This document discusses fault detection in bearings using signal processing in MATLAB. It begins with an introduction that outlines common bearing faults like improper design, manufacturing, lubrication, or overloading. Chapter 1 then discusses using vibration monitoring and condition monitoring techniques like principal component analysis to detect faults early. Chapter 2 reviews literature on fault diagnosis techniques including using wavelet transforms, artificial intelligence, and simulation. Chapter 3 defines common bearing fault problems like excessive loads, overheating, loose fits, roller ball faults, and inner race faults. Chapter 4 then outlines the methodology used, which involves building a test rig with an electric motor, pulleys, belts, and accelerometers to collect vibration data from bearings under different fault conditions.
This document presents a study on using acoustic signal analysis to detect faults in bearings. The study develops an experimental setup to acquire acoustic signals from bearings under different conditions, including with and without defects. The acoustic signals are processed using techniques like fast Fourier transforms and wavelet transforms to extract information about faults. Signals are analyzed from bearings with no defects, misalignment, looseness, missing balls, and combinations of defects. Results show the acoustic signal energy at different frequencies for healthy and faulty bearings. This acoustic signal analysis technique can be used to detect bearing faults and failures.
design and analysis of an All Terrain VehicleNikhil kadasi
This document describes the design methodology for an All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV). It discusses selecting AISI 1018 carbon steel as the material for the roll cage due to its strength, weight, and weldability properties. Circular cross-sections are chosen for the roll cage members to maximize strength and torsional rigidity. The design process involves selecting cross-sections, defining frame parameters, designing the roll cage and its components, and specifying the suspension, steering, and braking systems. Finite element analysis will be performed to validate the design.
This document discusses noise and vibration (N&V) simulation for automotive systems using Dassault Systèmes' SIMULIA software. It covers N&V areas like body, powertrain, interior and exterior noise. It highlights capabilities in Abaqus like modal analysis, structural acoustics and the AMS eigensolver. It also discusses key differentiators like performance, functionality and advanced mechanics modeling of nonlinear preloading, rotating tire effects, brake squeal and coupling with other software.
This document discusses the primary causes of premature rotating machinery failures due to misalignment. It finds that 50-70% of such failures are misalignment-related. While alignment methods and tools have improved, misalignment still frequently occurs due to a lack of understanding machine concepts, misconceptions about coupling flexibility, and failure to address all potential sources of misalignment beyond just achieving tolerance specifications. These sources include issues like pipe strain, thermal growth, bent shafts, soft foot, poor foundations, and excessive coupling runout. Addressing misalignment requires analyzing its various potential root causes.
Electronic Brake force distribution (EBFD)Felis Goja
EBD is an automobile brake technology that automatically varies the amount of force applied to each of a vehicle's wheels based on road conditions, speed, loading on wheel etc.
The document provides an overview of power steering systems. It discusses the history of power steering from its invention in the early 1900s to its use in automobiles and agricultural vehicles. The key components of power steering systems are described including the reservoir, steering gearbox, rotary valve, and pump. The main types of power steering systems - hydraulic, electro-hydraulic, and electric - are outlined along with diagrams of how each system works. Advantages like reduced driver fatigue and continuous steering are balanced with potential disadvantages such as leakage and vibration.
This document discusses machine vibration diagnosis through FFT analysis. It provides examples of using FFT analysis to diagnose issues like rotor unbalance, shaft misalignment, field asymmetry, and a loose belt drive wheel. FFT analysis allows identifying fault frequencies in the machine's vibration spectrum to pinpoint the root cause of issues. The document also discusses ISO standards for vibration severity, components vulnerable to damage, and practical diagnosis techniques.
This document presents a study on using acoustic signal analysis to detect faults in bearings. The study develops an experimental setup to acquire acoustic signals from bearings under different conditions, including with and without defects. The acoustic signals are processed using techniques like fast Fourier transforms and wavelet transforms to extract information about faults. Signals are analyzed from bearings with no defects, misalignment, looseness, missing balls, and combinations of defects. Results show the acoustic signal energy at different frequencies for healthy and faulty bearings. This acoustic signal analysis technique can be used to detect bearing faults and failures.
design and analysis of an All Terrain VehicleNikhil kadasi
This document describes the design methodology for an All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV). It discusses selecting AISI 1018 carbon steel as the material for the roll cage due to its strength, weight, and weldability properties. Circular cross-sections are chosen for the roll cage members to maximize strength and torsional rigidity. The design process involves selecting cross-sections, defining frame parameters, designing the roll cage and its components, and specifying the suspension, steering, and braking systems. Finite element analysis will be performed to validate the design.
This document discusses noise and vibration (N&V) simulation for automotive systems using Dassault Systèmes' SIMULIA software. It covers N&V areas like body, powertrain, interior and exterior noise. It highlights capabilities in Abaqus like modal analysis, structural acoustics and the AMS eigensolver. It also discusses key differentiators like performance, functionality and advanced mechanics modeling of nonlinear preloading, rotating tire effects, brake squeal and coupling with other software.
This document discusses the primary causes of premature rotating machinery failures due to misalignment. It finds that 50-70% of such failures are misalignment-related. While alignment methods and tools have improved, misalignment still frequently occurs due to a lack of understanding machine concepts, misconceptions about coupling flexibility, and failure to address all potential sources of misalignment beyond just achieving tolerance specifications. These sources include issues like pipe strain, thermal growth, bent shafts, soft foot, poor foundations, and excessive coupling runout. Addressing misalignment requires analyzing its various potential root causes.
Electronic Brake force distribution (EBFD)Felis Goja
EBD is an automobile brake technology that automatically varies the amount of force applied to each of a vehicle's wheels based on road conditions, speed, loading on wheel etc.
The document provides an overview of power steering systems. It discusses the history of power steering from its invention in the early 1900s to its use in automobiles and agricultural vehicles. The key components of power steering systems are described including the reservoir, steering gearbox, rotary valve, and pump. The main types of power steering systems - hydraulic, electro-hydraulic, and electric - are outlined along with diagrams of how each system works. Advantages like reduced driver fatigue and continuous steering are balanced with potential disadvantages such as leakage and vibration.
This document discusses machine vibration diagnosis through FFT analysis. It provides examples of using FFT analysis to diagnose issues like rotor unbalance, shaft misalignment, field asymmetry, and a loose belt drive wheel. FFT analysis allows identifying fault frequencies in the machine's vibration spectrum to pinpoint the root cause of issues. The document also discusses ISO standards for vibration severity, components vulnerable to damage, and practical diagnosis techniques.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of a vehicle transmission system. It discusses the purpose of transmitting engine torque to drive the wheels. It then describes the main types of transmissions including manual, automatic, CVT, and their basic workings. The document also explains the purpose and function of key components that work together in a transmission system, such as the clutch, gearbox, driveshaft, differential, and universal joints.
The document summarizes the key components and operation of a pneumatic braking system. It discusses how pneumatic brakes work by using compressed air to apply pressure to brake pads to stop a vehicle. The system works through three stages - charging, applying, and releasing brakes. It is commonly used in large vehicles like trucks and buses. While powerful, pneumatic brakes require special training to operate due to their complexity compared to hydraulic systems. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of how pneumatic braking systems function in vehicles.
This document discusses active suspension systems. It begins by introducing traditional suspension systems and their purposes. It then defines active suspension systems as using onboard control systems rather than just road inputs to control wheel movement. The document outlines the main functions of active suspensions in isolating vehicle bodies from road disturbances and maintaining tire contact. It provides details on sensors, controllers and actuators that allow active suspensions to change damping characteristics without mechanical parts. The document compares advantages of active suspensions like improved handling, braking and ride quality to disadvantages like increased complexity and cost.
Study of transmission system of automobileNikhil Chavda
The document summarizes the transmission system of an automobile. It defines the transmission system as the mechanism that transmits power from the engine to the driving wheels. It has three main components - the clutch, gearbox, and propeller shaft. The transmission allows the engine to be disconnected from the wheels, connected smoothly, and drives the wheels at different speeds. It enables torque multiplication for starting and leverage variation between the engine and wheels. The document discusses different types of transmission systems including mechanical, hydraulic, electrical and automatic systems. It also explains the power flow in sliding mesh and constant mesh gearboxes.
This document discusses the history and components of automobile steering systems. It describes how early steering systems worked by pulling horse reins to turn buggy wheels. Later, systems were developed using linkages to connect the steering wheel to front wheels. Modern systems use power steering assisted by hydraulic or electric motors. Key components include the steering wheel, column, gear, rack and pinion, and linkages connecting to front knuckles to enable turning. Power steering greatly reduces steering effort for drivers.
This document discusses shaft alignment, including definitions, symptoms of misalignment, pre-alignment checks, types of alignment, alignment methods, and effects of misalignment. It defines shaft alignment as positioning rotational centers of two or more shafts to be co-linear under normal operation. Symptoms of misalignment include premature failures, vibration, high temperatures, leakage, and structural issues. Methods discussed include indicator-based rim and face alignment and reverse shaft alignment using graphical techniques. Laser alignment is highlighted as an efficient modern method. Misalignment can cause excessive vibration, noise, lost production, poor quality, and reduced profits.
This is mechanical engineering presentation on power steering system. In this presentation i describe basics of power steering and their history. I hope it will help you for your engineering and you can understand better about mechanical engineering.
An epicyclic or planetary gear system consists of one or more planet gears that revolve around a central sun gear. The planet gears are mounted on a carrier that can also rotate relative to the sun gear. An outer ring gear meshes with the planet gears. Epicyclic gearing allows for large gear ratios in a small space through the planetary motion of gears revolving and rotating simultaneously. Applications include marine gearboxes, electric screwdrivers, lathe back gears, hoists, pulley blocks, wristwatches, bicycle transmissions, and automobile transmissions.
This document describes a project report on a four wheel steering system submitted by four students to fulfill the requirements of a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering. It includes an introduction to four wheel steering systems, the principles and concepts of how such a system works including rack and pinion arrangements and bevel gear transmissions to steer the rear wheels. It also provides background on steering geometry, ratios and turning radii and reviews literature on four wheel steering system modes for different speeds.
This document discusses different types of automatic transmissions used in vehicles, including their parts and operation. It describes hydraulic automatic transmissions which use a torque converter and planetary gear sets to provide a range of gear ratios. Continuously variable transmissions and dual-clutch transmissions are also discussed. Common automatic transmission modes like Park, Reverse, Neutral and Drive are explained. Manufacturer-specific modes and how automatic transmissions compare to manual transmissions in terms of vehicle control and energy efficiency are summarized as well.
The document discusses airless tires as an alternative to traditional pneumatic tires. It begins by describing pneumatic tires and their drawbacks such as punctures and blowouts. An airless tire is then defined as a tire that does not use air pressure, instead using flexible materials like polyurethane spokes to support the outer rim. Several companies have developed airless tire designs with different spoke and rim configurations. The document outlines the advantages of airless tires like puncture resistance and lack of maintenance needs, as well as disadvantages including lack of adjustability and potential for more vibration. Applications discussed include use on small vehicles and military vehicles.
This document discusses steering gear mechanisms used in vehicles. It introduces the basic principles of steering mechanisms, including that the front wheels turn to change the vehicle's direction while the back wheels remain straight. It describes two common steering mechanisms: Ackermann steering uses linkages to ensure the inside and outside wheels follow different radius circles during a turn. Davis steering is also an exact mechanism but has more sliding components, increasing wear and reducing accuracy compared to Ackermann steering. The key difference between the mechanisms is that Ackermann steering is behind the front wheels while Davis is in front, and Ackermann uses turning pairs while Davis uses sliding pairs.
Bevel gears are used to transmit motion between two intersecting shafts at any angle. The design procedure involves selecting materials, tooth profiles, and module based on requirements and strength calculations. Bevel gears are then designed with the proper diameters, cone distance, and face width. Design is checked for surface and bending stresses. Bevel gears are commonly used in differentials and hand drills to change the direction of rotation. They allow transmission of power between non-parallel shafts but require precise mounting and bearings.
This document discusses free vibration in mechanical systems. It begins by defining free vibration as the motion of an elastic body after being displaced from its equilibrium position and released, without any external forces acting on it. The body undergoes oscillatory motion as the internal elastic forces cause it to return to the equilibrium position, overshoot, and repeat indefinitely.
It then covers key terms used to describe vibratory motion like period, cycle, and frequency. It describes the different types of vibratory motion including free/natural vibration, forced vibration, and damped vibration. Methods for calculating the natural frequency of longitudinal and transverse vibrations are presented, including the equilibrium method, energy method, and Rayleigh's method. Concepts of damping,
Machinery Vibration Analysis and Maintenance Living Online
This practical workshop provides a detailed examination of the detection, location and diagnosis of faults in rotating and reciprocating machinery using vibration analysis. The basics and underlying physics of vibration signals are first examined. The acquisition and processing of signals is reviewed followed by a discussion of machinery fault diagnosis using vibration analysis, and rectifying the unidentified faults. The workshop is concluded by a review of the other techniques of predictive maintenance such as oil and particle analysis, ultrasound and infrared thermography. The latest approaches and equipment used together with current research techniques in vibration analysis are also highlighted in the workshop.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-machinery-vibration-analysis-and-predictive-maintenance-11
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1. Power at 25% overload = 15 * 1.25 = 18.75 kW
2. Torque = Power / Speed = 18.75 * 1000 / 720 = 26 Nm
3. Engagement speed = 0.75 * 720 = 540 rpm
4. Given: No. of shoes = 4
Outside dia. of pulley = 35 cm = 0.35 m
Inside dia. of pulley rim = 32.5 cm = 0.325 m
Width of pulley = 25 cm = 0.25 m
5. Design the shoes and springs based on given data and centrifugal clutch formulae.
6. Check initial clearance between friction
Balancing is the process of counteracting the centrifugal force of a mass with a second mass to reduce vibration. It involves determining the amount and angle of any unbalance and adding trial weights in correction planes until the sum of the forces and moments is zero. There are two main types of balancing machines: hard-bearing machines, which balance at a frequency below resonance, and soft-bearing machines, which are more time-consuming but can balance parts of different weights. Balancing machines use sensors to measure vibration and rotational speed to calculate the unbalance vector and determine the necessary counterweights. Balancing provides various advantages like reducing wear, stress, and noise while improving safety, quality, and productivity.
Unit 5- balancing of reciprocating masses, Dynamics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Vibration Analysis of Industrial Drive for Broken Bearing Detection Using Pro...IAES-IJPEDS
The document describes a proposed Biorthogonal Posterior Vibration Signal-Data Probabilistic Wavelet Neural Network (BPPVS-WNN) system for detecting broken bearings in induction motors used in industrial drives. The system uses biorthogonal wavelet transform on vibration signal data to localize time and frequency domains and identify transient disturbances. It extracts detailed coefficients up to the fifth derivative form. A Posterior Probabilistic Neural Network then detects fault levels faster using the fifth derivative, achieving detection at a constant frequency with minimal execution time. The system aims to reduce current flow and identify faults earlier compared to existing methods. An experiment using Simulink detects healthy and unhealthy motors based on fault detection rate, current flow rate,
Fault Diagnostics of Rolling Bearing based on Improve Time and Frequency Doma...ijsrd.com
The neural network based approaches a feed forward neural network trained with Back Propagation technique was used for automatic diagnosis of defects in bearings. Vibration time domain signals were collected from a normal bearing and defective bearings under various speed conditions. The signals were processed to obtain various statistical parameters, which are good indicators of bearing condition, then best features are selected from graphical method and these inputs were used to train the neural network and the output represented the bearing states. The trained neural networks were used for the recognition of bearing states. The results showed that the trained neural networks were able to distinguish a normal bearing from defective bearings with 83.33 % reliability. Moreover, the network was able to classify the bearings into different states with success rates better than those achieved with the best among the state-of-the-art techniques.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of a vehicle transmission system. It discusses the purpose of transmitting engine torque to drive the wheels. It then describes the main types of transmissions including manual, automatic, CVT, and their basic workings. The document also explains the purpose and function of key components that work together in a transmission system, such as the clutch, gearbox, driveshaft, differential, and universal joints.
The document summarizes the key components and operation of a pneumatic braking system. It discusses how pneumatic brakes work by using compressed air to apply pressure to brake pads to stop a vehicle. The system works through three stages - charging, applying, and releasing brakes. It is commonly used in large vehicles like trucks and buses. While powerful, pneumatic brakes require special training to operate due to their complexity compared to hydraulic systems. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of how pneumatic braking systems function in vehicles.
This document discusses active suspension systems. It begins by introducing traditional suspension systems and their purposes. It then defines active suspension systems as using onboard control systems rather than just road inputs to control wheel movement. The document outlines the main functions of active suspensions in isolating vehicle bodies from road disturbances and maintaining tire contact. It provides details on sensors, controllers and actuators that allow active suspensions to change damping characteristics without mechanical parts. The document compares advantages of active suspensions like improved handling, braking and ride quality to disadvantages like increased complexity and cost.
Study of transmission system of automobileNikhil Chavda
The document summarizes the transmission system of an automobile. It defines the transmission system as the mechanism that transmits power from the engine to the driving wheels. It has three main components - the clutch, gearbox, and propeller shaft. The transmission allows the engine to be disconnected from the wheels, connected smoothly, and drives the wheels at different speeds. It enables torque multiplication for starting and leverage variation between the engine and wheels. The document discusses different types of transmission systems including mechanical, hydraulic, electrical and automatic systems. It also explains the power flow in sliding mesh and constant mesh gearboxes.
This document discusses the history and components of automobile steering systems. It describes how early steering systems worked by pulling horse reins to turn buggy wheels. Later, systems were developed using linkages to connect the steering wheel to front wheels. Modern systems use power steering assisted by hydraulic or electric motors. Key components include the steering wheel, column, gear, rack and pinion, and linkages connecting to front knuckles to enable turning. Power steering greatly reduces steering effort for drivers.
This document discusses shaft alignment, including definitions, symptoms of misalignment, pre-alignment checks, types of alignment, alignment methods, and effects of misalignment. It defines shaft alignment as positioning rotational centers of two or more shafts to be co-linear under normal operation. Symptoms of misalignment include premature failures, vibration, high temperatures, leakage, and structural issues. Methods discussed include indicator-based rim and face alignment and reverse shaft alignment using graphical techniques. Laser alignment is highlighted as an efficient modern method. Misalignment can cause excessive vibration, noise, lost production, poor quality, and reduced profits.
This is mechanical engineering presentation on power steering system. In this presentation i describe basics of power steering and their history. I hope it will help you for your engineering and you can understand better about mechanical engineering.
An epicyclic or planetary gear system consists of one or more planet gears that revolve around a central sun gear. The planet gears are mounted on a carrier that can also rotate relative to the sun gear. An outer ring gear meshes with the planet gears. Epicyclic gearing allows for large gear ratios in a small space through the planetary motion of gears revolving and rotating simultaneously. Applications include marine gearboxes, electric screwdrivers, lathe back gears, hoists, pulley blocks, wristwatches, bicycle transmissions, and automobile transmissions.
This document describes a project report on a four wheel steering system submitted by four students to fulfill the requirements of a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering. It includes an introduction to four wheel steering systems, the principles and concepts of how such a system works including rack and pinion arrangements and bevel gear transmissions to steer the rear wheels. It also provides background on steering geometry, ratios and turning radii and reviews literature on four wheel steering system modes for different speeds.
This document discusses different types of automatic transmissions used in vehicles, including their parts and operation. It describes hydraulic automatic transmissions which use a torque converter and planetary gear sets to provide a range of gear ratios. Continuously variable transmissions and dual-clutch transmissions are also discussed. Common automatic transmission modes like Park, Reverse, Neutral and Drive are explained. Manufacturer-specific modes and how automatic transmissions compare to manual transmissions in terms of vehicle control and energy efficiency are summarized as well.
The document discusses airless tires as an alternative to traditional pneumatic tires. It begins by describing pneumatic tires and their drawbacks such as punctures and blowouts. An airless tire is then defined as a tire that does not use air pressure, instead using flexible materials like polyurethane spokes to support the outer rim. Several companies have developed airless tire designs with different spoke and rim configurations. The document outlines the advantages of airless tires like puncture resistance and lack of maintenance needs, as well as disadvantages including lack of adjustability and potential for more vibration. Applications discussed include use on small vehicles and military vehicles.
This document discusses steering gear mechanisms used in vehicles. It introduces the basic principles of steering mechanisms, including that the front wheels turn to change the vehicle's direction while the back wheels remain straight. It describes two common steering mechanisms: Ackermann steering uses linkages to ensure the inside and outside wheels follow different radius circles during a turn. Davis steering is also an exact mechanism but has more sliding components, increasing wear and reducing accuracy compared to Ackermann steering. The key difference between the mechanisms is that Ackermann steering is behind the front wheels while Davis is in front, and Ackermann uses turning pairs while Davis uses sliding pairs.
Bevel gears are used to transmit motion between two intersecting shafts at any angle. The design procedure involves selecting materials, tooth profiles, and module based on requirements and strength calculations. Bevel gears are then designed with the proper diameters, cone distance, and face width. Design is checked for surface and bending stresses. Bevel gears are commonly used in differentials and hand drills to change the direction of rotation. They allow transmission of power between non-parallel shafts but require precise mounting and bearings.
This document discusses free vibration in mechanical systems. It begins by defining free vibration as the motion of an elastic body after being displaced from its equilibrium position and released, without any external forces acting on it. The body undergoes oscillatory motion as the internal elastic forces cause it to return to the equilibrium position, overshoot, and repeat indefinitely.
It then covers key terms used to describe vibratory motion like period, cycle, and frequency. It describes the different types of vibratory motion including free/natural vibration, forced vibration, and damped vibration. Methods for calculating the natural frequency of longitudinal and transverse vibrations are presented, including the equilibrium method, energy method, and Rayleigh's method. Concepts of damping,
Machinery Vibration Analysis and Maintenance Living Online
This practical workshop provides a detailed examination of the detection, location and diagnosis of faults in rotating and reciprocating machinery using vibration analysis. The basics and underlying physics of vibration signals are first examined. The acquisition and processing of signals is reviewed followed by a discussion of machinery fault diagnosis using vibration analysis, and rectifying the unidentified faults. The workshop is concluded by a review of the other techniques of predictive maintenance such as oil and particle analysis, ultrasound and infrared thermography. The latest approaches and equipment used together with current research techniques in vibration analysis are also highlighted in the workshop.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-machinery-vibration-analysis-and-predictive-maintenance-11
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1. Power at 25% overload = 15 * 1.25 = 18.75 kW
2. Torque = Power / Speed = 18.75 * 1000 / 720 = 26 Nm
3. Engagement speed = 0.75 * 720 = 540 rpm
4. Given: No. of shoes = 4
Outside dia. of pulley = 35 cm = 0.35 m
Inside dia. of pulley rim = 32.5 cm = 0.325 m
Width of pulley = 25 cm = 0.25 m
5. Design the shoes and springs based on given data and centrifugal clutch formulae.
6. Check initial clearance between friction
Balancing is the process of counteracting the centrifugal force of a mass with a second mass to reduce vibration. It involves determining the amount and angle of any unbalance and adding trial weights in correction planes until the sum of the forces and moments is zero. There are two main types of balancing machines: hard-bearing machines, which balance at a frequency below resonance, and soft-bearing machines, which are more time-consuming but can balance parts of different weights. Balancing machines use sensors to measure vibration and rotational speed to calculate the unbalance vector and determine the necessary counterweights. Balancing provides various advantages like reducing wear, stress, and noise while improving safety, quality, and productivity.
Unit 5- balancing of reciprocating masses, Dynamics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Vibration Analysis of Industrial Drive for Broken Bearing Detection Using Pro...IAES-IJPEDS
The document describes a proposed Biorthogonal Posterior Vibration Signal-Data Probabilistic Wavelet Neural Network (BPPVS-WNN) system for detecting broken bearings in induction motors used in industrial drives. The system uses biorthogonal wavelet transform on vibration signal data to localize time and frequency domains and identify transient disturbances. It extracts detailed coefficients up to the fifth derivative form. A Posterior Probabilistic Neural Network then detects fault levels faster using the fifth derivative, achieving detection at a constant frequency with minimal execution time. The system aims to reduce current flow and identify faults earlier compared to existing methods. An experiment using Simulink detects healthy and unhealthy motors based on fault detection rate, current flow rate,
Fault Diagnostics of Rolling Bearing based on Improve Time and Frequency Doma...ijsrd.com
The neural network based approaches a feed forward neural network trained with Back Propagation technique was used for automatic diagnosis of defects in bearings. Vibration time domain signals were collected from a normal bearing and defective bearings under various speed conditions. The signals were processed to obtain various statistical parameters, which are good indicators of bearing condition, then best features are selected from graphical method and these inputs were used to train the neural network and the output represented the bearing states. The trained neural networks were used for the recognition of bearing states. The results showed that the trained neural networks were able to distinguish a normal bearing from defective bearings with 83.33 % reliability. Moreover, the network was able to classify the bearings into different states with success rates better than those achieved with the best among the state-of-the-art techniques.
Fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings using artificial neural network IJECEIAES
Bearings are essential components in the most electrical equipment. Procedures for monitoring the condition of bearings must be developed to prevent unexpected failure of these components during operation to avoid costly consequences. In this paper, the design of a monitoring system for the detection of rolling element-bearings failure is proposed. The method for detecting and locating this type of fault is carried out using advanced intelligent techniques based on a perceptron multilayer artificial neural network (MLP-ANN); its database uses statistical indicators characterizing vibration signals. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated using experimentally obtained bearing vibration data, and the results have shown good accuracy in detecting and locating defects.
1) The document discusses using discrete wavelet transforms to analyze vibration signals from roller bearings to detect faults. It proposes a new feature - summing the squared wavelet decomposition coefficients at each level - and compares it to the traditional energy-based feature.
2) An experiment is described where vibration signals are collected from a test rig under normal conditions and with introduced inner race, outer race, and combined faults. The signals are decomposed using discrete wavelet transforms.
3) Features are then extracted from the wavelet decompositions using both the proposed summed squared coefficient feature and the traditional energy-based feature. A decision tree is used to classify the features and determine which feature performs better at detecting the faults.
IRJET- A Review on Wireless Sensor System of Fault Detection of Motor ArraysIRJET Journal
This document reviews methods for fault detection in motor arrays using wireless sensor systems. It discusses induction motors, which are widely used in industry. Early fault detection is important for motor protection and reducing downtimes. The document surveys various fault detection methods, including motor current signature analysis, artificial neural networks applied to bearing fault detection using vibration data, and reflectometry techniques for detecting ground faults in photovoltaic arrays. It examines prior research applying methods such as dynamic space parity and artificial neural networks to detect faults in DC motors and induction motor bearings. Overall, the document aims to discuss health monitoring and fault detection techniques for induction motors.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MACHINE FAULT SIMULATOR (MFS) FOR FAULT DIAGNOSISijmech
Recent years have seen the rise of vibration problems associated with structures, which are more delicate
and intricate, machines that are faster, more complex and production process that are automated and
interlinked. The occurred problems are directly related to demands of lower investment, running and
maintenance cost in incidence with the requirement of increase productivity and efficiency. This work
developed aMachine Fault Simulator (MFS),whichis the most comprehensive laboratory scale machine on
the market for performing rotor dynamics experiments.Also, it helps in learning vibration signature of the
most common machinery faults in a controlled manner without compromising your quality production/
profits. The bench top system has a spacious modular design featuring versatility, operational simplicity
and robustness in depth studies of a variety of faults can be conducted using over many applications. Some
examples are rolling element bearing defects, Gear defect, belt and pulley defect, motor bearing defect.
IRJET- A Review on SVM based Induction MotorIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several research papers on using support vector machines (SVMs) and other machine learning techniques for fault detection in induction motors. Specifically:
1. It discusses using an artificial immune system-optimized SVM for detecting broken rotor bars and stator faults in induction motors based on motor current data.
2. It describes using wavelet analysis, principal component analysis, and SVM classification to detect faults like frequency variations, unbalanced voltages, and interturn shorts based on motor current spectra.
3. It proposes using dq0 voltage components analyzed with fast Fourier transforms as features for an SVM classifier to detect stator winding shorts, achieving over 98% accuracy.
Rotating machine fault detection using principal component analysis of vibrat...Tristan Plante
This document discusses using principal component analysis (PCA) to automate fault detection in rotating machinery based on vibration analysis. An experiment was conducted using a machinery fault simulator to collect vibration data under healthy, unbalanced, and misaligned conditions. PCA was then used to analyze the fast Fourier transform (FFT) data to identify patterns associated with each fault type. The results showed that PCA successfully identified and grouped the healthy, unbalanced, and misaligned conditions. Therefore, PCA has potential for automating vibration-based fault detection and reducing maintenance costs.
Various Types of Faults and Their Detection Techniquesin Three Phase Inductio...IJERA Editor
Artificial neural networks are extensively used for speed, torque estimation, and solid state drive control in both DC and AC machines. These Artificial intelligent techniques are increasingly used for condition monitoring and fault detection of machines. this paper present an overview of researches onThree phase Induction Motors Faults Detection Using Artificial Neural Network(ANN) , a general classification and brief description of the focus area for research and development in this direction are given under title of various types of faults and their detections techniques an improvement in three-phase squirrel-cage induction machine bearing, stator, eccentricity ,inter-turn, end-ring, broken-bar faults detection and diagnosis based on a neural network approach is presented .Future research directions are also highlighted.
Conditioning Monitoring of Gearbox Using Different Methods: A ReviewIJMER
Gears are important element in a variety of industrial applications such as machine tool
and gearboxes. An unexpected failure of the gear may cause significant economic losses. For that
reason, fault diagnosis in gears has been the subject of intensive research. Vibration signal analysis
has been widely used in the fault detection of rotation machinery. Fault diagnosis plays an important
role in condition monitoring to enhance the machine time. In view of this, the present investigation
focused on the development of Fault diagnosis system of gearboxes based on the vibration signatures
and Artificial Neural Networks. In the present investigation to generate the vibration signatures an
experimental set-up has been fabricated with sensing and measuring equipment. The prominent faults,
wear, crack, broken tooth and insufficient lubrication of the gear were practically induced in the
present investigation. Vibration signatures of the gearbox were collected by transmitting the motion at
constant speed with gears having no fault, without applying any load. By inducing one fault at a time,
vibration signatures were collected with different degrees of wear on a gear tooth, a gear with a
broken tooth, tooth with crack and with insufficient lubrication. As the vibration data of maximum
amplitudes was found to be inseparable, fault diagnosis based on this data was not possible. Five
prominent statistical features were extracted based on data pertaining to maximum amplitudes of
vibration and used fault diagnosis. Due overlapping of this data, it was decided to use ANN based
fault diagnosis system for the present investigation. The set of statistical features were extracted based
on data pertaining to maximum amplitudes of vibration and used them as input parameters to the
ANN based fault diagnosis system designed.
Fault Detection and Condition Monitoring of Rolling Contact Bearings using Vi...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses using vibration signature analysis to detect faults in rolling contact bearings. An experimental setup was developed to induce defects into bearings and acquire vibration signals.
2) Kurtosis value and continuous wavelet transforms were used to analyze the signals in the time and time-frequency domains. Higher kurtosis values indicate bearing defects. Vibration signatures were found to be unique for different defect types, allowing detection and condition monitoring.
3) A literature review found that vibration analysis is better than acoustic analysis for bearing fault detection. Time-frequency domain techniques like wavelet transforms are effective for both stationary and non-stationary signals in identifying weak fault signals. Statistical parameters and defect frequencies can provide indications of bearing
Empirical Mode Decomposition Based Signal Analysis of Gear Fault Diagnosisrahulmonikasharma
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Report on Fault Diagnosis of Ball Bearing System
1. Fault Detection Of Bearings Using Signal Processing MATLAB
Dept. of Mechatronics, MITE Page 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Detection of bearing faults is one of the most challenging tasks in bearing health
condition monitoring, especially when the fault is at its initial stage. The defects in bearing
unless detected in time may lead to malfunctioning of the machinery. The defects in the
rolling element bearings may come up mainly due to the following reasons; improper design
of the bearing or improper manufacturing or mounting, misalignment of bearing races,
unequal diameter of rolling elements, improper lubrication, overloading, fatigue and uneven
wear. Now a day worldwide engineers are focusing on the design and the material used for
developing machine and schedule the maintenance tasks to make sure the machine will work
until the maximum time. Moreover, by applying the concept of Condition Monitoring (CM)
techniques the running condition of the machine can be analyzed. The Vibration Monitoring
(VM) is the most commonly used analysis method to analyze the running condition of
machine and it may provide the clear identification of most of the faults in the machine.The
proposed fault diagnosis method is firstly tested on a test bed and then an online monitoring
and finally fault diagnosis system is designed for bearings. A multi sensor data collection
and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) are proposed to develop a framework for impeller
fault detection. In this report an experimental investigation has been carried out on Bearings
experimental setup to analyze the behavior of the system under various belt defects
conditions. The results were analyzed and presented.
2. Fault Detection Of Bearings Using Signal Processing MATLAB
Dept. of Mechatronics, MITE Page 2
CHAPTER 2
LITRATURE SURVEY
I. Dhirendra Nath Thatoi, Harish Ch. Das, and Dayal R. Parhi, “Review of
Techniques for Fault Diagnosis in Damaged Structure and Engineering System”
Focus has been made to give an overview of various methodologies used in fault
diagnosis and condition monitoring. A crack in vibrating structures can lead to premature
failure if it is not detected in time. Researchers have been working on the dynamics of
cracked structures for decades to be able to monitor a structure and diagnose fault at the
earliest possible stage. An effort has been made in the current paper to understand
different techniques and methodologies for fault diagnosis and condition monitoring of
damaged structures subjected to varied dynamic loading. The methods used are classical,
wavelet transform, and finite element methods, artificial intelligence methods, and
numerical and experimental methods. Using classical methods, engineers are able to
predict faults. But using artificial intelligence techniques, it is observed that the
forecasting time for fault diagnosis improves a lot in comparison to other methodologies.
II. Endo Hiroaki and Sawalhi Nader, “Gearbox Simulation Models with Gear and
Bearing Faults” Simulation is an effective tool for understanding the complex
interaction of transmission components in dynamic environment. Vibro-dynamics
simulation of faulty gears and rolling element bearings allows the analyst to study the
effect of damaged components in controlled manners and gather the data without
bearing the cost of actual failures or the expenses associated with an experiment that
requires a large number of seeded fault specimens. The fault simulation can be used to
provide the data required in training Neural network based diagnostic/prognostic
processes.
III. Dong Wang, Qiang Miao, Xianfeng Fan and Hong-Zhong Huang, “Rolling element
bearing fault detection using an improved combination of Hilbert and Wavelet
transforms.”As a kind of complicated mechanical component, rolling element bearing
plays a significant role in rotating machines, and bearing fault detection benefits
decision-making of maintenance and avoids undesired downtime cost.However,
extraction of fault signatures from a collected signal in a practical working environment
is always a great challenge. This paper proposes an improved combination of the Hilbert
and wavelet transforms to identify early bearing fault signatures. Real rail vehicle
bearing and motor bearing data were used to validate the proposed method. A traditional
3. Fault Detection Of Bearings Using Signal Processing MATLAB
Dept. of Mechatronics, MITE Page 3
combination of Hilbert and wavelet transforms was employed for comparison purpose.
An indicator to evaluate fault detection capability of methods was developed in this
research. Analysis results showed that the extraction capability of bearing fault
signatures is greatly enhanced by the proposed method.
IV. Liu ziran, He tao, Jiang guoxing, “Analysis of wavelet envelope spectrum to
vibration signal in the gearbox.” Based on the methods of wavelet analysis, taking the
gearbox CA6140 as a subject investigated, this paper introduces the application of
wavelet analysis and wavelet envelope spectrum in fault diagnosis field. Though
Daubchies wavelet decomposition and Hilbert envelope spectrum analysis, the failure
frequency of the vibration signal of the gearbox can be found out.
V. Arunkumar K.M., Dr. T.C.Manjunath, “A brief review/Survey of vibration signals
in time domain”Vibration signal analysis and monitoring is a predictive maintenance
technique that can detect the faults in the machines. In this paper, data acquisition
system, signal analysis and lab VIEW Tool is used for detecting the faults in machines.
Thus, preventive action can be taken in advance. For monitoring and analysis of
vibration signal, time domain, frequency domain and time-frequency domain analysis of
vibration signal is implemented. Wavelet transform analysis will give more accurate
information about the vibration signal type, signal fault region and fault extent as
compared to time domain analysis. In this paper, a brief review about the concerned
research work is presented & is just a survey / review paper & there is no novelty in it
and is only a collection of works done by various authors. This will surf as a base for all
the people who wants to pursue their career in the field of control systems.
VI. E. Pazouki, “Fault Diagnosis and Condition Monitoring of Bearing Using
Multisensory Approach Based Fuzzy-Logic Clustering.” Here investigates the
application of multisensor fault feature extraction and fuzzy-logic based clustering for
the condition monitoring of bearing. Multiple independent sensors on an electric motor
drive system provide valuable early indication of a fault, and can be effectively utilized
to perform high reliable and optimal fault detection. Through utilizing common sensors
including current sensor and vibration sensors in motor, motor current signature analysis
(MCSA) and vibration analysis have been used to extract the bearing fault energy. The
discrete wavelet transform (DWT) has been applied to monitor energy of the bearing
fault signals. Then, the fuzzy c-mean (FCM) has been developed to utilize the data from
4. Fault Detection Of Bearings Using Signal Processing MATLAB
Dept. of Mechatronics, MITE Page 4
single sensor and multisensor to identify the severity of bearing fault. Extensive
theoretical analysis and experimental test has been performed to demonstrate the
advantages of proposed approach.
5. Fault Detection Of Bearings Using Signal Processing MATLAB
Dept. of Mechatronics, MITE Page 5
CHAPTER 3
PROBLEM DEFINITION
Some of the most common Roller bearings symptoms and causes of failure are discussed
here to understand how to overcome these failure by taking proper troubleshoot so that
failure can be minimized. The most common faults are :
3.1 Excessive loads
Excessive loads usually causes premature fatigue. Tight fits, brinelling and improper
preloading also causes the same problem.
Fig.1. Excessive load bearing fault
3.2 Overheating
Symptoms are discoloration of the rings, balls, and cages from gold to blue.
Temperatures in excess of 400°F can anneal the ring and ball materials. The resulting
loss in hardness reduces the bearing capacity causing early failure. In extreme cases,
balls and rings will deform. The temperature rise can also degrade or destroy
lubricant
Fig.2. Due to Overheating of bearing
3.3 Loose fits
Loose fits can cause relative motion between mating parts. If the relative motion
between mating parts is slight but continuous, fretting occurs.
6. Fault Detection Of Bearings Using Signal Processing MATLAB
Dept. of Mechatronics, MITE Page 6
Fig.3. Fault due to loose fit
3.4 Roller balls fault
Generally this type of faults are common in the industries due to excessive loads on the
bearings which again causes more vibrations in bearings and also free movement will
not be there.
fig.4. roller bearing balls
3.5 Inner rays fault
This cause is due to improper alignment of bearings on the shaft in which it will be
placed.
Fig.5. Inner rays fault
7. Fault Detection Of Bearings Using Signal Processing MATLAB
Dept. of Mechatronics, MITE Page 7
CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY
The aim of the project is to study the different bearing conditions having faults. Thus
this required an electric motor along with two pulleys of same diameters and belts Along
with that sensors such as NI accelerometers along with a suitable data acquisition system to
record and study the vibrations.
To fulfill our objectives a proper setup is needed. A conceptual design is developed
with the project objective in mind. The project requires a source of mechanical energy in the
form of rotary motion, which is satisfied by the power unit comprising of an electric motor.
There is a requirement also for high precision sensors such as accelerometers to measure the
vibrations in single with high sensitivity.
8. Fault Detection Of Bearings Using Signal Processing MATLAB
Dept. of Mechatronics, MITE Page 8
With the help of all the components required the setup is fabricated accordingly using
the following components with their specifications are mentioned below :
Fig .6 Conceptual Design
Once the experimental setup is completed, using the same setup the vibration signals are
acquired using the DAQ card to which high sensitivity accelerometer is connected. Both
DAQ card and accelerometer are interfaced using LAB View software. Through signal
processing technique using MATLAB software faults are classified in the later stages of this
project.
9. Fault Detection Of Bearings Using Signal Processing MATLAB
Dept. of Mechatronics, MITE Page 9
4.1 COMPONENT SELECTION
4.11 MOTOR
Capacity : 3-Phase, 440V, 50Hz
Power : 0.37KW, 0.5HP
Rated speed : 1100 RPM
Rated current : 1.4Amps
Amb. Temperature: 50° C
4.12 MOTOR STARTER
Phase : 3
Coil Voltage : 280/440
Amperes : 15
Cycles : 50
Relay Range:13-21
4.13 PULLEY
Driver Pulley:
Material used : Aluminum
Outer Diameter: 100mm
Inner Diameter : 19mm
Type : “V” groove, Class “A”
Driven Pulley:
Material used : Aluminum
Outer Diameter: 100mm
Inner Diameter: 19mm
Type : “V” groove, Class “A”
4.2 TYPES OF BEARINGS
Ball Bearings utilize balls as the rolling elements. They are characterized by point
contact between the balls and the raceways. As a rule, ball bearings rotate very quickly but
cannot support substantial loads.
Ball bearings are available in various cross sections and satisfy a huge variety of
operating conditions and performance requirements.
10. Fault Detection Of Bearings Using Signal Processing MATLAB
Dept. of Mechatronics, MITE Page 10
Insert bearings (Y-bearings):
Insert bearings (SKF Y-bearings) are based on sealed deep groove
ball bearings in the 62 and 63 series, but have a convex outer ring
and in most cases an extended inner ring with a specific locking
device, enabling quick and easy mounting onto the shaft.
Quick and easy mounting
Accommodate initial misalignment
Long service life
Reduced noise and vibration levels
Angular contact ball bearings:
Angular contact ball bearings have inner and outer ring raceways that
are displaced relative to each other in the direction of the bearing axis.
This means that these bearings are designed to accommodate
combined loads, that is for simultaneously acting Radial and Axial
loads,
The axial load carrying capacity of angular contact ball bearings
increases as the contact angle increases. The contact angle is defined
as the angle between the line joining the points of contact of the ball
and the raceways in the radial plane, along which the combined load is
transmitted from one raceway to another, and a line perpendicular to
the bearing axis
11. Fault Detection Of Bearings Using Signal Processing MATLAB
Dept. of Mechatronics, MITE Page 11
Self-aligning ball bearings:
Self-aligning ball bearings have two rows of balls, a common
sphered raceway in the outer ring and two deep uninterrupted
raceway grooves in the inner ring. They are available open or sealed.
The bearings are insensitive to angular misalignment of the shaft
relative to the housing which can be caused, for example, by shaft
deflection.
Accommodate static and dynamic misalignment,,
Excellent high-speed performance
Minimum maintenance
Low friction
Excellent light load performance
Low noise
Thrust ball bearings:
Thrust ball bearings are manufactured as single direction or double
direction thrust ball bearings. They are designed to accommodate
axial loads only and must not be subjected to any
Radial load,
Separable and interchangeable
Initial misalignment
Interference fit
12. Fault Detection Of Bearings Using Signal Processing MATLAB
Dept. of Mechatronics, MITE Page 12
Deep-Groove Ball Bearings:
Deep groove ball bearings are particularly versatile. They are
suitable for high and very high speeds, accommodate radial and
axial loads in both directions and require little maintenance.
Because deep groove ball bearings are the most widely used
bearing type, they are available from SKF in many designs,
Variants and sizes
They absorb axial forces in both directions.
low torque
suitable for high speeds
4.3 FABRICATION
The experimental setup used for this study is designed and fabricated to collect
vibration data for different working conditions. It consists of the following parts were
selected and fabricated. The Motor of 0.5Hp and maximum speed of 1100 rev/min with
power rating capacity of 0.37 KW as shown in Fig. 9 is selected. Bearings (No. LS8) of 19
mm diameter shown in Fig. 10 are used to support shaft. Two pair of pulleys (driven with
outer diameter of 100 mm and inner diameter of 19 mm and driver with outer diameter of
100 mm and inner diameter of 19 mm) were used. The two pulleys are connected motor and
the other two pulleys are mounted on a shaft diameter of 15 mm shown in Fig.10 A V-Belt
(A-838, Ld 871) shown in Fig. 12 is used to connect driver and driven shaft. These units are
mounted on a strong wooden base.
Experiments were conducted at three load condition with no load at 955 RPM and at
half load at 877 RPM and full load at 750RPM.
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Fig 7. Pulley with connection to motor
Fig.8 Pulleys with shaft Fig. 9 “V” Belt
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Fig10.experimental setup
4.4 MODEL TESTING
LabVIEW14® (Laboratory Virtual Instrument Electronic Workbench NI-National
Instrument) application software model, developed (LabVIEW™ 7, 2014) with FFT analyzer
is used to acquire vibration signals data through four channel sensor input module Data
Acquisition Device (NI-DAQNational Instruments-NI ComapactDAQ™-9174 chassis
through NI cDAQ-9174-channel 0). The photographic view of LabVIEW® software
integrated with DAQ module and computer is shown in Fig. 14.
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Fig. 11 LabVIEW® software integrated with DAQ module and computer
The unidirectional piezoelectric accelerometers (ICP® (IEPE) Accelerometer, IMI
sensors, sensitivity is 10 mV/g to 100 mV/g and frequency range up to 18 kHz) was used to
acquire vibration signals in vertical, horizontal and axial directions for the belt in healthy
condition as shown in fig. 15
Fig. 12 Accelerometer
These signals were later used to compare the signals with belts fault condition to identify the
cause.
The sensor continuously stores the vibration data from the ball bearing. This data is
analyzed using a MATLAB program. The purpose of developing MATLAB program is to
advance the existing technology and process data faster, But the program is not running
throughout the operation of the ball bearing and it is up to the user to run the program to
analyze the data and determine the condition of the ball bearing.
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4.5 MATLAB PROGRAM
clc;
clearall
closeall
filename = 'D:ProjectBearing AnalysisReadingsBall FaultFull LoadBF
trial 02 FL 735 rpm.xlsx';
sheet=1;
xlrange='B1:B153600';
x=xlsread(filename,xlrange);
fs=10000;
t=1/fs;
L=length(x);
t=(0:L-1)/fs;
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(t,x)
gridon;
xlabel('Time (Sec)');
ylabel('Acceleration (m.sec^-2)');
title('Time Domain Signal')
Y(1)=0;
Y=fft(x);
freq = 0:fs/L:fs/2-fs/L;
freq = freq';
amplitude = abs(Y(1:floor(L/2)))/floor(L/2);
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(freq,amplitude);
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]');
ylabel ('Amplitude');
title('Amplitude Spectrum')
gridon
NFFT = 2^nextpow2(L); % Next power of 2 from length of y
Y = fft(Y,NFFT)/L;
f = fs/2*linspace(0,1,NFFT/2+1);
% Plot single-sided amplitude spectrum.
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(f,2*abs(Y(1:NFFT/2+1)))
title('Freq Domain')
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)')
ylabel('|Y(f)|')
gridon
%Sin wave rms value will be gievn by 1/square root of 2,refers to line 21%
peaktd =((max(x)-min(x))/2); % Peak to peak value of a sin wave
considered
peak2peaktd=2*peaktd; % To get the total peak value it is
multiplied by 2times%
rms707peak=(0.707)*(peaktd);
y=mean(x); % all the values gets added and divide by total number of
readings that is 19 here%
%Variance term in Standard deviation - for simplification%
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%standard devation formula and (rms formula same)%
%crest factor is defined as the ratio of peak value to the rms value%
x1=x';
peakvalue=max(x1)
rm_value=((sum((x1).^2))/L)^0.5
crestfactor=peakvalue/rm_value
X=mean(x);
r=1;
fori=1:175000;
s_ubtractred(r)=[x1(i)-X];
s_ub_skeeew(r)=(x1(i)-(X/rm_value));
r=r+1;
end
standard_deviation=sqrt((sum(s_ubtractred))/L)
Standard_Deviation=std(x1)
% s_kewness=sqrt(sum(s_ub_skeeew)/L);
shape_b=(sum(x1)/L);
shape_factor=sqrt(rm_value/(shape_b))
A. Healthy Condition
Initially experiments were conducted for three load condition one is at lower speed of
driven pulley at 1731 RPM whereas driver pulley rotates at 1877 RPM and other is at higher
speed of driven pulley at 1940 RPM whereas driver pulley rotates at 1940 RPM under good
operating condition without any faults in the belt. The corresponding speed is measured by
tachometer. Next using LabVIEW 2014 software the vibration signals in horizontal, vertical
and in axial directions were acquired. These signals were later used to compare the signals
with ball bearing fault condition to identify the cause.
B. Faulty Conditions
Two faults condition were created in the bearings to study and analyze the behavior of the
rotating system under different operating speeds.
The first one is inner rays fault
The second one is ball fault
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CHAPTER 5
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND GRAPHS
Readings obtained using LabVIEW Software
1. Ball fault with full load (3Kg)
Time Vibration Frequency Value
3.91E-05 -1.015448 1 0.019922
7.81E-05 -1.432923 2 0.035409
0.000117 -1.069026 3 0.038692
0.000156 -2.6377 4 0.022983
0.000195 -1.265343 5 0.009198
0.000234 -1.772732 6 0.019013
0.000273 -1.66095 7 0.020501
0.000312 -1.179304 8 0.009825
0.000352 -1.425287 9 0.020402
0.000391 -1.011711 10 0.012774
0.00043 -2.599152 11 0.00323
0.000469 -1.156323 12 0.008213
0.000508 -1.05347 13 0.011209
0.000547 -2.768129 14 0.005355
0.000586 -0.037923 15 0.004358
0.000625 -0.691388 16 0.022244
0.000664 -2.963816 17 0.016403
0.000703 -1.631881 18 0.009663
0.000742 -0.659 19 0.016111
Ball fault with full load
2. Ball fault with half load (1.5 Kg)
Time Vibration Frequency Value
0 0.383385 0 0.022912
3.91E-05 1.90351 1 0.014799
7.81E-05 0.965744 2 0.004499
0.000117 0.810654 3 0.003015
0.000156 0.755171 4 0.002402
0.000195 1.486833 5 0.001465
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9. Test bearing with no load
Time Vibration Frequency Value
0 -0.1139 0 0.004776
3.91E-05 0.271923 1 0.002378
7.81E-05 0.071036 2 0.002604
0.000117 0.238429 3 0.00217
0.000156 0.886815 4 0.00164
0.000195 0.611539 5 0.002626
0.000234 0.139645 6 0.002007
0.000273 0.469521 7 0.002204
0.000312 0.691121 8 0.000881
0.000352 0.551183 9 0.002257
0.000391 0.653564 10 0.00223
0.00043 0.561684 11 0.000715
0.000469 0.253604 12 0.004183
0.000508 0.21962 13 0.005829
0.000547 -0.08225 14 0.001397
0.000586 -0.63509 15 0.006918
0.000625 -0.37527 16 0.035974
0.000664 -0.14344 17 0.038346
0.000703 -0.72063 18 0.018899
0.000742 -0.8904 19 0.016752
Test bearing with no load
Healthy condition
The vibration signals only in the axial directions are presented here for discussion purpose.
Since the amplitude of vibration is observed high in axial direction than in horizontal or in
vertical direction. A typical time domain vibration signals for speed of full load at 731
RPM, half load at 1877 RPM and No load at 1940 RPM
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Fig 13.Plot for healthy Bearing at full load condition speed of 1731RPM
Fig 14.Plot for healthy Bearing at half load condition speed of 1877 RPM
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Fig 15.Plot for healthy Bearing at no load condition speed of 1940 RPM
Ball Fault
The time domain and frequency domain vibration signals for Ball Fault
are represented in Fig. 16 ,17and Fig. 18
Fig 16.Plot for Ball fault Bearing at full load condition speed of 1730 RPM
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Fig 17.Plot for Ball fault Bearing at half load condition speed of 1780 RPM
Fig 18.Plot for Ball fault Bearing at no load condition speed of 1945 RPM
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Inner rays fault
The time domain and frequency domain vibration signals for Inner rays Fault
are represented in Fig. 19,20 and Fig.21
Fig 19. Plot for Inner rays fault Bearing at full load condition speed of 744 RPM
Fig 20.Plot for Inner rays fault Bearing at half load condition speed of 744 RPM
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Fig 21.Plot for Inner rays fault Bearing at no load condition speed of 1955 RPM
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CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
A number of experiments have been carried out to investigate the effectiveness condition
monitoring of bearings. A defective bearing which a simulated defect on the inner race, ball
fault was used in conjunction with a healthy bearing at different loading conditions. The
vibration signals obtained from an accelerometer were also measured and analyzed for
comparative purposes.
The time-domain statistical parameters and frequency-domain modified Peak Ratio
were calculated and compared. This study revealed that this technique is demonstrably
superior to vibration acceleration measurements for detecting incipient defects in bearings.
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CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES
1. Yong-Han Kim, Andy C C Tana, Joseph Mathew and Bo-Suk Yang
2. Khalid F. Al-Raheem, Asok Roy, K. P. Ramachandran, D. K. Harrison
3. Dong Wang, Qiang Miao
4. Dhirendra Nath Thatoi, Harish Ch. Das Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Advances in Mechanical Engineering Volume 2012
5. Khalid F. Al-Raheem, Waleed Abdulareem International Journal of Mechanic
Systems Engineering (IJMSE) Vol.1 No.1 November 2011
6. Liu ziran, He tao, Jiang guoxing Project supported by the foundation of Henan
university of technology 2013
7. Endo Hiroaki, Sawalhi Nader