The document discusses investment opportunities in renewable energy in Uruguay. Uruguay has abundant wind and biomass resources and a favorable regulatory environment for renewable energy investment. The government is promoting renewable energy development through tenders and contracts for over 500 MW of wind and biomass projects by 2015. Investors can take advantage of rising electricity demand, tax incentives, and opportunities to export power regionally.
Since 1936, the Copper Network publishes 'Copper in Busbars'. The newest edition is currently available in 6 chapters and one annex:
1. Introduction
2. Current Carrying Capacity
3. Life Cycle Costing
4. Short-Circuit Effects
5. Profiles
6. Jointing
Annex on coating
Heat pumps are increasingly being used in medium and large buildings to provide both heating and cooling. If specified and installed correctly they present a very good opportunity to save energy and reduce carbon emissions compared to traditional building heating and cooling technologies. This application note provides an overview of the types of heat pumps available along with the advantages and constraints of installing them in larger buildings.
The main appeal of heat pumps is that they take low grade heat from a renewable, cost-free source and transfer it at a higher temperature to where it is needed, in an energy efficient manner. There is a great deal of flexibility in the heat sources available, for example external air, pipework installed in the earth, water wells and boreholes as well as local watercourses and ponds.
Choosing the most appropriate heat source for a building will depend on evaluating the advantages and constraints of the options available and looking at the whole life costs of the installation. The relatively high installation costs compared to gas boilers, especially with ground source heat pumps, needs to be considered against the longer working life, lower running costs and the carbon emission reduction to be achieved.
Small and medium scale cogeneration systems (CHP)Leonardo ENERGY
Cogeneration offers a set of benefits. It is primarily an energy efficient technology delivering energy close-to-site, with minimal transport losses and therefore significant cost savings. It also offers fuel flexibility and may lead to limiting polluting emissions through improved efficiency.
CHP units have a wide application range. They can be used in the industry, in waste-water treatment plants through anaerobic digestion, for district heating and cooling, and in entire buildings or single dwellings through micro-CHP. The heat produced by commercial-scale CHP units is usually recovered via heat exchangers and can be used for space and water heating in many different applications. Thermal storage may improve the ability to match heat peak demand. Cogeneration may also include cooling processes and even so-called ‘Tri-generation’ providing electricity, heating and cooling using one single process.
The assessment of CHP unit projects involves both technical and economic aspects. The former includes a feasibility study, which mainly consists in assessing the site’s heating and electricity consumption profiles. This will determine the type of CHP unit to be installed (and back-up heating system if expedient). The next steps involve the connection of the CHP unit to the gas network (or other fuel supply) and to the electric grid, as well as the power purchase agreement through which the plant owner can sell its electricity back to the grid when required.
Then comes the economic aspect, which is the second stage of this assessment. It consists in evaluating the cost of the overall project on one side, and its financial benefits on the other side.The ability of the CHP unit to match the site’s consumption profile may have an important impact on the project’s economics. The electricity consumed from a CHP unit can be compared directly with retail prices, whereas electricity sent back to the grid is only sold at wholesale price, representing about one third of the retail price.
Electrical storage systems: efficiency and lifetimeBruno De Wachter
This application note discusses the technical aspects of battery energy storage system design and operation and their influence upon system efficiency and lifetime. The various roles of electrical energy storage systems are discussed first in order to gain appreciation of the way these systems are used. This is followed by a discussion of the most common battery technologies and their aging mechanisms. Factors which affect the efficiency and lifetime of power electronics are also discussed, since power converter(s) and associated switchgear are essential elements and determine in part the performance of energy storage systems.
A common factor which affects both the lifetime of batteries and (power) electronics is heat: the higher the temperature, the faster a component ages. Energy losses result mostly in heat production. Striving for high energy efficiency in both the battery and power electronics thus gives a double payoff: in addition to the energy savings, the lowered heat production results in lowered cooling requirements and longer life of components due to a lower operating temperature.
Building Automation: the Scope for Energy and CO2 Savings in the EULeonardo ENERGY
Proven building automation technologies (BAT) and building energy management systems (BEMS) have a crucial role to play in reducing the energy consumption and CO2 emissions in residential housing and service sector buildings. This study assesses the saving potentials of increased adoption and installation of these technologies in both the service and the residential European building stock. The potential is vast.
Compared to a reference scenario which assumes a continuation of current trends in the adoption and installation of BAT and BEMS/HEMS, the optimal scenario estimates the savings to reach 22% of all building energy consumption by 2028 and maintain that level thereafter. In a more realistic scenario, this potential ramps up progressively over the scenario period to reach 13% of reference case energy consumption by 2035. The study estimates annual peak savings for service buildings of between 40.3 and 49.7 Mtoe, which is 16.5 to 20.3% of the total EU service sector building energy consumption. For residential buildings, annual energy savings peak at 49.0 to 98.1 Mtoe, or 11.3 to 23.4% of the European residential building energy consumption.
Over the scenario period some €136 billion of extra investments in building automated technology and related services are needed to deliver these savings at an average of €6.2 billion per year. Large as these incremental investments are they are nine times less than the value of the resulting savings in energy bills which total €1,187 billion over the period at an average of €53.9 billion per year.
Environmental impact of economic cable sizingLeonardo ENERGY
This study analyzes the environmental effects of the use of electric conductors of larger sizes in offices and industrial applications, based on the design choices presented in the report "Modified Cable Sizing Strategies" by Egemin Automation.
Overall, the economic cable sizing pays off from an environmental perspective. For a number of impact categories (acidification, eutrophication, global warming, summer smog / ozone creation) the increased production impact is mitigated in about 1 year thanks to the savings produced during the use-phase.
Finally, to be noted that toxicity indicators have been excluded from analysis. These indicators are in a nascent stage of development and yield contested results which are actively being debated in European forums. It is generally recommended to avoid the use of toxicity indicators for environmental decision-making without an in-depth discussion on inventory analysis and applied method approval.
Since 1936, the Copper Network publishes 'Copper in Busbars'. The newest edition is currently available in 6 chapters and one annex:
1. Introduction
2. Current Carrying Capacity
3. Life Cycle Costing
4. Short-Circuit Effects
5. Profiles
6. Jointing
Annex on coating
Heat pumps are increasingly being used in medium and large buildings to provide both heating and cooling. If specified and installed correctly they present a very good opportunity to save energy and reduce carbon emissions compared to traditional building heating and cooling technologies. This application note provides an overview of the types of heat pumps available along with the advantages and constraints of installing them in larger buildings.
The main appeal of heat pumps is that they take low grade heat from a renewable, cost-free source and transfer it at a higher temperature to where it is needed, in an energy efficient manner. There is a great deal of flexibility in the heat sources available, for example external air, pipework installed in the earth, water wells and boreholes as well as local watercourses and ponds.
Choosing the most appropriate heat source for a building will depend on evaluating the advantages and constraints of the options available and looking at the whole life costs of the installation. The relatively high installation costs compared to gas boilers, especially with ground source heat pumps, needs to be considered against the longer working life, lower running costs and the carbon emission reduction to be achieved.
Small and medium scale cogeneration systems (CHP)Leonardo ENERGY
Cogeneration offers a set of benefits. It is primarily an energy efficient technology delivering energy close-to-site, with minimal transport losses and therefore significant cost savings. It also offers fuel flexibility and may lead to limiting polluting emissions through improved efficiency.
CHP units have a wide application range. They can be used in the industry, in waste-water treatment plants through anaerobic digestion, for district heating and cooling, and in entire buildings or single dwellings through micro-CHP. The heat produced by commercial-scale CHP units is usually recovered via heat exchangers and can be used for space and water heating in many different applications. Thermal storage may improve the ability to match heat peak demand. Cogeneration may also include cooling processes and even so-called ‘Tri-generation’ providing electricity, heating and cooling using one single process.
The assessment of CHP unit projects involves both technical and economic aspects. The former includes a feasibility study, which mainly consists in assessing the site’s heating and electricity consumption profiles. This will determine the type of CHP unit to be installed (and back-up heating system if expedient). The next steps involve the connection of the CHP unit to the gas network (or other fuel supply) and to the electric grid, as well as the power purchase agreement through which the plant owner can sell its electricity back to the grid when required.
Then comes the economic aspect, which is the second stage of this assessment. It consists in evaluating the cost of the overall project on one side, and its financial benefits on the other side.The ability of the CHP unit to match the site’s consumption profile may have an important impact on the project’s economics. The electricity consumed from a CHP unit can be compared directly with retail prices, whereas electricity sent back to the grid is only sold at wholesale price, representing about one third of the retail price.
Electrical storage systems: efficiency and lifetimeBruno De Wachter
This application note discusses the technical aspects of battery energy storage system design and operation and their influence upon system efficiency and lifetime. The various roles of electrical energy storage systems are discussed first in order to gain appreciation of the way these systems are used. This is followed by a discussion of the most common battery technologies and their aging mechanisms. Factors which affect the efficiency and lifetime of power electronics are also discussed, since power converter(s) and associated switchgear are essential elements and determine in part the performance of energy storage systems.
A common factor which affects both the lifetime of batteries and (power) electronics is heat: the higher the temperature, the faster a component ages. Energy losses result mostly in heat production. Striving for high energy efficiency in both the battery and power electronics thus gives a double payoff: in addition to the energy savings, the lowered heat production results in lowered cooling requirements and longer life of components due to a lower operating temperature.
Building Automation: the Scope for Energy and CO2 Savings in the EULeonardo ENERGY
Proven building automation technologies (BAT) and building energy management systems (BEMS) have a crucial role to play in reducing the energy consumption and CO2 emissions in residential housing and service sector buildings. This study assesses the saving potentials of increased adoption and installation of these technologies in both the service and the residential European building stock. The potential is vast.
Compared to a reference scenario which assumes a continuation of current trends in the adoption and installation of BAT and BEMS/HEMS, the optimal scenario estimates the savings to reach 22% of all building energy consumption by 2028 and maintain that level thereafter. In a more realistic scenario, this potential ramps up progressively over the scenario period to reach 13% of reference case energy consumption by 2035. The study estimates annual peak savings for service buildings of between 40.3 and 49.7 Mtoe, which is 16.5 to 20.3% of the total EU service sector building energy consumption. For residential buildings, annual energy savings peak at 49.0 to 98.1 Mtoe, or 11.3 to 23.4% of the European residential building energy consumption.
Over the scenario period some €136 billion of extra investments in building automated technology and related services are needed to deliver these savings at an average of €6.2 billion per year. Large as these incremental investments are they are nine times less than the value of the resulting savings in energy bills which total €1,187 billion over the period at an average of €53.9 billion per year.
Environmental impact of economic cable sizingLeonardo ENERGY
This study analyzes the environmental effects of the use of electric conductors of larger sizes in offices and industrial applications, based on the design choices presented in the report "Modified Cable Sizing Strategies" by Egemin Automation.
Overall, the economic cable sizing pays off from an environmental perspective. For a number of impact categories (acidification, eutrophication, global warming, summer smog / ozone creation) the increased production impact is mitigated in about 1 year thanks to the savings produced during the use-phase.
Finally, to be noted that toxicity indicators have been excluded from analysis. These indicators are in a nascent stage of development and yield contested results which are actively being debated in European forums. It is generally recommended to avoid the use of toxicity indicators for environmental decision-making without an in-depth discussion on inventory analysis and applied method approval.
Application Note - Wireless Energy TransmissionLeonardo ENERGY
Electric current is used for two very different purposes: the transmission of energy and the transmission of information. Although the methods and equipment used differ significantly, the same underlying properties of electric current are utilised.
Information can be transmitted using voltages and currents via an electric conductor or ‘wirelessly’ via electromagnetic fields. In certain circumstances, purely magnetic fields will also do the job. The induction loops used to detect vehicles and to control traffic lights and car park barriers are a case in point – though anyone riding an aluminium bike obviously has to wait a long time for the signal to turn green – or gets fed up waiting and jumps the light. There is also the possibility of transmitting information down an optical cable using light rather than electrical signals. However, transmitting energy always requires a connection made from an electrically conducting material.
Always? Or is it actually possible to do without the electrical connection? Well, that very much depends on how much copper wire one wants to use to establish the ‘wireless connection’, because ‘wireless’ energy transmission deserves the epithet ‘wireless’ about as much as a compact fluorescent lamp deserves to be called ‘compact’.
The scope for energy savings from energy managementLeonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* Only 1.5% of medium to large companies in Europe have adopted EN ISO 50001
* EU's industrial and service sectors could save 26% of their combined energy consumption by 2035 from greater adoption of energy management
* Policy and programmatic action can help to realise a large part of this savings potential and build principally on strengthening the Energy Efficiency Directive and its implementation at the Member State level.
The starting point for a review of an industrial cooling system should be to see what options there might be for minimizing the heat load, and then to see if there are any alternative uses for the waste heat produced. Once the demand has been reduced, attention can then be given to optimizing the cooling system to run efficiently.
Evaporative cooling systems are the most popular type found in industry. This Application Note explains how they work and the energy and water saving opportunities that they may present. For both evaporative and dry air cooling systems, variations in ambient air conditions and process loads, means that they will spend much of their time working at part load operation. On/off and variable speed control of the system fans and pumps can give large energy savings, but the selection of methods depends on the detailed design of the cooling plant. Care also must be taken to also ensure that the system will work satisfactorily at partial load.
Water treatment and selection, and maintenance of cooling tower fill are important for effective and reliable operation, and have direct impact on energy use. Regular monitoring of the system will ensure that any changes in performance can be identified and remedial measures taken.
This application note makes suggestions of well proven techniques to save energy, that vary from simple maintenance tasks to operational and equipment changes that will require the input of a specialist.
In the past 120 years, electricity has become the overarching energy source in our everyday life. Its applications have improved our comfort and safety, multiplying the means of entertaining and communicating.
However, domestic electricity can be dangerous. Specifically, the safety of older electrical installations is a concern in the countries of the European Union, given the low renovation rate of dwellings and their electrical installations. At the same time, the uses of domestic electricity continues to diversify and develop, progressively posing increasingly important challenges in terms of quality and safety of electrical energy used in households.
The safety deficiencies of obsolete electrical installations generally result from the aging of their components, the lack of maintenance and inappropriate usage. The dangers they represent are also clearly identified. The risks of electrification and electrocution are well known, but fires of electrical origin and their consequences are the most worrying.
This application note is intended to be a source of guidance and to help reduce confusion pertaining to the design, configuration, selection, sizing, and installation of Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) systems. This document is a useful information source for electrical consultants, electrical engineers, facility managers, and design and build contractors.
In the recent past, many design engineers have tried to create the perfect UPS solution for supporting critical loads. However, these designs have generally overlooked coverage for changing load profiles (e.g. leading power factor), sleep mode, and advanced scalability solutions. Such solutions and/or options can assist in gaining higher system efficiency, without exposing the critical load to disruptions from the utility.
This paper presents information related to various generic types of current UPS units, complete with their merits and demerits. It covers different topologies and various system solutions for clients. Auxiliary items, such as the battery bank, diesel generator set, and switchgear are included in the document since they also form an integral part of a UPS system.
To aid in the reduction of the carbon footprint, the paper has indicated achievable operational efficiency figures for different solutions.
A typical generic UPS Specification has been included as an Appendix to this paper to support electrical engineering professionals.
Integrated Home Systems - Chapter 3 - The System FileLeonardo ENERGY
A modern electrical installation, equipped with an integrated home system, must be transparent and user friendly for the end user. He/she does not need to know how and through what cables the system data communications are done. What is important for him/her is the function allocated to the pushbuttons and other components. He/she needs to know what happens when a certain pushbutton is pressed. Perhaps just one light goes on or off. However, with another pushbutton a number of lights may come on in a dimmed state, the roll-down shutters may be lowered, and the temperature can be set to comfort mode. In any case, the function of each pushbutton, motion detector, card reader, etc, must be clear right from the start.
Infrared thermal energy scanning for energy efficiency assessmentLeonardo ENERGY
After a short introduction to the technique of infrared thermography, this Application Note explains why it is such an interesting tool for the analysis of the health of an electrical installation. It also discusses how thermography can be of great help to industrial companies in their effort to reduce energy consumption.
There are different levels of competence needed to carry out infrared thermography, but it remains a relatively easy method that can readily be used by technicians after a short training period.
Infrared scanning makes it possible to achieve a good image of the condition of an electrical installation without having to switch off the installation or even coming into direct contact with the components. Infrared scanning offers a method of discovering wasted energy and emerging faults due to overheating, bad or loose contacts, et cetera. In addition to avoiding unscheduled shutdowns and loss of production, infrared scanning can play a role in the assessment of energy consumption. The cost of regular infrared scanning is small compared to the benefits gained. It has the best Return on Investment (ROI) of any of the available electrical inspection tools.
Agenția Internațională a Energiei Regenrabile a anunțat recent că prețurile energiei regenerabile vor deveni competitive în următorii doi ani. Potrivit experților IRENA, până în 2020, vom plăti mai puțin pe orice formă de energie regenerabilă decât pe energia obținută prin arderea combustibililor fosili.
Application Note - Wireless Energy TransmissionLeonardo ENERGY
Electric current is used for two very different purposes: the transmission of energy and the transmission of information. Although the methods and equipment used differ significantly, the same underlying properties of electric current are utilised.
Information can be transmitted using voltages and currents via an electric conductor or ‘wirelessly’ via electromagnetic fields. In certain circumstances, purely magnetic fields will also do the job. The induction loops used to detect vehicles and to control traffic lights and car park barriers are a case in point – though anyone riding an aluminium bike obviously has to wait a long time for the signal to turn green – or gets fed up waiting and jumps the light. There is also the possibility of transmitting information down an optical cable using light rather than electrical signals. However, transmitting energy always requires a connection made from an electrically conducting material.
Always? Or is it actually possible to do without the electrical connection? Well, that very much depends on how much copper wire one wants to use to establish the ‘wireless connection’, because ‘wireless’ energy transmission deserves the epithet ‘wireless’ about as much as a compact fluorescent lamp deserves to be called ‘compact’.
The scope for energy savings from energy managementLeonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* Only 1.5% of medium to large companies in Europe have adopted EN ISO 50001
* EU's industrial and service sectors could save 26% of their combined energy consumption by 2035 from greater adoption of energy management
* Policy and programmatic action can help to realise a large part of this savings potential and build principally on strengthening the Energy Efficiency Directive and its implementation at the Member State level.
The starting point for a review of an industrial cooling system should be to see what options there might be for minimizing the heat load, and then to see if there are any alternative uses for the waste heat produced. Once the demand has been reduced, attention can then be given to optimizing the cooling system to run efficiently.
Evaporative cooling systems are the most popular type found in industry. This Application Note explains how they work and the energy and water saving opportunities that they may present. For both evaporative and dry air cooling systems, variations in ambient air conditions and process loads, means that they will spend much of their time working at part load operation. On/off and variable speed control of the system fans and pumps can give large energy savings, but the selection of methods depends on the detailed design of the cooling plant. Care also must be taken to also ensure that the system will work satisfactorily at partial load.
Water treatment and selection, and maintenance of cooling tower fill are important for effective and reliable operation, and have direct impact on energy use. Regular monitoring of the system will ensure that any changes in performance can be identified and remedial measures taken.
This application note makes suggestions of well proven techniques to save energy, that vary from simple maintenance tasks to operational and equipment changes that will require the input of a specialist.
In the past 120 years, electricity has become the overarching energy source in our everyday life. Its applications have improved our comfort and safety, multiplying the means of entertaining and communicating.
However, domestic electricity can be dangerous. Specifically, the safety of older electrical installations is a concern in the countries of the European Union, given the low renovation rate of dwellings and their electrical installations. At the same time, the uses of domestic electricity continues to diversify and develop, progressively posing increasingly important challenges in terms of quality and safety of electrical energy used in households.
The safety deficiencies of obsolete electrical installations generally result from the aging of their components, the lack of maintenance and inappropriate usage. The dangers they represent are also clearly identified. The risks of electrification and electrocution are well known, but fires of electrical origin and their consequences are the most worrying.
This application note is intended to be a source of guidance and to help reduce confusion pertaining to the design, configuration, selection, sizing, and installation of Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) systems. This document is a useful information source for electrical consultants, electrical engineers, facility managers, and design and build contractors.
In the recent past, many design engineers have tried to create the perfect UPS solution for supporting critical loads. However, these designs have generally overlooked coverage for changing load profiles (e.g. leading power factor), sleep mode, and advanced scalability solutions. Such solutions and/or options can assist in gaining higher system efficiency, without exposing the critical load to disruptions from the utility.
This paper presents information related to various generic types of current UPS units, complete with their merits and demerits. It covers different topologies and various system solutions for clients. Auxiliary items, such as the battery bank, diesel generator set, and switchgear are included in the document since they also form an integral part of a UPS system.
To aid in the reduction of the carbon footprint, the paper has indicated achievable operational efficiency figures for different solutions.
A typical generic UPS Specification has been included as an Appendix to this paper to support electrical engineering professionals.
Integrated Home Systems - Chapter 3 - The System FileLeonardo ENERGY
A modern electrical installation, equipped with an integrated home system, must be transparent and user friendly for the end user. He/she does not need to know how and through what cables the system data communications are done. What is important for him/her is the function allocated to the pushbuttons and other components. He/she needs to know what happens when a certain pushbutton is pressed. Perhaps just one light goes on or off. However, with another pushbutton a number of lights may come on in a dimmed state, the roll-down shutters may be lowered, and the temperature can be set to comfort mode. In any case, the function of each pushbutton, motion detector, card reader, etc, must be clear right from the start.
Infrared thermal energy scanning for energy efficiency assessmentLeonardo ENERGY
After a short introduction to the technique of infrared thermography, this Application Note explains why it is such an interesting tool for the analysis of the health of an electrical installation. It also discusses how thermography can be of great help to industrial companies in their effort to reduce energy consumption.
There are different levels of competence needed to carry out infrared thermography, but it remains a relatively easy method that can readily be used by technicians after a short training period.
Infrared scanning makes it possible to achieve a good image of the condition of an electrical installation without having to switch off the installation or even coming into direct contact with the components. Infrared scanning offers a method of discovering wasted energy and emerging faults due to overheating, bad or loose contacts, et cetera. In addition to avoiding unscheduled shutdowns and loss of production, infrared scanning can play a role in the assessment of energy consumption. The cost of regular infrared scanning is small compared to the benefits gained. It has the best Return on Investment (ROI) of any of the available electrical inspection tools.
Agenția Internațională a Energiei Regenrabile a anunțat recent că prețurile energiei regenerabile vor deveni competitive în următorii doi ani. Potrivit experților IRENA, până în 2020, vom plăti mai puțin pe orice formă de energie regenerabilă decât pe energia obținută prin arderea combustibililor fosili.
Renewable energy market analysis the gcc region, RENEWABLE ENERGY MARKET ANA...Power System Operation
The transition towards renewable energy is creating a fundamental, long-term shift in the
global economy. This shift can be expected to have a significant impact on fossil-fuel producers,
including the oil- and gas-exporting countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).
The landmark December 2015 Paris Agreement, backed up with detailed plans by countries
around the world to overhaul their energy sectors, could imply the eventual softening of
global demand for oil and gas, the main drivers of local economies. But it also presents an
exciting opportunity for economic diversification and entry to new markets.
For the last several years already, GCC countries have been fashioning a critical role for themselves
in the global shift to renewable energy. They have done so as investors in major solar
and wind projects worldwide and also by adopting innovative and increasingly cost-competitive
technologies in their own domestic markets.
This study was carried out at the request of the European Commission between January and
June 2009. Its main objective was to identify the most effective strategy for developing and
implementing the "Mediterranean Solar Plan” and to suggest how this plan might be
developed and implemented effectively in the region.
This second edition of IRENA’s regional market analysis analyses the GCC’s rapid
progress on renewable energy deployment. It captures market conditions at a time
when conversations have moved from “should we have renewables” to “how much can
we integrate” and “how do we go further”. The growing adoption of renewables in the
region sends a signal to the whole world about the enormous opportunities at hand.
Gulf countries are set to capitalise on their promising resources for renewable power
generation, along with applications for buildings, transport, direct heat and cooling.
Renewable energy targets at the national and sub-national levels are key. By 2030,
the region could save 354 million barrels of oil equivalent (a 23% reduction), create
more than 220 500 jobs, reduce the power sector’s carbon dioxide emissions by 22%,
and cut water withdrawal in the power sector by 17% based on the renewables targets
already in place.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
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Renewable Energy (Nov 2009)
1. Investment Opportunities in Uruguay
Renewable
Renewable
Energy in
Power
Energy in
Generation
Electric
Power
Generation
URUGUAY XXI – INVESTMENT AND EXPORT PROMOTION AGENCY
November 2009
2. RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
INDEX
1. WHY INVEST IN THE URUGUAYAN ENERGY INDUSTRY? .................................................................... 2
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE URUGUAYAN ELECTRIC GENERATION INDUSTRY .................................................. 3
2.1. THE URUGUAYAN ELECTRIC SYSTEM...............................................................................................4
2.2. SHARE OF HYDRO GENERATION .....................................................................................................5
2.3. SALES OF ELECTRIC POWER PER CLIENT TYPE IN 2008 .......................................................................5
3. WHY INVEST IN RENEWABLE ENERGY IN URUGUAY? ....................................................................... 6
3.1. RISING DEMAND.........................................................................................................................6
3.2. VERY GOOD AVAILABILITY OF RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES ...........................................................6
3.3. URUGUAY WIND MAP .................................................................................................................7
3.4. FAVORABLE TAX FRAMEWORK ......................................................................................................8
4. OVERVIEW OF THE DOMESTIC AND REGIONAL SUPPLY...................................................................... 8
5. GOVERNMENT POLICY ............................................................................................................. 9
6. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ...................................................................................................... 9
7. TENDERS IN PROCESS AND STRUCTURE OF THE CONTRACTS ............................................................. 10
8. CURRENT PANORAMA OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN URUGUAY:.......................................................... 11
8.1. IN OPERATION, CONTRIBUTING TO THE ELECTRIC NETWORK .............................................................11
8.1.1. WIND ENERGY ..................................................................................................................11
8.1.2. BIOMASS .........................................................................................................................11
8.2. RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS WITH AUTHORIZATION TO GENERATE ................................................11
8.2.1. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC .......................................................................................................11
8.2.2. WIND .............................................................................................................................12
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION | November 2009
8.2.3. BIOMASS .........................................................................................................................12
9. CASE STUDIES...................................................................................................................... 12
9.1. BOTNIA URUGUAY....................................................................................................................12
9.2. FENIROL S.A............................................................................................................................13
10. ANNEX ............................................................................................................................ 14
10.1. MAIN BODIES AND AGENCIES LINKED TO THIS SUBJECT ..................................................................14
10.2. INSTALLED POWER OWNED BY THE URUGUAYAN PUBLIC INDUSTRY .................................................15
10.3. OTHER FACTORS TO CONSIDER ..................................................................................................15
INVESTOR SERVICES ................................................................................................................. 18
1
3. 1. W HY INVEST IN THE U RUGUAYAN ENERGY INDUSTRY ?
Uruguay is a serious and reliable country, part of a large regional market
In Uruguay, foreign investors receive the same treatment as local
investors. Funds may be freely transferred and profits may be
repatriated.
Uruguay belongs to Mercosur, a market of over 240 million inhabitants
and a GDP of US$ 1,950 billion.
High economic growth in the last few years, but stagnancy of the generation capacity
The high growth in electric energy demand, as a consequence of high GDP growth rates, the
absence of native fossil resources and the scarce margin to incorporate additional
hydroelectric generation, led the Government to propose development policies from
nontraditional local renewable sources.
Abundance of renewable energy resources
Uruguay has vast wind and biomass resources, the latter related to the strength of its
agricultural, livestock and forestry industries. There already are several successful cases of
wind farms and forestry industries that use the waste the produce for the generation of
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION | November 2009
energy, instead of causing environmental problems.
Uruguay has a highly attractive investment promotion and export system
In 2007, Uruguay adopted an investment promotion system
that allows companies to use up to 100% of investments as
income tax payments under certain conditions.
There is also a specific incentives regime for the renewable
energy industry.
The Uruguayan energy industry is attracting major foreign investments
There already are several cases of transnational corporations investing in renewable energy
in Uruguay, both in the generation of electricity as well as in biofuels. The tender of 150 MW
of wind energy is particularly capturing the interest of companies from all over the world.
These investments are being made in a context where foreign direct investment in Uruguay
has risen 11 times over since 2002 to account for 6.8% of GDP in 2008.
2
4. RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
2. D ESCRIPTION OF THE U RUGUAYAN ELECTRIC GE NERATION INDUSTRY
In Uruguay, there exists freedom of generation
of electricity. As of October 2009 the distribution
of the electricity generation park is 7.8% private
and 92.2% public (this is, including the plants of
the state-owned utility UTE and of the
Uruguayan-Argentinean binational dam Salto
Grande).
Strong economic growth in the last few years, in
a context of several years of severe droughts and
the subsequent reduction of the hydroelectric
generation, led to the implementation of
consumption restrictions (though without power
cuts). Therefore, there is a strong impulse to
improve the generation backup, both with thermal units and renewable energy.
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION | November 2009
3
5. 2.1. T H E U RU GU A YA N E LE C TR IC S Y S TE M
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION | November 2009
Source: UTE.
The detail of the Uruguayan Government generation park at the end of 2008 is presented in
the appendix.
4
6. RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
2.2. S H A RE O F H YD R O G E NE R A T IO N
Share of hydro generation
120%
99.8% 99.7% 99.9%
100% 93.4%
87.5% 86.7%
81.6%
80%
64.6%
56.1%
60%
38.5%
40%
20%
0%
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Jan-Jul
2009
Source: Ministry of Industry, Energy and Mining.
The graph above shows the strong participation of hydro generation in the current decade.
The significant droughts of 2006 and 2008 explain the high share of thermal generation in
those years. However, growing demand for energy and the scarce or null margin to increase
hydro generation determine the need to extend and diversify the generation park.
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION | November 2009
2.3. S A LE S OF E LE C T RI C P OW E R P E R C L IE N T T YPE I N 2008
Sales of electric power per client type in
2008
Others
14.0%
Medium Residential
15.7% 40.4%
Large
29.9%
Source: Ministry of Industry, Energy and Mining.
Large consumers represent a large amount of UTE’s sales.1 These will enable relatively few
contracts of energy sale by private operators that will cover good part of the demand.
1
Note: In order to be considered a large consumer, the client shall contract a normal and peak power equal to
or greater than 200 KW and shall consume on average a monthly minimum of 90,000 KWh.
5
7. The high participation of electric water heaters in households, which exceeds 90%, has been
highlighted as an interesting opportunity for the use of solar thermal energy. Due to the
energy saving measures implemented by the Government in the last few years, it is being
considered the possibility of offering incentives to important housing developments if they
use this type of energy to heat water.
3. W HY INVEST IN RENEWAB LE ENERGY IN U RUGUAY ?
3.1. Rising demand
Several factors explain this growth. These include the strong expansion of economy, with
average GDP growth of 6.7% in 2004-2008; strong investments in productive capacity;
improvements in real incomes of families and the incorporation of several electrical
appliances into the consumption pattern of the Uruguayan population, fostered by a plan
carried out by the public company UTE, which facilitated the access to some electrical
appliances by means of soft loans.
GDP and electricity consumption growth
10% 8.9%
8.4%
7.6%
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION | November 2009
8% 7.5%
6% 4.9% 5.0% 4.6%
4%
2% 1.5%
0.8% 0.4%
0.1% 0.3%
0%
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Consumption growth GDP growth
3.2. V E RY G O OD A V A IL A BI LI TY OF RE NE W A B LE E NE R G Y RE S OU RC E S
As seen on the wind map, Uruguay has competitive advantages in wind availability.
Additionally, the greatest availability of winds can be found near the largest towns, in the
South of the country.
6
8. RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
3.3. U RU GU A Y W IN D M A P
Average annual speed
Height: 90m
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION | November 2009
Speed (m/s)
Sources: www.dnetn.gub.uy and www.energiaeolica.gub.uy
It should be highlighted that the plant factors of the wind farm “Sierra de los Caracoles” are
48% and 40.8%, gross and net respectively, figures that exceed the average of these
ventures in other countries, which seldom exceed 30%.
Uruguay also has extensive biomass resources, derived from the strength of its agricultural,
livestock and forestry industries. Several products, such as rice, other cereals and soybean
increasingly complement traditional livestock, the main export item. There already are
several successful cases of the utilization of the waste of those activities and forestry to
generate power, thus avoiding the environmental issues associated with them.
The artificial forest area represents 4.2% of Uruguay’s total area, with more than 700,000
afforested hectares.
7
9. 3.4. F A V O RA B LE T A X FR A M E W O RK
Law 16,906 (dated 7 January 1998) declares
that the promotion and protection of domestic
and foreign investment is of national interest.
Decree 455/007 updated the regulations of this
law. Investment projects in any industry that
are submitted and promoted by the Executive
Branch may use between 51% and 100% the
amount invested as partial payment of
corporate income tax, according to project
classification. The normal corporate tax rate is
25%.
In addition, moveable fixed assets and civil works are exempt from wealth tax and VAT can
be recovered for purchases of materials and services for the latter.
Likewise, the law exempts import taxes and charges for movable fixed assets declared non-
competitive to domestic industry.
There is also a tax incentives regime specific for the renewable energy industry, according to
Decree 354/009. This includes an IRAE exemption when electric power is sold in the forward
contracts market, according to the following timetable:
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION | November 2009
90% of the income, between 1/07/2009 and 31/12/2017
60% of the income, between 1/01/2018 and 31/12/2020
40% of the income, between 01/01/2021 and 31/12/2023
4. O VERVIEW OF THE DOMESTIC AND REGIONAL SUPPLY
Reduced investments in generation in the last decades, together with similar scenarios in
Argentina, have determined a complex panorama in the face of rising demand for the
aforementioned factors. Uruguay has a 2,000 MW power interconnection with Argentina,
while with Brazil the same is currently of only 70 MW, though there is a project in progress
to expand the interconnection to 500 MW.
The Uruguayan and Argentinean governments had the need to restrict the demand in the
last few years. Even though Uruguay did not apply any power cut scheme as Argentina did,
there were savings programs of different magnitude. In a context of constrained supply, the
imports came from machines operating at high costs.
In order to avoid the implementation of future restrictions, the Uruguayan Government has
invested heavily in generation, incorporating different machines gasoil and fuel oil engines. It
8
10. RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
has also carried out tenders (and is still doing so) for private companies to incorporate
renewable energy to the national generation matrix.
Due to the energy situation in Argentina, there is also potential for private generators based
in Uruguay to export to such market, paying transmission tolls to UTE.
5. G OVERNMENT POLICY
Greater participation of the private industry
in the generation of electric power.
Streamlining of the regulatory framework
by means of the creation of independent
bodies for such functions.
Specific tax exemptions for the industry.
Incorporation of 500 MW in renewable
energy (300 MW of wind energy and 200
MW of biomass) by 2015.2
Project of an LNG regasification plant, jointly with Argentina.
The thermal backup was improved in the last years, with 300 MW already in place, and
the ongoing incorporation of an additional 80 MW.
Expansion of the interconnection with Brazil: an additional 500 MW.3
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION | November 2009
Improvement of energy efficiency at all levels.
6. R EGULATORY F RA MEWORK
Law 16,832 –Electricity Regulatory Framework– was approved in September 1997 and
ratified by the citizenship in a referendum in year 1998.
The main modifications that this law brought about were:
It established the free generation of energy generation, enabling the entry of private
players.
Creation of an electric power wholesale market.
Trade liberalization with the region. For instance, contracts between generators and
users from Uruguay and Argentina are allowed.
State-owned power utility UTE is allowed to partner with other companies.
2
Source: http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/_web/decretos/2009/08/931.pdf
3
Source: http://www.ute.com.uy/novedades/Ref_39519/INDICEN.doc
9
11. The regulatory and productive functions of the State are split; agencies with specific
duties are created.
7. T ENDERS IN PROCESS AN D STRUCTURE OF THE CONTRACTS
In the next few months, state-owned utility UTE will open a tender
for 150 MW of wind energy exclusively.
Conditions of the generation contracts between the electricity
public company UTE and private operators:
In the last tender for non-traditional renewable energy the agreed price per MW was
US$ 90.25, but it is worth noting that currently the least expensive electric
generation machine (fuel oil, with the barrel at US$ 70) operates at US$ 104 per MW
and the most expensive (gas oil) operates at US$ 187.
Such price is 48% fixed and 52% indexed to the wholesale prices of Uruguay and USA
and the Libor rate in US$ for 180 days.
In particular, the following is stipulated for the tender of 150 MW of wind energy by the end
of 2009:
Contracts with UTE are for a period
of no more than 20 years.
There is a requirement for previous
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION | November 2009
experience, which in practice
necessitates the incorporation of
foreign operators with experience in
generation to the groups presenting
to the tender.
The tender will also establish the
requirement of at least 20% of the
total investment corresponds to
national components, excluding the
connection to the network.
According to Decree 403/009 companies can contract wind generators of a power
between 30 MW and 50 MW.
It is worth noting that Uruguay’s investment promotion agency Uruguay XXI offers to foreign
investors a match-making service with potential local partners and suppliers, in order to
facilitate investment.
10
12. RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
8. C URRENT PANORA MA OF RENEWABL E ENERGY IN U RUGUAY :
There are several projects of electricity generation from renewable sources, some of them
already in operation and others already with authorization to generate by the Energy
Directorate (Source: Administration of the Electric Market, ADME for its Spanish acronyms).
8.1. I N OPE R A T IO N , C O NT RI BU TI NG T O TH E E LE C T RIC NE TW OR K
8.1.1. Wind energy
Name Investor’s Origin Investor Authorized Power (MW)
Caracoles 1 Uruguay UTE (State) 10
Nuevo Manantial 1 Argentina Bulgheroni Group 10
Agroland Argentina Bulgheroni Group 0.3
Total 20.3
8.1.2. Biomass
Name Investor’s Origin Investor Authorized Power (MW)
Botnia Uruguay Finland UPM-Kymmene Oyj 161
Consortium of groups of
Fenirol Uruguay-Greece 10
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION | November 2009
investors
Consortium Aborgama-
Las Rosas Uruguay Ducelit, Municipality of 1
Maldonado, UTE and UNDP
Total 172
8.2. R E NE W A BLE E NE R G Y P R OJE C T S W IT H A U TH O R I Z A T I ON T O GE NE RA TE
8.2.1. Solar photovoltaic
Name Investor’s Origin Investor Authorized Power (MW)
UTE Uruguay UTE 0.3
11
13. 8.2.2. Wind
Investor Investor’s Origin Authorized Power (MW)
Sowitec Germany 8
Sowitec Germany 9
Sowitec Germany 9
Sowitec Germany 8
Sowitec Germany 9
Innovent Germany 29.7
Innovent Germany 60
Innovent Germany 110.4
Castillos Wind Farm Germany 141
Generación Eólica Minas S.A Germany 66
8.2.3. Biomass
Name Investor’s origin Investor Authorized Power (MW)
Liderdat Uruguay Azucarlito Group 5
Galofer Uruguay-Brazil Consortium of 5 rice mills 14
Bioner Uruguay Otegui Group 9
Aguia Maderas del Uruguay Brazil N/A 1
Ponlar Uruguay N/A 2.5
Los Piques USA Weyerhaeuser 5
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION | November 2009
Uruguay (90%)-
Alur ANCAP and PDVSA 5
Venezuela (10%)
Regarding solar thermal energy, Law 18,585, approved in September 2009, besides granting
tax incentives for the industry’s development establishes that in two years construction
permits of buildings for health care centers, hotels and sports clubs will only be authorized
when they include complete equipments enabling to cover at least 50% of their energy
consumption for water heating with solar thermal energy.
9. C ASE STUDIES
9.1. B OT NIA U RU GU A Y
With an investment of more than US$ 1.2 billion and a
processing capacity of a million tons of eucalyptus pulp per
year, Botnia Uruguay is the largest production venture of
Uruguay, starting operations in 2007. This venture is mainly
owned by Finnish company UPM-Kymmene Oyj, one of the
world’s largest paper producers, and includes 180,000 hectares
12
14. RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
of land in Uruguay.
The plant uses the waste dissolved in cooking liquor, and in some cases also scraps wood, to
generate electric power exceeding its own consumption, and surplus is then sold to the
network. In year 2008, Botnia’s generation delivered to the network was 116 GWh, which
represented 0.2% of UTE's total demand.
9.2. F E NI R O L S.A.
The project is an investment of approximately U$S 25 million, and adheres to the Clean
Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol. The production of electric energy is done
based on forestry and rice waste. The company is owned by four business groups of different
origins: Conatel (electrical products), Tsakos (shipyard), Branaa (tannery) and Secco
(slaughterhouse).
The company won the tender for up to 8.8 MW, and the contract is for 14 years.
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION | November 2009
13
15. 10. A NNEX
10.1. M A IN B OD IE S A N D A GE NC IE S L IN KE D T O T H IS S U B JE C T
ADME: parastatal body which, together with the National Load Dispatch, carries out
the dispatch of the different public and private generators. www.adme.com.uy
Regulatory Agency for Energy and Water Services (URSEA for its Spanish acronyms):
body responsible for the regulation of energy and water industries. www.ursea.gub.uy
UTE: electricity public company with the monopoly of electric power transmission,
distribution and commercialization, but not generation. www.ute.com.uy
Joint Technical Committee of Salto Grande: Argentinean-Uruguayan hydroelectric
dam. www.saltogrande.org
National Directorate of Nuclear Energy and Technology: body under the Ministry of
Industry, Energy and Mining. www.dnetn.gub.uy
Uruguayan Association of Wind Energy: chamber of private operators.
www.auee.com.uy
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION | November 2009
14
16. RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
4
10.2. I N STA L LE D P OW E R OW NE D BY TH E U RU G U A YA N PU B LI C I ND U ST R Y
Installed power (MW)
2005 2006 2007 2008
(corresponding to power made available)
Hydraulic Power Stations 593 593 593 593
Terra 152 152 152 152
Baygorria 108 108 108 108
Constitución 333 333 333 333
Thermal Units - Steam 255 255 255 255
3rd and 4th 50 50 50 50
5th 80 80 80 80
6th 125 125 125 125
Gas turbines 232 432 432 532
AA 20 20 20 20
CTR 212 212 212 212
Punta del Tigre 200 200 300
Wind Power 10
Sierra de los Caracoles 10
Independent Diesel Groups 7 3 2 2
Total generation assets 1,087 1,283 1,282 1,392
Annual maximum charge 1,368 1,409 1,654 1,481
The share of the Salto Grande Dam owned by Uruguay (940 MW) shall be added to these
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION | November 2009
data, since it is jointly owned with Argentina.
The maximum consumption peak was reached in July 2009, at 1,684 MW.
Consulting firm CPA/Ferrere estimates that energy demand will increase by approximately
20% in the next 5 years, conservatively assuming annual GDP growth of about 3.5%.
10.3. O TH E R FA C T O R S T O C O NS ID E R
Cost of the land
See below a table with the average values of the land. It is worth noting that the price paid
to the owners for the acquisition of the land for the Sierra de los Caracoles wind farm (about
US$ 2,800/hectare) was close to the average transaction value for that location (department
of Maldonado).
4
Source: www.ute.com.uy
15
17. Sale and purchase of agricultural use
Number of operations, area sold and value by department – January 1st to June 30th, 2009
Number of Total area sold Average area sold Total value Average value
operations (ha) (ha) (US$, thousands) (US$/ha)
Total 869 142,584 164 327,827 2,299
Artigas 29 9,962 344 11,008 1,105
Canelones 60 2,856 48 8,920 3,124
Cerro Largo 63 10,433 166 17,436 1,671
Colonia 85 5,361 63 16,707 3,116
Durazno 34 11,705 344 38,428 3,283
Flores 13 4,278 329 12,496 2,921
Florida 35 3,941 113 7,579 1,923
Lavalleja 63 5,642 90 12,443 2,206
Maldonado 82 3,613 44 10,685 2,957
Paysandú 31 23,982 774 50,757 2,116
Río Negro 24 10,496 437 35,760 3,407
Rivera 39 5,227 134 5,626 1,076
Rocha 64 4,333 68 11,051 2,551
Salto 43 7,629 177 11,007 1,443
San José 70 4,620 66 13,104 2,836
Soriano 36 8,321 231 28,729 3,453
Tacuarembó 68 16,805 247 30,337 1,805
Treinta y Tres 30 3,380 113 5,752 1,702
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION | November 2009
The locations with greater capacity for the installation of energy projects (short circuit
power) may be seen at:
5
http://www.ute.com.uy/servicios_cliente/grandes_clientes/Uruguay_Red_de_UTE_09-04.pdf
5
The password to access such map is “UTE”.
16
18. RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
10.4. U RU GU A Y IN A N U TS H E L L (2008) 6
Official name República Oriental del Uruguay
Location South America, bordering Argentina and Brazil
Capital Montevideo
2 2
176,215 km (68,037 mi ). 95% of the territory has soil suitable for
Surface area
agriculture and livestock activities.
Population 3.3 million
Population growth 0.3% (annual)
GDP per capita US$ 10,082
GDP per capita (PPP) US$ 13,295
Currency Uruguayan peso ($)
Literacy rate 98%
Life expectancy at birth 76 years
Form of government Democratic republic with presidential system
Political divisions 19 departments
Time zone GMT - 03:00
Official language Spanish
10.5. Major Economic Indicators 2004 -2008 4
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Annual GDP growth rate 5.0% 7.5% 4.6% 7.6% 8.9%
GDP (PPP), US$ millions 28,930 32,048 34,602 38,235 42,543
GDP, US$ millions (current) 13,740 17,478 20,001 24,432 32,262
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION | November 2009
Exports (US$ millions), goods and services 4,257 5,085 5,787 6,936 9,334
Imports (US$ millions), goods and services 3,778 4,693 5,877 6,770 10,083
Trade Surplus / Deficit (US$ millions) 478 393 (90) 166 (749)
Trade Surplus / Deficit (% of GDP) 3.5% 2.3% (0.5)% 0.7% (2.3)%
Current Account Surplus / Deficit (US$ millions) 3 42 (392) (212) (1.225)
Current Account Surplus / Deficit (% of GDP) 0.0% 0.2% (2.0)% (0.9)% (3.8)%
Overall fiscal balance (% of GDP) (1.8)% (0.4)% (0.5)% 0.0% (1.4)%
Gross capital formation (% of GDP at current prices) 17.5% 17.7% 20.3% 21.0% 23.0%
Gross national savings (% of GDP) 16.7% 17.6% 16.9% 19.0% 17.9%
Foreign direct investment (US$ millions) 332 847 1.493 1.329 2.205
Foreign direct investment (% of GDP) 2.4% 4.8% 7.5% 5.4% 6.8%
Exchange rate Peso / US$ 28.7 24.5 24.1 23.5 20.9
Reserve assets (US$ millions) 2,512 3,071 3,097 4,121 6,360
Unemployment rate (% of EAP) 13.1% 12.2% 11.4% 9.1% 7.6%
Annual inflation rate 7.6% 4.9% 6.4% 8.5% 9.2%
Net Foreign Debt (US$ millions) 8,624 7,531 6,959 6,448 4,537
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GDP data was taken from the IMF; data on foreign trade, FDI, exchange rate, international reserves and
foreign debt was provided by the Central Bank of Uruguay (BCU); population growth, literacy, unemployment
and inflation data comes from the National Statistics Institute (INE).
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19. I NVESTOR S ERVICES
About Us
Uruguay XXI is the country’s investment and export promotion agency. Among other functions,
Uruguay XXI provides no-cost support to foreign investors, both those who are evaluating where to
make investments as well as those currently operating in Uruguay.
Our Investor Services
Uruguay XXI is the first point of contact for foreign investors. Services we provide include:
Promotion. We promote investment opportunities at strategic events, business missions and
round tables.
Facilitation of foreign investor visits, including organization of meetings with public
authorities, suppliers, potential partners and business chambers.
Contact with key players. We provide contacts with government agencies, industry players,
financial institutions, R&D centers and potential partners, among others.
Macroeconomic and industry information. Uruguay XXI regularly prepares reports on
Uruguay and on various sectors of the economy.
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION | November 2009
Tailored information. We prepare customized information to answer specific questions, such
as macroeconomic data, labor market information, tax and legal aspects, incentive programs
for investments, location and costs.
Publication of investment opportunities. On our website, we periodically publish information
on investment projects by public entities and private companies.
www.uruguayxxi.gub.uy
inversiones@uruguayxxi.gub.uy
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