 10 mm is
done at ceiling and a plaster of 12.5mm is done at wall. Various precautions to be taken while the
work of plastering is going on are:-
•Preferably use cements which releases low heat of hydration.
•Use optimum water at the time of mixing.
•Do not use dry cement on the plaster surface.
•At the junction of Brickwork & RCC, chicken mesh or fiber mesh may be used.
•Wet the surface before plastering and cure the surface for at least 10 to 12 days.
4.2 BRICKWORK
Brickwork is masonry done with bricks and mortar and is generally used to build partition walls.
In our site, all the external walls were of concrete and most of the internal walls were made of
bricks. English bond was used and a ratio of 1:4 (1 cement: 4 coarse sand) and 1:6 were used
depending upon whether the wall is 4.5 inches or 9 inches. The reinforcement shall be 2 nos.
M.S. round bars or as indicated. The diameter of bars was 8mm. The first layer of reinforcement
was used at second course and then at every fourth course of brick work. The bars were properly
anchored at their ends where the portions and or where these walls join with other walls. The
inland steel reinforcement was completely embedded in mortar.

30
Figure 11 Brickwork
4.3 FLOORING
The purpose of a floor is to provide a horizontal sanitary surface to support the occupants of a
building, furniture and equipment. A good floor should have strength and stability, resistance to
dampness, good appearance, and freedom from maintenance etc.
Following are the common floor finishes –
Cement concrete flooring- It consists of 1:1.5:3 cement concrete laid to a thickness of 3” to 4”,
over a strong sub base. Top surface is smoothened with cement punning. It has got good wearing
properties and can be easily cleaned and maintained. If thickness is less, the size of stone
aggregates is limited to ½”.
Tile flooring- It consists of ceramic, vitrified, terrazzo and cement tiles. Tiles give very pleasant
appearance to floors. Also, it can be executed fast. Vitrified and Ceramic tiles have gained
popularity over mosaic tiles because it doesn’t require grinding and polishing and the appearance
is good and the tiles are quite strong.
In ground floor the cement concrete floor is to be on 7.5 cm base of lime concrete or weak
cement concrete as per standard specifications. If the bases consist of cement concrete it shall be
allowed to set for about 7 days. In case the base is of weak cement concrete the flooring shall
commence within 48 hours of laying the base. In first floor or upper floor if c.c. floor is to be laid
on R.C.C. slab, the surface shall be made rough with brushes while concrete is green. Before
laying the c.c. floor the surface shall be cleaned, wetted and a neat cement wash shall be applied
to get a good bond.A layer of brick brats ie broken bricks are laid before the laying of mortar and
there by the tiles
4.4 DOORS AND WINDOWS

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Wood absorbs moisture from air when the moisture content is high in the atmosphere and as a
result it expands causing cracks in the wall. During dry atmosphere the wood contracts and a gap
is formed between the wall and the frame of the door.
4.5 WATERPROOFING
Waterproofing is a method by which an item is made resistant to damage by
water. Waterproofing is the formation of an impervious barrier which is designed to prevent
water entering or escaping from various sections of building structures. Internal areas that are
waterproofed include bathrooms, shower recesses, laundries and toilets. Whilst an external area
waterproofed extends to roofs, planter boxes, podiums, balconies, retaining walls and swimming
pools.
4.5.1 ADVANTAGES:
o Increased property value.
o Structurally sound foundation.
o A healthier home environment for a family.
o A warmer basement during winter.
o Enjoy an increased living space.
o A more attractive and more comfortable home.
Figure 12 Waterproofing

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CHAPTER 5: CONSTRUCTION SAFETY
5.1 SAFETY OFFICER RESPONSIBILITIES:
 Receive assignment, notification, reporting location, reporting time, and travel
instruction from home agency.
 Upon arrival that the incident, check in at designated check in locations. Check in
location.
 All radio communications to incident communications center will be addressed.
 Acquire work materials.
 Respond to demobilization orders.
 Make sure that no harming material is laying on the site unnecessarily.
 Laying of green nets on the tower where deshuttering is going to be done.
5.2 CONCLUSION:
The main aim of studies within this project was to investigate how a structure is constructed
within its desired properties. We get knowledge about the basic & advanced techniques
of building construction as well as saw the challenges which a civil engineer have to face during
construction i.e. labor problems, cost management, environmental challenges etc. We cleared our
many doubts regarding building construction.
Although are subjects more important for technicians, in the project we have been Studied some
mechanic or electro-mechanic machinery such as the ready mix plant because basic knowledge
about their working is important for an engineer but also because was the opportunity to see and
understand them.
Overall it must be said that the construction methods and quality control on a highway Project
needs a very good coordination and large quantities of man power, equipment and funds.
During the period of one & half month all the company staff helped us a lot to provide all the
information about any query. So we are grateful to all the staff of EXOTICA HOUSING, as well
as we are so thankful to our Civil Engineering for their kind support.

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5.3 APPENDIX-I - Standard Limitations Upon Building Surveys
Limitations Upon Building Surveys:
5.3.1: ELEMENTS, STRUCTURE, FINISHES, COMPONENTS AND SERVICES:
 In making our inspection we have been as thorough as possible in the circumstances
though we have not inspected woodwork or other parts of the structure which are
covered, unexposed or inaccessible and we are therefore unable to report that such parts
of the property are free or rot, beetle or other defects. We have, however endeavoured to
draw reasonable conclusions from the available evidence.
 Whilst our report includes comments upon the principal elements of the fabric of the
building or the demised premises, especially floors, walls and roof as appropriate,
together with general remarks on the finishes and services, it does not extend to a list of
minor items that are not relevant to the main advice. Similarly we have examined major
outbuildings but have not made detailed comment about light or temporary structures
unless specified to the contrary.
 External roof surfaces, chimneys, gutters, eaves, boards and other features at high level
have been viewed from the ground or from the upper storey windows, unless access to
the roof access to the roof was readily, and safely, obtainable during our inspection.
Flat roofs up to 3m in height will be assessed via surveyors ladders.
 We have not, except to the extent mentioned in the report, carried out any tests or made
any enquiries concerning particular materials nor have we calculated any floor areas or
re-appraised original design criteria.
 We have visually examined the services to the building where these are not covered up
and, as a result, are exposed to such an inspection. We have not made any specific or
specialist test of them.
 Where we have engaged other consultants on your behalf, we may make reference to the
major pertinent conclusions they have reached within our report, but this should not be
thought of as a substitute for reading their report in its entirety nor can we take
responsibility for their conclusions.
5.3.2 TIMESCALES:
All quoted time scales assume a prompt response from parties providing us with the
necessary information and we can accept no liability for any delay which accrues due to

34
lack of action or prevarication or obstruction on the part of others supplying such
information.
5.3.3 THIRD PARTY INDEMNITIES OR CLAIMS
Where we bind in documents produced by others within our reports, these are provided
for convenience and to take aid in placing our report in context. We do not undertake to
check the accuracy of such documents, unless otherwise agreed and confirmed by
ourselves.
Our commenting upon documents produced by others within our report should not be
thought of as a substitute for referring to the documents for full provisions made. We
have based our comment upon the documentation made available at the time of our
inspection and report. We can take no responsibility where the context of missing or
delayed documents conflicts with our assessment.
3.3 Should further relevant documentation subsequently be made available then we
would recommend that you provide us with copies so that we might amend or refine our
advice to you. In the event of any conflict or query upon the documentation, you should
obtain your solicitor’s view prior to initiating any action.
3.4 Our reports are for the private and confidential use of the Client(s) for whom the
report is prepared and must not be reproduced in whole or in part or relied upon by third
parties for any use without our express written authority.
5.3.4 REPAIR COSTS
We have not undertaken to provide cost information for the repair of any defects found
unless specifically instructed by the client and we have confirmed in writing that we will
do so.

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5.4 REFERENCES
Technical Ones:
 Designing Code for concrete mix: IS:10262 (2007)
 Code for 10mm-20mm grading- IS386
 www.civilengeering.com
 www.thecontractor.com
 House Building Manual, HB (2001)
 Structural Design of Low-rise Buildings, BSI (1996)
 Timber Frame Construction, TRADA (2001)
5.5 Glossary
 V = absolute volume of concrete = gross volume (1m3) minus the volume of entrapped
air.
 Sc = specific gravity of cement.
 W = Mass of water per cubic metre of concrete, kg
 C = mass of cement per cubic metre of concrete, kg
 p = ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate by absolute volume.
 fa, Ca = total masses of fine and coarse aggregates, per cubic metre of concrete,
respectively, kg, and
 Sfa, Sca = specific gravities of saturated surface dry fine and coarse aggregates,
respectively

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