This study analyzes the environmental effects of the use of electric conductors of larger sizes in offices and industrial applications, based on the design choices presented in the report "Modified Cable Sizing Strategies" by Egemin Automation.
Overall, the economic cable sizing pays off from an environmental perspective. For a number of impact categories (acidification, eutrophication, global warming, summer smog / ozone creation) the increased production impact is mitigated in about 1 year thanks to the savings produced during the use-phase.
Finally, to be noted that toxicity indicators have been excluded from analysis. These indicators are in a nascent stage of development and yield contested results which are actively being debated in European forums. It is generally recommended to avoid the use of toxicity indicators for environmental decision-making without an in-depth discussion on inventory analysis and applied method approval.
The scope for energy savings from energy managementLeonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* Only 1.5% of medium to large companies in Europe have adopted EN ISO 50001
* EU's industrial and service sectors could save 26% of their combined energy consumption by 2035 from greater adoption of energy management
* Policy and programmatic action can help to realise a large part of this savings potential and build principally on strengthening the Energy Efficiency Directive and its implementation at the Member State level.
Application Note - Wireless Energy TransmissionLeonardo ENERGY
Electric current is used for two very different purposes: the transmission of energy and the transmission of information. Although the methods and equipment used differ significantly, the same underlying properties of electric current are utilised.
Information can be transmitted using voltages and currents via an electric conductor or ‘wirelessly’ via electromagnetic fields. In certain circumstances, purely magnetic fields will also do the job. The induction loops used to detect vehicles and to control traffic lights and car park barriers are a case in point – though anyone riding an aluminium bike obviously has to wait a long time for the signal to turn green – or gets fed up waiting and jumps the light. There is also the possibility of transmitting information down an optical cable using light rather than electrical signals. However, transmitting energy always requires a connection made from an electrically conducting material.
Always? Or is it actually possible to do without the electrical connection? Well, that very much depends on how much copper wire one wants to use to establish the ‘wireless connection’, because ‘wireless’ energy transmission deserves the epithet ‘wireless’ about as much as a compact fluorescent lamp deserves to be called ‘compact’.
In the past 120 years, electricity has become the overarching energy source in our everyday life. Its applications have improved our comfort and safety, multiplying the means of entertaining and communicating.
However, domestic electricity can be dangerous. Specifically, the safety of older electrical installations is a concern in the countries of the European Union, given the low renovation rate of dwellings and their electrical installations. At the same time, the uses of domestic electricity continues to diversify and develop, progressively posing increasingly important challenges in terms of quality and safety of electrical energy used in households.
The safety deficiencies of obsolete electrical installations generally result from the aging of their components, the lack of maintenance and inappropriate usage. The dangers they represent are also clearly identified. The risks of electrification and electrocution are well known, but fires of electrical origin and their consequences are the most worrying.
Since 1936, the Copper Network publishes 'Copper in Busbars'. The newest edition is currently available in 6 chapters and one annex:
1. Introduction
2. Current Carrying Capacity
3. Life Cycle Costing
4. Short-Circuit Effects
5. Profiles
6. Jointing
Annex on coating
Building Automation: the Scope for Energy and CO2 Savings in the EULeonardo ENERGY
Proven building automation technologies (BAT) and building energy management systems (BEMS) have a crucial role to play in reducing the energy consumption and CO2 emissions in residential housing and service sector buildings. This study assesses the saving potentials of increased adoption and installation of these technologies in both the service and the residential European building stock. The potential is vast.
Compared to a reference scenario which assumes a continuation of current trends in the adoption and installation of BAT and BEMS/HEMS, the optimal scenario estimates the savings to reach 22% of all building energy consumption by 2028 and maintain that level thereafter. In a more realistic scenario, this potential ramps up progressively over the scenario period to reach 13% of reference case energy consumption by 2035. The study estimates annual peak savings for service buildings of between 40.3 and 49.7 Mtoe, which is 16.5 to 20.3% of the total EU service sector building energy consumption. For residential buildings, annual energy savings peak at 49.0 to 98.1 Mtoe, or 11.3 to 23.4% of the European residential building energy consumption.
Over the scenario period some €136 billion of extra investments in building automated technology and related services are needed to deliver these savings at an average of €6.2 billion per year. Large as these incremental investments are they are nine times less than the value of the resulting savings in energy bills which total €1,187 billion over the period at an average of €53.9 billion per year.
Integrated Home Systems - Chapter 3 - The System FileLeonardo ENERGY
A modern electrical installation, equipped with an integrated home system, must be transparent and user friendly for the end user. He/she does not need to know how and through what cables the system data communications are done. What is important for him/her is the function allocated to the pushbuttons and other components. He/she needs to know what happens when a certain pushbutton is pressed. Perhaps just one light goes on or off. However, with another pushbutton a number of lights may come on in a dimmed state, the roll-down shutters may be lowered, and the temperature can be set to comfort mode. In any case, the function of each pushbutton, motion detector, card reader, etc, must be clear right from the start.
Behind-the-meter energy storage systems for renewables integrationBruno De Wachter
This paper explores renewables-linked behind-the-meter energy storage systems. It explores applications which can be performed with such systems, including the business model behind such applications and the duty cycle requirements of such applications. It also explores siting and technology choices, including battery types, inverter classifications and other purchasing and installation considerations.
Developing preventive maintenance plans with RCMBruno De Wachter
Preventive maintenance has a great impact on performance, risk, costs and energy consumption of assets. It should be customised for each asset, because every asset works under different circumstances and has another criticality. One of the major shifts in point of view in preventive maintenance within these last few decades is that it should be aimed at fulfilling the organisational strategy.
Maintenance involves all the activities needed to keep an asset functioning according to the demands of the organisation. It includes not only overhauls or exchange of parts, but also calibration, inspection, cleaning, lubrication, functional tests and more. Simply replacing or restoring components after fixed intervals is called predetermined maintenance. This is often not an effective strategy, because only a minor part of all failure modes are time related. Most failure modes do not have a rising probability with rising component age. In these cases condition monitoring or function test may provide a good solution.
RCM is a good and generally accepted methodology to select preventive maintenance tasks. Because it is too time consuming to conduct it for every asset in an organisation, faster methods have been developed, such as Industrial RCM, which uses templates with failure modes and preventive maintenance actions for standard components.
This Application Note describes how to select the right mix of preventive maintenance tasks for an asset system, using RCM, Industrial RCM and Preventive Maintenance Set Up (PM Set Up).
The scope for energy savings from energy managementLeonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* Only 1.5% of medium to large companies in Europe have adopted EN ISO 50001
* EU's industrial and service sectors could save 26% of their combined energy consumption by 2035 from greater adoption of energy management
* Policy and programmatic action can help to realise a large part of this savings potential and build principally on strengthening the Energy Efficiency Directive and its implementation at the Member State level.
Application Note - Wireless Energy TransmissionLeonardo ENERGY
Electric current is used for two very different purposes: the transmission of energy and the transmission of information. Although the methods and equipment used differ significantly, the same underlying properties of electric current are utilised.
Information can be transmitted using voltages and currents via an electric conductor or ‘wirelessly’ via electromagnetic fields. In certain circumstances, purely magnetic fields will also do the job. The induction loops used to detect vehicles and to control traffic lights and car park barriers are a case in point – though anyone riding an aluminium bike obviously has to wait a long time for the signal to turn green – or gets fed up waiting and jumps the light. There is also the possibility of transmitting information down an optical cable using light rather than electrical signals. However, transmitting energy always requires a connection made from an electrically conducting material.
Always? Or is it actually possible to do without the electrical connection? Well, that very much depends on how much copper wire one wants to use to establish the ‘wireless connection’, because ‘wireless’ energy transmission deserves the epithet ‘wireless’ about as much as a compact fluorescent lamp deserves to be called ‘compact’.
In the past 120 years, electricity has become the overarching energy source in our everyday life. Its applications have improved our comfort and safety, multiplying the means of entertaining and communicating.
However, domestic electricity can be dangerous. Specifically, the safety of older electrical installations is a concern in the countries of the European Union, given the low renovation rate of dwellings and their electrical installations. At the same time, the uses of domestic electricity continues to diversify and develop, progressively posing increasingly important challenges in terms of quality and safety of electrical energy used in households.
The safety deficiencies of obsolete electrical installations generally result from the aging of their components, the lack of maintenance and inappropriate usage. The dangers they represent are also clearly identified. The risks of electrification and electrocution are well known, but fires of electrical origin and their consequences are the most worrying.
Since 1936, the Copper Network publishes 'Copper in Busbars'. The newest edition is currently available in 6 chapters and one annex:
1. Introduction
2. Current Carrying Capacity
3. Life Cycle Costing
4. Short-Circuit Effects
5. Profiles
6. Jointing
Annex on coating
Building Automation: the Scope for Energy and CO2 Savings in the EULeonardo ENERGY
Proven building automation technologies (BAT) and building energy management systems (BEMS) have a crucial role to play in reducing the energy consumption and CO2 emissions in residential housing and service sector buildings. This study assesses the saving potentials of increased adoption and installation of these technologies in both the service and the residential European building stock. The potential is vast.
Compared to a reference scenario which assumes a continuation of current trends in the adoption and installation of BAT and BEMS/HEMS, the optimal scenario estimates the savings to reach 22% of all building energy consumption by 2028 and maintain that level thereafter. In a more realistic scenario, this potential ramps up progressively over the scenario period to reach 13% of reference case energy consumption by 2035. The study estimates annual peak savings for service buildings of between 40.3 and 49.7 Mtoe, which is 16.5 to 20.3% of the total EU service sector building energy consumption. For residential buildings, annual energy savings peak at 49.0 to 98.1 Mtoe, or 11.3 to 23.4% of the European residential building energy consumption.
Over the scenario period some €136 billion of extra investments in building automated technology and related services are needed to deliver these savings at an average of €6.2 billion per year. Large as these incremental investments are they are nine times less than the value of the resulting savings in energy bills which total €1,187 billion over the period at an average of €53.9 billion per year.
Integrated Home Systems - Chapter 3 - The System FileLeonardo ENERGY
A modern electrical installation, equipped with an integrated home system, must be transparent and user friendly for the end user. He/she does not need to know how and through what cables the system data communications are done. What is important for him/her is the function allocated to the pushbuttons and other components. He/she needs to know what happens when a certain pushbutton is pressed. Perhaps just one light goes on or off. However, with another pushbutton a number of lights may come on in a dimmed state, the roll-down shutters may be lowered, and the temperature can be set to comfort mode. In any case, the function of each pushbutton, motion detector, card reader, etc, must be clear right from the start.
Behind-the-meter energy storage systems for renewables integrationBruno De Wachter
This paper explores renewables-linked behind-the-meter energy storage systems. It explores applications which can be performed with such systems, including the business model behind such applications and the duty cycle requirements of such applications. It also explores siting and technology choices, including battery types, inverter classifications and other purchasing and installation considerations.
Developing preventive maintenance plans with RCMBruno De Wachter
Preventive maintenance has a great impact on performance, risk, costs and energy consumption of assets. It should be customised for each asset, because every asset works under different circumstances and has another criticality. One of the major shifts in point of view in preventive maintenance within these last few decades is that it should be aimed at fulfilling the organisational strategy.
Maintenance involves all the activities needed to keep an asset functioning according to the demands of the organisation. It includes not only overhauls or exchange of parts, but also calibration, inspection, cleaning, lubrication, functional tests and more. Simply replacing or restoring components after fixed intervals is called predetermined maintenance. This is often not an effective strategy, because only a minor part of all failure modes are time related. Most failure modes do not have a rising probability with rising component age. In these cases condition monitoring or function test may provide a good solution.
RCM is a good and generally accepted methodology to select preventive maintenance tasks. Because it is too time consuming to conduct it for every asset in an organisation, faster methods have been developed, such as Industrial RCM, which uses templates with failure modes and preventive maintenance actions for standard components.
This Application Note describes how to select the right mix of preventive maintenance tasks for an asset system, using RCM, Industrial RCM and Preventive Maintenance Set Up (PM Set Up).
This Study is part of the Grid Parity Monitor Series, which currently includes more than 11 publications, and is the first one to be exclusively focused on the wind market. This report analyzes wind energy competitiveness in wholesale energy markets and provides an outline of the electricity regulation in different countries: Brazil, France, Germany, India, Mexico, Spain, and the US (Texas).
Electrical storage systems: efficiency and lifetimeBruno De Wachter
This application note discusses the technical aspects of battery energy storage system design and operation and their influence upon system efficiency and lifetime. The various roles of electrical energy storage systems are discussed first in order to gain appreciation of the way these systems are used. This is followed by a discussion of the most common battery technologies and their aging mechanisms. Factors which affect the efficiency and lifetime of power electronics are also discussed, since power converter(s) and associated switchgear are essential elements and determine in part the performance of energy storage systems.
A common factor which affects both the lifetime of batteries and (power) electronics is heat: the higher the temperature, the faster a component ages. Energy losses result mostly in heat production. Striving for high energy efficiency in both the battery and power electronics thus gives a double payoff: in addition to the energy savings, the lowered heat production results in lowered cooling requirements and longer life of components due to a lower operating temperature.
Energy Efficiency in Low Voltage Building WireLeonardo ENERGY
Standards, electrical codes and other instructions often read like the prime selection and design criteria, but in fact provide nothing more than a minimum value for a generally acceptable level of safety and reliability. The cable does not need to become as hot as the standard tolerates. If the maximum permissible operating temperature is actually reached, the cable is already way beyond its energetic and economic optimum. Choosing a larger cable cross section than what the standard prescribes saves energy and money and provides genuine safety. This will be explained in detail below. Two approaches will be developed, first a basic one making a fairly simple assumption, and then an upgrade of the former, trying to incorporate existing standardized load profiles to arrive at a more accurate result. The outcome of this sophisticated process will be a simple rule of thumb for a few specific cases and a “cookbook recipe” detailing how to arrive at such a result under different conditions. This is completed with a list of basic rules. The ultimate goal is a minimum life cycle cost, which will also lead to safety and reliability levels that are higher than the minimum requirements.
Small and medium scale cogeneration systems (CHP)Leonardo ENERGY
Cogeneration offers a set of benefits. It is primarily an energy efficient technology delivering energy close-to-site, with minimal transport losses and therefore significant cost savings. It also offers fuel flexibility and may lead to limiting polluting emissions through improved efficiency.
CHP units have a wide application range. They can be used in the industry, in waste-water treatment plants through anaerobic digestion, for district heating and cooling, and in entire buildings or single dwellings through micro-CHP. The heat produced by commercial-scale CHP units is usually recovered via heat exchangers and can be used for space and water heating in many different applications. Thermal storage may improve the ability to match heat peak demand. Cogeneration may also include cooling processes and even so-called ‘Tri-generation’ providing electricity, heating and cooling using one single process.
The assessment of CHP unit projects involves both technical and economic aspects. The former includes a feasibility study, which mainly consists in assessing the site’s heating and electricity consumption profiles. This will determine the type of CHP unit to be installed (and back-up heating system if expedient). The next steps involve the connection of the CHP unit to the gas network (or other fuel supply) and to the electric grid, as well as the power purchase agreement through which the plant owner can sell its electricity back to the grid when required.
Then comes the economic aspect, which is the second stage of this assessment. It consists in evaluating the cost of the overall project on one side, and its financial benefits on the other side.The ability of the CHP unit to match the site’s consumption profile may have an important impact on the project’s economics. The electricity consumed from a CHP unit can be compared directly with retail prices, whereas electricity sent back to the grid is only sold at wholesale price, representing about one third of the retail price.
This application note is intended to be a source of guidance and to help reduce confusion pertaining to the design, configuration, selection, sizing, and installation of Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) systems. This document is a useful information source for electrical consultants, electrical engineers, facility managers, and design and build contractors.
In the recent past, many design engineers have tried to create the perfect UPS solution for supporting critical loads. However, these designs have generally overlooked coverage for changing load profiles (e.g. leading power factor), sleep mode, and advanced scalability solutions. Such solutions and/or options can assist in gaining higher system efficiency, without exposing the critical load to disruptions from the utility.
This paper presents information related to various generic types of current UPS units, complete with their merits and demerits. It covers different topologies and various system solutions for clients. Auxiliary items, such as the battery bank, diesel generator set, and switchgear are included in the document since they also form an integral part of a UPS system.
To aid in the reduction of the carbon footprint, the paper has indicated achievable operational efficiency figures for different solutions.
A typical generic UPS Specification has been included as an Appendix to this paper to support electrical engineering professionals.
The goal of energy management is similar to the Trias Energetica concept and aims to reduce energy waste, increase energy-efficiency of remaining energy consumers and increase the share of renewable energy. These days companies are confronted with ever more reasons to implement energy management: from legislative issues and stakeholder pressure to corporate vision and global competition. Energy costs money and represents risk and therefore needs to be properly managed.
Probably the biggest problem regarding energy consumption and its related costs is the so-called invisible nature of energy. Since electricity and gas always seem to be available yet usually not physically visible, people tend not to think about it and take energy for granted. This in turn explains the common lack of even a basic insight into the various streams of energy and their related costs. Logically, a lack of insight also leads to a lack of priority and/or commitment and to a lack of resources dedicated to addressing the issue. Nevertheless, more and more companies (especially multinationals in energy-intensive industries) have taken to implementing the international ISO50001 standard for energy management. In a similar manner to other quality system standards, this standard is aimed at structurally embedding energy management within the entire organization.
While a certified energy management system certainly has value, it may be overkill for many organizations. A simplified and pragmatic approach may even lead to quicker results and higher levels of enthusiasm among the staff. Management commitment however is a must, since resources will be needed to gain insight into the energy streams and to implement optimization projects. Understanding where, when, how much, why and at what cost energy is being consumed will require many people in various departments and functions to work together.
Application Note – UPS Power System Design ParametersLeonardo ENERGY
This application note is intended to be a source of guidance and to help reduce confusion pertaining to the design, configuration, selection, sizing, and installation of Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) systems. This document is a useful information source for electrical consultants, electrical engineers, facility managers, and design and build contractors.
In the recent past, many design engineers have tried to create the perfect UPS solution for supporting critical loads. However, these designs have generally overlooked coverage for changing load profiles (e.g. leading power factor), sleep mode, and advanced scalability solutions. Such solutions and/or options can assist in gaining higher system efficiency, without exposing the critical load to disruptions from the utility.
This paper presents information related to various generic types of current UPS units, complete with their merits and demerits. It covers different topologies and various system solutions for clients. Auxiliary items, such as the battery bank, diesel generator set, and switchgear are included in the document since they also form an integral part of a UPS system.
To aid in the reduction of the carbon footprint, the paper has indicated achievable operational efficiency figures for different solutions.
A typical generic UPS Specification has been included as an Appendix to this paper to support electrical engineering professionals.
Les ministres français et allemand de l'Economie, Bruno Le Maire et Peter Altmaier, ont présenté jeudi un document de 40 pages sur le futur cloud européen.
Energy efficiency self-assessment in buildingsLeonardo ENERGY
Energy efficiency has been a key topic for many years, yet there remain opportunities to reduce energy consumption in existing buildings. These make up a significant proportion of Europe’s building stock so reducing the energy they consume will make useful progress towards carbon reduction targets.
However, for most organizations the real driver for reducing energy consumption rests firmly in the accountant’s office. With energy prices rising all the time, reducing the energy used in a building can give significant financial benefits.
Many issues relating to energy efficiency can be identified by someone with relatively limited technical knowledge. Things like non-optimized control of lighting or heating can be easily seen by examining the system in the correct way.
A systematic approach to analyzing the data already held, gathering data needed, and looking at options for the future, should yield worthwhile benefits.
Energy efficiency self assessment in industryLeonardo ENERGY
Industrial companies seeking ways to reduce energy consumption often call upon external advisors to assess the energy efficiency of a plant. While this is generally a good idea, it is unwise to leave this task entirely up to the external advisor. Identification of promising opportunities for saving energy requires thorough insight into the plant’s processes and a profound knowledge of the process design. Plant engineers and operators generally have a much greater insight into their plant than external advisors. It is therefore a good idea to begin the process with an energy efficiency self-assessment, either as a prelude or as a complement to an external assessment.
Where should a self-assessment begin? This paper presents a step-by-step approach for conducting an energy-efficiency self-assessment, from the definition of the scope to the implementation of the action plan. Energy-related data must be collected and analysed, energy conservation measures identified, and associated benefits and costs estimated. Along the way, we discuss a number of real-life cases from various industrial sectors, showing examples of both easily applied measures and capital-intensive solutions.
The purpose of this application note is to define a generic methodology based on practical experience and existing standards to make robust, ex-ante assessments of energy conservation measures (ECM) in buildings. The focus is on the potential energy and cost savings of medium-sized ECMs with a typical incremental investment cost of between €100k and €1 million. Most of the specified methodologies can also be applied to ECMs in other fields, such as at industrial sites. The ex-ante assessment of energy and cost savings is an essential part of the final decision-making process of an ECM investment.
The decision process for potential investment in ECMs should always start with the definition of goals (KPIs). Based on this fundamental first step, potential ECMs or ECM packages can be developed. This application note assumes that these initial steps have already been taken and focuses on evaluating ECMs already specified.
Evaluating Environmental Performance in Low-Carbon Energy SystemsLeonardo ENERGY
Developing economic well-being and preserving a healthy environment are not opposing forces: maximising the efficiency of a product over its life cycle will minimise its total financial cost as well as the total environmental impact over its life cycle.
The case studies below were developed to substantiate this Life-Cycle-Thinking by delivering high-level messages supporting decision making on sustainable energy systems.
Developed by PE International using the GaBi Software embedded into the Ecodesign Toolbox 3, the case studies provide results for several realistic situations (future and present) applying different scenarios and boundary conditions for energy systems.
The aim is to clarify that system boundaries have a significant impact on framing a problem, so that different boundaries lead to different solutions, even with the same set of circumstances.
You can access the full study through the document attached. It consists of the following 7 case studies:
1) Environmental impact of the electricity mix
2) Low-Energy House heating system
3) Low Energy House vs Passive House
4) Primary Energy vs Global Warming
5) Investing 1 million Euros into higher efficiency motors or wind turbines
6) Building new houses (1 million Euros financing different energy efficiency levels)
7) Renovating standard houses (1 million Euros financing different energy efficiency levels)
This Study is part of the Grid Parity Monitor Series, which currently includes more than 11 publications, and is the first one to be exclusively focused on the wind market. This report analyzes wind energy competitiveness in wholesale energy markets and provides an outline of the electricity regulation in different countries: Brazil, France, Germany, India, Mexico, Spain, and the US (Texas).
Electrical storage systems: efficiency and lifetimeBruno De Wachter
This application note discusses the technical aspects of battery energy storage system design and operation and their influence upon system efficiency and lifetime. The various roles of electrical energy storage systems are discussed first in order to gain appreciation of the way these systems are used. This is followed by a discussion of the most common battery technologies and their aging mechanisms. Factors which affect the efficiency and lifetime of power electronics are also discussed, since power converter(s) and associated switchgear are essential elements and determine in part the performance of energy storage systems.
A common factor which affects both the lifetime of batteries and (power) electronics is heat: the higher the temperature, the faster a component ages. Energy losses result mostly in heat production. Striving for high energy efficiency in both the battery and power electronics thus gives a double payoff: in addition to the energy savings, the lowered heat production results in lowered cooling requirements and longer life of components due to a lower operating temperature.
Energy Efficiency in Low Voltage Building WireLeonardo ENERGY
Standards, electrical codes and other instructions often read like the prime selection and design criteria, but in fact provide nothing more than a minimum value for a generally acceptable level of safety and reliability. The cable does not need to become as hot as the standard tolerates. If the maximum permissible operating temperature is actually reached, the cable is already way beyond its energetic and economic optimum. Choosing a larger cable cross section than what the standard prescribes saves energy and money and provides genuine safety. This will be explained in detail below. Two approaches will be developed, first a basic one making a fairly simple assumption, and then an upgrade of the former, trying to incorporate existing standardized load profiles to arrive at a more accurate result. The outcome of this sophisticated process will be a simple rule of thumb for a few specific cases and a “cookbook recipe” detailing how to arrive at such a result under different conditions. This is completed with a list of basic rules. The ultimate goal is a minimum life cycle cost, which will also lead to safety and reliability levels that are higher than the minimum requirements.
Small and medium scale cogeneration systems (CHP)Leonardo ENERGY
Cogeneration offers a set of benefits. It is primarily an energy efficient technology delivering energy close-to-site, with minimal transport losses and therefore significant cost savings. It also offers fuel flexibility and may lead to limiting polluting emissions through improved efficiency.
CHP units have a wide application range. They can be used in the industry, in waste-water treatment plants through anaerobic digestion, for district heating and cooling, and in entire buildings or single dwellings through micro-CHP. The heat produced by commercial-scale CHP units is usually recovered via heat exchangers and can be used for space and water heating in many different applications. Thermal storage may improve the ability to match heat peak demand. Cogeneration may also include cooling processes and even so-called ‘Tri-generation’ providing electricity, heating and cooling using one single process.
The assessment of CHP unit projects involves both technical and economic aspects. The former includes a feasibility study, which mainly consists in assessing the site’s heating and electricity consumption profiles. This will determine the type of CHP unit to be installed (and back-up heating system if expedient). The next steps involve the connection of the CHP unit to the gas network (or other fuel supply) and to the electric grid, as well as the power purchase agreement through which the plant owner can sell its electricity back to the grid when required.
Then comes the economic aspect, which is the second stage of this assessment. It consists in evaluating the cost of the overall project on one side, and its financial benefits on the other side.The ability of the CHP unit to match the site’s consumption profile may have an important impact on the project’s economics. The electricity consumed from a CHP unit can be compared directly with retail prices, whereas electricity sent back to the grid is only sold at wholesale price, representing about one third of the retail price.
This application note is intended to be a source of guidance and to help reduce confusion pertaining to the design, configuration, selection, sizing, and installation of Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) systems. This document is a useful information source for electrical consultants, electrical engineers, facility managers, and design and build contractors.
In the recent past, many design engineers have tried to create the perfect UPS solution for supporting critical loads. However, these designs have generally overlooked coverage for changing load profiles (e.g. leading power factor), sleep mode, and advanced scalability solutions. Such solutions and/or options can assist in gaining higher system efficiency, without exposing the critical load to disruptions from the utility.
This paper presents information related to various generic types of current UPS units, complete with their merits and demerits. It covers different topologies and various system solutions for clients. Auxiliary items, such as the battery bank, diesel generator set, and switchgear are included in the document since they also form an integral part of a UPS system.
To aid in the reduction of the carbon footprint, the paper has indicated achievable operational efficiency figures for different solutions.
A typical generic UPS Specification has been included as an Appendix to this paper to support electrical engineering professionals.
The goal of energy management is similar to the Trias Energetica concept and aims to reduce energy waste, increase energy-efficiency of remaining energy consumers and increase the share of renewable energy. These days companies are confronted with ever more reasons to implement energy management: from legislative issues and stakeholder pressure to corporate vision and global competition. Energy costs money and represents risk and therefore needs to be properly managed.
Probably the biggest problem regarding energy consumption and its related costs is the so-called invisible nature of energy. Since electricity and gas always seem to be available yet usually not physically visible, people tend not to think about it and take energy for granted. This in turn explains the common lack of even a basic insight into the various streams of energy and their related costs. Logically, a lack of insight also leads to a lack of priority and/or commitment and to a lack of resources dedicated to addressing the issue. Nevertheless, more and more companies (especially multinationals in energy-intensive industries) have taken to implementing the international ISO50001 standard for energy management. In a similar manner to other quality system standards, this standard is aimed at structurally embedding energy management within the entire organization.
While a certified energy management system certainly has value, it may be overkill for many organizations. A simplified and pragmatic approach may even lead to quicker results and higher levels of enthusiasm among the staff. Management commitment however is a must, since resources will be needed to gain insight into the energy streams and to implement optimization projects. Understanding where, when, how much, why and at what cost energy is being consumed will require many people in various departments and functions to work together.
Application Note – UPS Power System Design ParametersLeonardo ENERGY
This application note is intended to be a source of guidance and to help reduce confusion pertaining to the design, configuration, selection, sizing, and installation of Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) systems. This document is a useful information source for electrical consultants, electrical engineers, facility managers, and design and build contractors.
In the recent past, many design engineers have tried to create the perfect UPS solution for supporting critical loads. However, these designs have generally overlooked coverage for changing load profiles (e.g. leading power factor), sleep mode, and advanced scalability solutions. Such solutions and/or options can assist in gaining higher system efficiency, without exposing the critical load to disruptions from the utility.
This paper presents information related to various generic types of current UPS units, complete with their merits and demerits. It covers different topologies and various system solutions for clients. Auxiliary items, such as the battery bank, diesel generator set, and switchgear are included in the document since they also form an integral part of a UPS system.
To aid in the reduction of the carbon footprint, the paper has indicated achievable operational efficiency figures for different solutions.
A typical generic UPS Specification has been included as an Appendix to this paper to support electrical engineering professionals.
Les ministres français et allemand de l'Economie, Bruno Le Maire et Peter Altmaier, ont présenté jeudi un document de 40 pages sur le futur cloud européen.
Energy efficiency self-assessment in buildingsLeonardo ENERGY
Energy efficiency has been a key topic for many years, yet there remain opportunities to reduce energy consumption in existing buildings. These make up a significant proportion of Europe’s building stock so reducing the energy they consume will make useful progress towards carbon reduction targets.
However, for most organizations the real driver for reducing energy consumption rests firmly in the accountant’s office. With energy prices rising all the time, reducing the energy used in a building can give significant financial benefits.
Many issues relating to energy efficiency can be identified by someone with relatively limited technical knowledge. Things like non-optimized control of lighting or heating can be easily seen by examining the system in the correct way.
A systematic approach to analyzing the data already held, gathering data needed, and looking at options for the future, should yield worthwhile benefits.
Energy efficiency self assessment in industryLeonardo ENERGY
Industrial companies seeking ways to reduce energy consumption often call upon external advisors to assess the energy efficiency of a plant. While this is generally a good idea, it is unwise to leave this task entirely up to the external advisor. Identification of promising opportunities for saving energy requires thorough insight into the plant’s processes and a profound knowledge of the process design. Plant engineers and operators generally have a much greater insight into their plant than external advisors. It is therefore a good idea to begin the process with an energy efficiency self-assessment, either as a prelude or as a complement to an external assessment.
Where should a self-assessment begin? This paper presents a step-by-step approach for conducting an energy-efficiency self-assessment, from the definition of the scope to the implementation of the action plan. Energy-related data must be collected and analysed, energy conservation measures identified, and associated benefits and costs estimated. Along the way, we discuss a number of real-life cases from various industrial sectors, showing examples of both easily applied measures and capital-intensive solutions.
The purpose of this application note is to define a generic methodology based on practical experience and existing standards to make robust, ex-ante assessments of energy conservation measures (ECM) in buildings. The focus is on the potential energy and cost savings of medium-sized ECMs with a typical incremental investment cost of between €100k and €1 million. Most of the specified methodologies can also be applied to ECMs in other fields, such as at industrial sites. The ex-ante assessment of energy and cost savings is an essential part of the final decision-making process of an ECM investment.
The decision process for potential investment in ECMs should always start with the definition of goals (KPIs). Based on this fundamental first step, potential ECMs or ECM packages can be developed. This application note assumes that these initial steps have already been taken and focuses on evaluating ECMs already specified.
Evaluating Environmental Performance in Low-Carbon Energy SystemsLeonardo ENERGY
Developing economic well-being and preserving a healthy environment are not opposing forces: maximising the efficiency of a product over its life cycle will minimise its total financial cost as well as the total environmental impact over its life cycle.
The case studies below were developed to substantiate this Life-Cycle-Thinking by delivering high-level messages supporting decision making on sustainable energy systems.
Developed by PE International using the GaBi Software embedded into the Ecodesign Toolbox 3, the case studies provide results for several realistic situations (future and present) applying different scenarios and boundary conditions for energy systems.
The aim is to clarify that system boundaries have a significant impact on framing a problem, so that different boundaries lead to different solutions, even with the same set of circumstances.
You can access the full study through the document attached. It consists of the following 7 case studies:
1) Environmental impact of the electricity mix
2) Low-Energy House heating system
3) Low Energy House vs Passive House
4) Primary Energy vs Global Warming
5) Investing 1 million Euros into higher efficiency motors or wind turbines
6) Building new houses (1 million Euros financing different energy efficiency levels)
7) Renovating standard houses (1 million Euros financing different energy efficiency levels)
FICCI strongly believes that the creation of a strong and secure supply chain in India for the solar sector will enable creation of jobs, reduce foreign exchange outflow and lead to increase in investments and sustainable growth of the sector in the long run. There is a strong need to incentivize investments in creating the domestic supply chain with help from both domestic and global players, and to facilitate collaborative arrangements towards enhancing research and development efforts. There is also a strong case for international companies with extensive technology and experience globally to participate in building a strong supply chain in India and be part of India's solar growth story.
This Report on Securing the Solar Supply Chain highlights demand opportunities and key issues for the solar manufacturing supply chain and provides policy recommendations to enable creation of a strong supply chain for solar energy in India.
Final DG SANCO study on various methods of stunning for poultryHarm Kiezebrink
DG SANCO study on the various methods of stunning poultry
The purpose of the study(published December 2012) was to investigate the scale of the use of multiple-bird water bath stunners, the possible alternatives and their respective socio-economic and environmental impacts. Additionally, the study had to examine if phasing out the use of water bath stunning as recommended by EFSA is a feasible option and, if so, under which terms.
It is estimated that there are around 5,300 commercial slaughterhouses in the EU, the majority of which are found in France. Where available, data on slaughterhouse capacity suggest significant differences between Member States in terms of individual capacity. This is reflected by the concentration of slaughterhouse sectors within Member States with a highly concentrated sector in some Member States such as Germany, the Netherlands and Italy and a less concentrated sector in other Member States such as Spain, Poland and Hungary. EU slaughterhouses slaughtered around 5.81 billion broiler chickens and had an estimated economic output between €30.6 to €32.5 billion in 2011.
It was estimated that some 16,000 staff handle live birds across the EU at present. Approximately half of these work in Member States where formal training is required by national law. Just under half work in Member States where there are no formal training requirements, though it is probable that on the job training is provided in some of these Member States.
The majority of poultry in the EU is stunned using multiple bird waterbaths. More precisely:
• 81% of broilers are stunned using waterbaths; 9% using CAS
• 83% of end of lay hens are stunned using waterbaths; 7% using CAS
• 61% of parent stock using waterbaths, and 37% using CAS
• 76% of turkeys are stunned using waterbaths, and 24% using CAS.
The most important driver behind the choice of stunning system is installation and running cost, which is cheapest for waterbath systems. Product quality and revenue is also important with certain stunning systems providing quality advantages for specific end markets which often result in higher revenue, for example for breast fillets resulting from CAS stunning.
A complete mandatory ban on waterbaths was considered difficult. There would be positive aspects of a ban; from a political perspective, it would bring the industry into line with the 2004 recommendation of EFSA, and in social terms there would be a positive impact on animal welfare.
However, there were considered to be significant potential negative impacts and problems. Mandatory phasing out would have strong economic impacts on operators, and these would be accentuated for smaller slaughterhouses due to the technological issue of the current lack of commercial alternatives to waterbath stunning systems.
The offshore wind industry has seen a dramatic increase in concern over the costs and practicalities of operations and maintenance (O&M). There are strategic and operational concerns in the market: Strategically, projects will find finance more accessible and affordable if they can demonstrate properly developed O&M policies and costings for their planned wind farms; operationally because people need to know what challenges they are likely to face throughout the wind farm lifetime.
However, while in broad terms the industry is aware of problems arising from unforeseen failures or costs, objective data related to costs and performance has been hard to obtain from multiple sites to provide reliable benchmarks for O&M performance and practices.
This international study brings together critical information and analysis in one clear and digestible report; providing much-needed information on O&M costs, practices, cost drivers and the future evolution of O&M. This provides concrete information for the first time to the whole offshore wind industry including policy setters, R&D organisations, investors and manufacturers as well as wind farm operators and developers.
Because of the confidential nature of the source data, some information is presented as averages, aggregates or in an anonymised fashion. However, this provides the only comprehensive and coherent opportunity to benchmark O&M activities, costs and performance against the rest of the industry.
IMP³rove – A European Project with Impact – 50 Success Stories on Innovation ...IMP³rove Academy
The IMP³rove project has delivered the results that were promised in 2005 when the contract was signed. “Innovation is an interminable process that has the power to develop the enterprise” — and innovation management is the engine that drives this process.
-Field Training Report.
-Department of Mechatronics Engineering.
-AL Kasih Food Production Company.
-CIP
The C.I.P. (Cleaning In Place) unit is a system of tanks, pipelines, and
valves that is managed by a particular program and automatically cleans
and sanitizes the entire facility, even those difficult-to disassemble devices.
-CIP Process.
-Sterilization.
-Filling machine
Similar to Environmental impact of economic cable sizing (20)
A new generation of instruments and tools to monitor buildings performanceLeonardo ENERGY
What is the added value of monitoring the flexibility, comfort, and well-being of a building? How can occupants be better informed about the performance of their building? And how to optimize a building's maintenance?
The slides were presented during a webinar and roundtable with a focus on a new generation of instruments and tools to monitor buildings' performance, and their link with the Smart Readiness Indicator (SRI) for buildings as introduced in the EU's Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD).
Link to the recordings: https://youtu.be/ZCFhmldvRA0
Addressing the Energy Efficiency First Principle in a National Energy and Cli...Leonardo ENERGY
When designing energy and climate policies, EU Member States have to apply the Energy Efficiency First Principle: priority should be given to measures reducing energy consumption before other decarbonization interventions are adopted. This webinar summarizes elements of the energy and climate policy of Cyprus illustrating how national authorities have addressed this principle so far, and outline challenges towards its much more rigorous implementation that is required in the coming years.
Auctions for energy efficiency and the experience of renewablesLeonardo ENERGY
Auctions are an emerging market-based policy instrument to promote energy efficiency that has started to gain traction in the EU and worldwide. This presentation provides an overview and comparison of several energy efficiency auctions and derives conclusions on the effects of design elements based on auction theory and on experiences of renewable energy auctions. We include examples from energy efficiency auctions in Brazil, Canada, Germany, Portugal, Switzerland, Taiwan, UK, and US.
A recording of this presentation can be viewed at:
https://youtu.be/aC0h4cXI9Ug
Energy efficiency first – retrofitting the building stock finalLeonardo ENERGY
Retrofitting the building stock is a challenging undertaking in many respects - including costs. Can it nevertheless qualify as a measure under the Energy Efficiency First principle? Which methods can be applied for the assessment and what are the results in terms of the cost-effectiveness of retrofitting the entire residential building stock? How do the results differ for minimization of energy use, CO2 emissions and costs? And which policy conclusions can be drawn?
This presentation was used during the 18th webinar in the Odyssee-Mure on Energy Efficiency Academy on February 3, 2022.
A link to the recording: https://youtu.be/4pw_9hpA_64
How auction design affects the financing of renewable energy projects Leonardo ENERGY
Recording available at https://youtu.be/lPT1o735kOk
Renewable energy auctions might affect the financing of renewable energy (RE) projects. This webinar presents the results of the AURES II project exploring this topic. It discusses how auction designs ranging from bid bonds to penalties and remuneration schemes impact financing and discusses creating a low-risk auction support framework.
This presentation discusses the contribution of Energy Efficiency Funds to the financing of energy efficiency in Europe. The analysis is based on the MURE database on energy efficiency policies. As an example, the German Energy Efficiency Fund is described in more detail.
This is the 17th webinar in the Odyssee-Mure on Energy Efficiency Academy.
Recordings are available on: https://youtu.be/KIewOQCgQWQ
(see updated version of this presentation:
https://www.slideshare.net/sustenergy/energy-efficiency-funds-in-europe-updated)
The Energy Efficiency First Principle is a key pillar of the European Green Deal. A prerequisite for its widespread application is to secure financing for energy efficiency investments.
This presentation discusses the contribution of Energy Efficiency Funds to the financing of energy efficiency in Europe. The analysis is based on the MURE database on energy efficiency policies. As an example, the German Energy Efficiency Fund is described in more detail.
This is the 17th webinar in the Odyssee-Mure on Energy Efficiency Academy.
Recordings are available on: https://youtu.be/KIewOQCgQWQ
Five actions fit for 55: streamlining energy savings calculationsLeonardo ENERGY
During the first year of the H2020 project streamSAVE, multiple activities were organized to support countries in developing savings estimations under Art.3 and Art.7 of the Energy Efficiency Directive (EED).
A fascinating output of the project so far is the “Guidance on Standardized saving methodologies (energy, CO2 and costs)” for a first round of five so-called Priority Actions. This Guidance will assist EU member states in more accurately calculating savings for a set of new energy efficiency actions.
This webinar presents this Guidance and other project findings to the broader community, including industry and markets.
AGENDA
14:00 Introduction to streamSAVE
(Nele Renders, Project Coordinator)
14:10 Views from the EU Commission and the link with Fit-for-55 (Anne-Katherina Weidenbach, DG ENER)
14:20 The streamSAVE guidance and its platform illustrated (Elisabeth Böck, AEA)
14:55 A view from industry: What is the added value of streamSAVE (standardized) methods in frame of the EED (Conor Molloy, AEMS ECOfleet)
14:55 Country experiences: the added value of standardized methods (Elena Allegrini, ENEA, Italy)
The recordings of the webinar can be found on https://youtu.be/eUht10cUK1o
This webinar analyses energy efficiency trends in the EU for the period 2014-2019 and the impact of COVID-19 in 2020 (based on estimates from Enerdata).
The speakers present the overall trend in total energy supply and in final energy consumption, as well as details by sector, alongside macro-economic data. They will explain the main drivers of the variation in energy consumption since 2014 and determine the impact of energy savings.
Speakers:
Laura Sudries, Senior Energy Efficiency Analyst, Enerdata
Bruno Lapillonne, Scientific Director, Enerdata
The recordings of the presentation (webinar) can be viewed at:
https://youtu.be/8RuK5MroTxk
Energy and mobility poverty: Will the Social Climate Fund be enough to delive...Leonardo ENERGY
Prior to the current soaring energy prices across Europe, the European Commission proposed, as part of the FitFor55 climate and energy package, the EU Social Climate Fund to mitigate the expected social impact of extending the EU ETS to transport and heating.
The report presented in this webinar provides an update of the European Energy Poverty Index, published for the first time in 2019, which shows the combined effect of energy and mobility poverty across Member States. Beyond the regular update of the index, the report provides analysis of the existing EU policy framework related to energy and transport poverty. France is used as a case study given the “yellow vest” movement, which was triggered by the proposed carbon tax on fuels.
Watch the recordings of the webinar:
https://youtu.be/i1Jdd3H05t0
Does the EU Emission Trading Scheme ETS Promote Energy Efficiency?Leonardo ENERGY
This policy brief analyzes the main interacting mechanisms between the Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) and the EU Emission Trading Scheme (ETS). It presents a detailed top-down approach, based on the ODYSSEE energy indicators, to identify energy savings from the EU ETS.
The main task consists in isolating those factors that contribute to the change in energy consumption of industrial branches covered by the EU ETS, and the energy transformation sector (mainly the electricity sector).
Speaker:
Wolfgang Eichhammer (Head of the Competence Center Energy Policy and Energy Markets @Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI)
The recordings of this webinar can be watched via:
https://youtu.be/TS6PxIvtaKY
Energy efficiency, structural change and energy savings in the manufacturing ...Leonardo ENERGY
The first part of the presentations presents the energy efficiency improvements in the manufacturing sector since 2000, and the role of structural change between the different branches and energy savings. It will compare the improvements in Denmark and other countries with EU average. This part is based on ODYSSEE data.
The second part of the presentation presents the development in Denmark in more detail, and it will compare the energy efficiency improvement, corrected for structural change, with the reported savings from the Energy Efficiency Obligation Scheme.
Recordings of the live webinar are on https://youtu.be/VVAdw_CS51A
Energy Sufficiency Indicators and Policies (Lea Gynther, Motiva)Leonardo ENERGY
This policy brief looks at questions ‘how to measure energy sufficiency’, ‘which policies and measures can be used to address energy sufficiency’ and ‘how they are used in Europe today’.
Energy sufficiency refers to a situation where everyone has access to the energy services they need, whilst the impacts of the energy system do not exceed environmental limits. The level of ambition needed to address energy sufficiency is higher than in the case of energy efficiency.
This is the 13th edition of the Odyssee-Mure on Energy Efficiency Academy, and number 519 in the Leonardo ENERGY series. The recording of the live presentation can be found on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEAdYbI0wDI&list=PLUFRNkTrB5O_V155aGXfZ4b3R0fvT7sKz
The Super-efficient Equipment and Appliance Deployment (SEAD) Initiative Prod...Leonardo ENERGY
The Super-efficient Equipment and Appliance Deployment (SEAD) Initiative Product Efficiency Call to Action, by Melanie Slade - IEA and Nicholas Jeffrey - UK BEIS
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
Environmental impact of economic cable sizing
1. An investigation into the environmental effects of upsizing of
copper cables in commercial applications
On behalf of: European Copper Institute
Dr. Constantin Herrmann
Arnav Kacker
March 2015
Final report
2. This report has been prepared by PE INTERNATIONAL with all reasonable skill and diligence within the terms and conditions
of the contract between PE and the client. PE is not accountable to the client, or any others, with respect to any matters
outside the scope agreed upon for this project.
Regardless of report confidentiality, PE does not accept responsibility of whatsoever nature to any third parties to whom this
report, or any part thereof, is made known. Any such party relies on the report at its own risk. Interpretations, analyses, or
statements of any kind made by a third party and based on this report are beyond PE’s responsibility.
If you have any suggestions, complaints, or any other feedback, please contact PE at servicequality@pe-international.com.
Contact:
Dr. Constantin Herrmann
Arnav Kacker
Hauptstraße 111-115
Leinfelden-Echterdingen
70771 Germany
Phone +49 711 3418 17-0
E-mail
c.herrmann@pe-international.com
a.kacker@pe-international.com
3. 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................................. 4
LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................................. 7
ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................... 8
GLOSSARY (ISO 14040/44:2006) .................................................................................................. 9
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................................... 10
1 GOAL OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................................. 12
2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................................ 12
2.1 Product System(s) to be studied ........................................................................................ 12
2.2 System Boundaries ............................................................................................................. 13
2.3 Cut-Off Criteria ................................................................................................................... 13
2.4 Selection of LCIA Methodology and Types of Impacts ....................................................... 14
2.5 Assumptions and Limitations ............................................................................................. 15
2.6 Software and Database ...................................................................................................... 15
2.7 Critical Review .................................................................................................................... 16
3 LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY (LCI) ANALYSIS..................................................................................... 17
3.1 Data Collection ................................................................................................................... 17
3.2 Product System................................................................................................................... 19
4 LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA) .................................................................................. 22
5 INTERPRETATION.................................................................................................................. 49
5.1 Identification of Relevant Findings..................................................................................... 49
5.2 Data Quality Assessment.................................................................................................... 49
5.3 Completeness, Sensitivity, and Consistency....................................................................... 50
5.4 Conclusions, Limitations, and Recommendations.............................................................. 50
6 REFERENCES........................................................................................................................ 51
4. 4
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Global Warming Potential of Baseline vs. Economic scenario cables in large offices ...........11
Figure 2: Life cycle flowchart of the product system............................................................................19
Figure 3: Example GaBi plan for manufacturing of cables....................................................................20
Figure 4: Example GaBi plan for end-of-life of cables...........................................................................21
Figure 4-1: Contributions to the Acidification Potential of the manufacturing of the copper cable used
in small offices..............................................................................................................................23
Figure 4-2: Acidification Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of copper cables in a small office.24
Figure 4-3: Acidification Potential for the life cycle including the use phase of copper cables in a small
office.............................................................................................................................................25
Figure 4-4: Contributions to the Acidification Potential of the manufacturing of the copper cable used
in large offices ..............................................................................................................................25
Figure 4-5: Acidification Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of copper cables in a large office .26
Figure 4-6: Acidification Potential for the life cycle including the use phase of copper cables in a large
office.............................................................................................................................................26
Figure 4-7: Contributions to the Acidification Potential of the manufacturing of the copper cable used
in large industrial plants...............................................................................................................27
Figure 4-8: Acidification Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of copper cables in a large industrial
plant .............................................................................................................................................28
Figure 4-9: Acidification Potential for the life cycle including the use phase of copper cables in a large
industrial plant .............................................................................................................................28
Figure 4-10: Contributions to the Eutrophication Potential of the manufacturing of the copper cable
used in small offices .....................................................................................................................29
Figure 4-11: Eutrophication Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of copper cables in a small office
......................................................................................................................................................30
Figure 4-12: Eutrophication Potential for the life cycle including the use phase of copper cables in a
small office ...................................................................................................................................30
Figure 4-13: Contributions to the Eutrophication Potential of the manufacturing of the copper cable
used in large offices......................................................................................................................31
Figure 4-14: Eutrophication Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of copper cables in a large office
......................................................................................................................................................31
Figure 4-15: Eutrophication Potential for the life cycle including the use phase of copper cables in a
large office....................................................................................................................................32
5. 5
Figure 4-16: Contributions to the Eutrophication Potential of the manufacturing of the copper cable
used in large industrial plants ......................................................................................................32
Figure 4-17: Eutrophication Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of copper cables in a large
industrial plant .............................................................................................................................33
Figure 4-18: Eutrophication Potential for the life cycle including the use phase of copper cables in a
large industrial plant ....................................................................................................................33
Figure 4-19: Contributions to the Global Warming Potential of the manufacturing of the copper cable
used in small offices .....................................................................................................................34
Figure 4-20: Global Warming Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of copper cables in a small office
......................................................................................................................................................35
Figure 4-21: Global Warming Potential for the life cycle including the use phase of copper cables in a
small office ...................................................................................................................................35
Figure 4-22: Contributions to the Global Warming Potential of the manufacturing of the copper cable
used in large offices......................................................................................................................36
Figure 4-23: Global Warming Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of copper cables in a large office
......................................................................................................................................................36
Figure 4-24: Global Warming Potential for the life cycle including the use phase of copper cables in a
large office....................................................................................................................................37
Figure 4-25: Contributions to the Global Warming Potential of the manufacturing of the copper cable
used in large industrial plants ......................................................................................................37
Figure 4-26: Global Warming Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of copper cables in a large
industrial plant .............................................................................................................................38
Figure 4-27: Global Warming Potential for the life cycle including the use phase of copper cables in a
large industrial plant ....................................................................................................................38
Figure 4-28: Contributions to the Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential of the manufacturing of the
copper cable used in small offices ...............................................................................................39
Figure 4-29: Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of
copper cables in a small office .....................................................................................................40
Figure 4-30: Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential Potential for the life cycle including the use
phase of copper cables in a small office ......................................................................................40
Figure 4-31: Contributions to the Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential of the manufacturing of the
copper cable used in large offices................................................................................................41
Figure 4-32: Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of
copper cables in a large office......................................................................................................41
Figure 4-33: Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential Potential for the life cycle including the use
phase of copper cables in a large office.......................................................................................42
6. 6
Figure 4-34: Contributions to the Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential of the manufacturing of the
copper cable used in large industrial plant..................................................................................42
Figure 4-35: Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of
copper cables in a large industrial plant ......................................................................................43
Figure 4-36: Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential Potential for the life cycle including the use
phase of copper cables in a large industrial plant........................................................................43
Figure 4-37: Contributions to the Primary Energy Demand of the manufacturing of the copper cable
used in small offices .....................................................................................................................44
Figure 4-38: Primary Energy Demand (renewable and non-renewable) for the manufacturing and EoL
of copper cables in a small office.................................................................................................45
Figure 4-39: Primary Energy Demand (renewable and non-renewable) for the manufacturing and EoL
of copper cables in a small office.................................................................................................45
Figure 4-40: Contributions to the Primary Energy Demand of the manufacturing of the copper cable
used in large offices......................................................................................................................46
Figure 4-41: Primary Energy Demand (renewable and non-renewable) for the life cycle including the
use phase of copper cables in a small office................................................................................46
Figure 4-42: Primary Energy Demand (renewable and non-renewable) for the life cycle including the
use phase of copper cables in a large office ................................................................................47
Figure 4-43: Contributions to the Primary Energy Demand of the manufacturing of the copper cable
used in large industrial plants ......................................................................................................47
Figure 4-44: Primary Energy Demand (renewable and non-renewable) for the manufacturing and EoL
of copper cables in a large industrial plant..................................................................................48
Figure 4-45: Primary Energy Demand (renewable and non-renewable) for the life cycle including the
use phase of copper cables in a large industrial plant.................................................................48
7. 7
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1: System Boundaries...............................................................................................................13
Table 2-2: Impact Assessment Category Descriptions..........................................................................14
Table 2-3: Other Environmental Indicators ..........................................................................................15
Table 3-1: Key energy datasets used in inventory analysis ..................................................................17
Table 3-2: Key material datasets used in inventory analysis................................................................18
Table 3-3: Composition of the cables used in the scenarios small office, large office and large industrial
plant .............................................................................................................................................21
Table 4-1: Acidification Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of copper cables in a small office, large
office and large industrial plant ...................................................................................................23
Table 4-2: Eutrophication Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of copper cables in a small office,
large office and large industrial plant ..........................................................................................29
Table 4-3: Global Warming Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of copper cables in a small office,
large office and large industrial plant ..........................................................................................34
Table 4-4: Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of copper cables in
a small office, large office and large industrial plant ...................................................................39
Table 4-5: Primary Energy Demand (renewable and non-renewable) for the manufacturing and EoL of
copper cables in a small office, large office and large industrial plant........................................43
8. 8
ACRONYMS
ADP Abiotic Depletion Potential
AP Acidification Potential
CML Centre of Environmental Science at Leiden
ELCD European Life Cycle Database
EoL End-of-Life
EP Eutrophication Potential
GWP Global Warming Potential
ILCD International Cycle Data System
ISO International Organization for Standardization
LCA Life Cycle Assessment
LCI Life Cycle Inventory
LCIA Life Cycle Impact Assessment
ODP Ozone Depletion Potential
PE PE INTERNATIONAL
POCP Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential
9. 9
GLOSSARY (ISO 14040/44:2006)
ISO 14040:2006, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework,
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva.
Allocation
Partitioning the input or output flows of a process or a product system between the product system
under study and one or more other product systems
Functional Unit
Quantified performance of a product system for use as a reference unit
Cradle to grave
Addresses the environmental aspects and potential environmental impacts (e.g. use of resources and
environmental consequences of releases) throughout a product's life cycle from raw material
acquisition until the end of life.
Cradle to gate
Addresses the environmental aspects and potential environmental impacts (e.g. use of resources and
environmental consequences of releases) throughout a product's life cycle from raw material
acquisition until the end of the production process (“gate of the factory”).
Life cycle
A unit operations view of consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw material
acquisition or generation from natural resources to final disposal. This includes all materials and
energy input as well as waste generated to air, land and water.
Life Cycle Assessment - LCA
Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a
product system throughout its life cycle
Life Cycle Inventory - LCI
Phase of Life Cycle Assessment involving the compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs for
a product throughout its life cycle.
Life Cycle Impact assessment - LCIA
Phase of life cycle assessment aimed at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and significance
of the potential environmental impacts for a product system throughout the life cycle.
Life Cycle Interpretation
Phase of life cycle assessment in which the findings of either the inventory analysis or the impact
assessment, or both, are evaluated in relation to the defined goal and scope in order to reach
conclusions and recommendations.
10. 10
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This study was commissioned to examine the environmental effects of the use of copper cables of
larger sizes in offices and industrial applications. Common opinion cites that the environmental impact
of production of additional copper makes the use of larger cable sizes environmentally
disadvantageous. In order to investigate this claim to a greater degree of detail and include the use-
phase implications of upsized cables, PE INTERNATIONAL conducted a comparative life cycle
assessment of standard cables against upsized cables. The study follows ISO14040/44 requirements
in its structure, quality on data, scope, and impact categories and it is ready for external review, which
would be necessary to reflect full conformity.
For the purposes of this study, three application locations have been considered: small offices, large
offices, and industrial areas. The definition of each of these application domains is available in the
report ‘Modified Cable Sizing Strategies’ by Egemin Automation /EGEMIN/, which this study builds
upon.
For the small and large offices, low voltage copper cables have been taken into consideration whereas
for industrial areas, where power demand is higher, medium voltage copper cables have been
considered. The amount of cable required for each of the three application cases is based upon the
copper demand specified in the Egemin Automation /EGEMIN/ report. This data is enhanced by
including the various layers of a cable (insulation, sheathing etc.). Using PE INTERNATIONAL’s
extensive and quality approved GaBi Databases and system modelling, the environmental impacts
associated with the cable production (including production of all inputs, up each branch of the supply
chain) have been quantified. The relative difference in power losses between standard cables and
upsized cables has been considered. The difference arises from the fact that cables with larger cross-
sectional area are subject to lower transmission losses. Lastly, at the end-of-life of the cables the
collection and recycling has been accounted for. The recycled metal and plastic components are used
in downstream material uses or energy generation through incineration. This downstream value takes
the form of an environmental credit in the system under consideration. The credit represent the
avoided burden of material or energy generation facilitated by the recycling of the product (cable).
Our study finds that in the production of the cable 60-90% of impacts result from the production of
the copper required for the cable with the rest coming from the production of the plastic components.
The exceptions to this range is the summer smog (photochemical oxidant creation potential, POCP)
impact category. 44% of POCP impact stems from copper production because plastic production
releases significant nitrogenous emissions that impact this category. It must, however, be noted here
that toxicity indicators have been deliberately excluded from analysis. These indicators are in a
nascent stage of development and yield contested results which are actively being debated in
European forums. It is generally recommended to avoid the use of toxicity indicators for
environmental decision-making without an in-depth discussion on inventory analysis and applied
method approval. This discussion is out of scope of this study and therefore toxicity results have not
been analysed in this report.
Extending the scope beyond production to include the entire life cycle (production, use, and end-of-
life), it becomes clear that within a few years of use the impact from the production of the cables is
overshadowed by the impacts due to energy losses. These impacts are represented by the emissions
associated with the production of the same quantity of energy in the European power grid mix.
The cables with smaller cross sections (Baseline scenario) have a lower starting (production) impact
but a greater annual energy loss rate. The upsized cables (Economic scenario), delivering equivalent
electrical function, have a higher starting (production) impact but a lower annual energy loss rate.
11. 11
Therefore the cumulative impacts for different impact categories (acidification, global warming etc.)
intersect at a certain point before which the baseline scenario is advantageous and after which the
economic scenario is environmentally advantageous. A reference chart for the Global Warming
Potential in large offices is presented below.
Figure 1: Global Warming Potential of Baseline vs. Economic scenario cables in large offices
For the impact categories considered (acidification, eutrophication, global warming, summer
smog/ozone creation), this inflexion point lies before 1 year for all three application cases.
Overall, the environmental advantages of the upsized copper cables are apparent in our analysis. The
mitigation of increased production impact by use-phase savings is visible in the early inflexion point
(within 1 year compared to average cable lifetimes of about 30 years).
12. 12
1 GOAL OF THE STUDY
The European Copper Institute (ECI) commissioned PE INTERNATIONAL to conduct an investigation
into the environmental implications of upsizing copper cables used in commercial applications in
Europe.
The commonly held view is that greater copper content is environmentally disadvantageous due to
the environmental impact of copper production. However, cables of larger sizes contribute to reduced
electricity losses. The goal of this study is to evaluate the reduced losses against the larger copper
production impact to investigate viability of copper upsizing from an environmental perspective.
This study builds on the findings of the EGEMIN study, ‘Modified Cable Sizing Strategies’ (2011). The
EGEMIN study specifies the copper cable content in the three commercial applications (small office,
large office and industrial plants) investigated in this study. Furthermore, the EGEMIN study also
quantifies the losses under the different cable sizes. These findings were to be used as a basis for the
environmental evaluation by PE INTERNATIONAL.
This study will be used by the ECI to present the case for copper upsizing to the internal (copper and
cable industry) stakeholders.
According ISO standards, in order to communicate the results externally (customers, LCA practitioners,
public in general, etc.) a critical review is mandated. At this stage, the results are not intended to be
used for communication disclosed to the public.
A critical review has not been conducted for this study.
2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The following section describes the general scope of the project to achieve the stated goals. This
includes, amongst others, the identification of specific product systems to be assessed, the functional
unit and reference flows, the system boundary, allocation procedures, and cut-off criteria of the study.
2.1 PRODUCT SYSTEM(S) TO BE STUDIED
The product system under consideration in this study is ‘Total copper cables used in the specified
commercial application’. The three commercial application cases considered are:
Small offices
Large offices
Industrial plants
Low voltage copper cables have been used for the first two applications and medium voltage copper
cables for the industrial plants application case.
13. 13
The quantity of cables used in each of these individual cases was specified in terms of the copper used
(EGEMIN study). This information was used by PE INTERNATIONAL together with bills of materials
provided by DNV-GL on behalf of ECI for the different cable types.
The cable consists of a core copper conductor, plastic isolation and additional layers such as swelling
tape and wire sheathing. All these materials have been accounted for in the model for this study.
The functional unit for this assessment is ‘Mass of copper cables required to provide electrical
demand of specific application case’.
2.2 SYSTEM BOUNDARIES
Table 2-1: System Boundaries
Included Excluded
Raw materials
Waste treatment
Recycling impacts
Environmental credits
Use phase losses
Capital equipment and maintenance
Overhead (heating, lighting) of
manufacturing facilities when easily
differentiated
Installation of cables
Human labour
Transports between all stages
2.2.1 Time Coverage
Foreground data is provided by DNV-GL, citing industry datasheets published in 2014 for low-voltage
cables and 2011 of the other products as well as through the results of the EGEMIN study. All
secondary data come from the Ga-Bi 2013 databases and are representative of the years 2009-2013.
As the study intended to compare the product systems for the reference year 2014, temporal
representativeness is warranted.
2.2.2 Technology Coverage
The technology mixes used are up-to-date for 2013 production of the respective materials. Further
details on the technological process mixes for the various materials is available in the GaBi
documentation online.
2.2.3 Geographical Coverage
The geographical scope of this project is the EU-27 region. Wherever available, European production
data has been used for the manufacturing of the raw materials. Where no relevant European data is
available, a suitable substitute has been used.
2.3 CUT-OFF CRITERIA
No cut-off criteria are defined for this study. All available energy and material flow data have been
included in the model.
14. 14
2.4 SELECTION OF LCIA METHODOLOGY AND TYPES OF IMPACTS
A set of impact assessment categories and other metrics considered to be of high relevance to the
goals of the project are shown in Table 2-2 and Table 2-3. The CML impact assessment methodology
framework was selected for this assessment. The CML characterization factors are applicable to the
European context and are widely used and respected within the LCA community.
Table 2-2: Impact Assessment Category Descriptions
Impact Category Description Unit Reference
Global Warming
Potential (GWP)
A measure of greenhouse gas emissions, such as
CO2 and methane. These emissions are causing an
increase in the absorption of radiation emitted by
the earth, increasing the natural greenhouse effect.
This may in turn have adverse impacts on
ecosystem health, human health and material
welfare.
kg CO2
equivalent
[GUINÉE
2001]
Eutrophication
Potential
Eutrophication covers all potential impacts of
excessively high levels of macronutrients, the most
important of which nitrogen (N) and phosphorus
(P). Nutrient enrichment may cause an undesirable
shift in species composition and elevated biomass
production in both aquatic and terrestrial
ecosystems. In aquatic ecosystems increased
biomass production may lead to depressed oxygen
levels, because of the additional consumption of
oxygen in biomass decomposition.
kg Phosphate
equivalent
[GUINÉE
2001]
Acidification
Potential
A measure of emissions that cause acidifying effects
to the environment. The acidification potential is a
measure of a molecule’s capacity to increase the
hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in the presence of
water, thus decreasing the pH value. Potential
effects include fish mortality, forest decline and the
deterioration of building materials.
kg SO2
equivalent
[GUINÉE
2001]
Photochemical
Ozone Creation
Potential (POCP)
A measure of emissions of precursors that
contribute to ground level smog formation (mainly
ozone, O3), produced by the reaction of VOC and
carbon monoxide in the presence of nitrogen oxides
under the influence of UV light. Ground level ozone
may be injurious to human health and ecosystems
and may also damage crops.
kg ethene
equivalent
[GUINÉE
2001]
15. 15
Table 2-3: Other Environmental Indicators
Indicator Description Unit Reference
Primary Energy
Demand (PED)
A measure of the total amount of primary energy
extracted from the earth. PED is expressed in
energy demand from non-renewable resources
(e.g. petroleum, natural gas, etc.) and energy
demand from renewable resources (e.g.
hydropower, wind energy, solar, etc.). Efficiencies
in energy conversion (e.g. power, heat, steam, etc.)
are taken into account.
MJ (net calorific
value)
[GUINÉE
2001]
It shall be noted that the above impact categories represent impact potentials, i.e., they are
approximations of environmental impacts that could occur if the emitted molecules would (a) actually
follow the underlying impact pathway and (b) meet certain conditions in the receiving environment
while doing so. In addition, the inventory only captures that fraction of the total environmental load
that corresponds to the chosen functional unit (relative approach).
LCIA results are therefore relative expressions only and do not predict actual impacts, the exceeding
of thresholds, safety margins, or risks.
2.5 ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS
The limitations and assumptions associated with this LCA are listed below:
The energy for the assembly of cables using the individual component materials has been
excluded from the analysis. This energy consumption represents a relatively small fraction of
net environmental impact and is not expected to skew the representativeness of the overall
results.
The transport of the raw materials to the production site and the transport of the finished
product to the site of installation has not been accounted for. This impact is also relatively
small in relation to the net impact per functional unit.
The packaging of the products has not been included in the scope of the manufacturing phase
of the products
The effort of installation of cables is outside the scope of this study.
An in-depth discussion or investigation of the applicability of available toxicity calculation
methods for facilitating comparability of the toxicity aspects from metals, plastics and grid
mixes lies outside the scope of this study.
2.6 SOFTWARE AND DATABASE
The LCA model was created using the GaBi 6 Software system for life cycle engineering, developed by
PE INTERNATIONAL AG. The GaBi 2013 LCI database /GaBi/ (documented at http://www.gabi-
16. 16
software.com/support/gabi/gabi-database-2013-lci-documentation/) provides the life cycle inventory
data for several of the raw and process materials obtained from the background system.
2.7 CRITICAL REVIEW
No critical review has been conducted for this assessment. However the study follows the
ISO14040/44 requirements and is therefore ready for external review.
17. 17
3 LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY (LCI) ANALYSIS
3.1 DATA COLLECTION
The data for the manufacturing phase of the cables was sourced from the DNV-GL report, ‘Typical
cables for input LCA’. This report specifies the bills of material for different types of copper cables –
high voltage, low voltage, medium voltage etc.
For the small and large office applications, low voltage cables have been taken into consideration. For
the industrial plant application, medium voltage cables have been considered. The data for the
quantities of cables required for the various applications has been sourced from the EGEMIN study
‘Modified Cable Sizing Strategies, 2011’.
The data on the end of life collection rates for the cable industry have been based off the findings of
the ECI market research consultant, Mr. Volker Schneider. Mr. Schneider interviews 8 cable recyclers
and scrap dealers in Europe to determine expert estimates on the recovery of cables after their service
lives. Furthermore, his findings provide a basis to determine the optimal recycling process through
which the recovered copper re-enters the production loops.
3.1.1 Fuels and Energy – Background Data
National and regional averages for fuel inputs and electricity grid mixes were obtained from the GaBi
6 database 2013. Table 3-2 shows the most relevant LCI datasets used in modelling the product
systems.
Table 3-1: Key energy datasets used in inventory analysis
* data were developed on-demand by PE for this specific project
3.1.2 Raw Materials and Processes – Background Data
Data for up- and downstream raw materials and unit processes were obtained from the GaBi 6
database 2012. Table 3-2 shows the most relevant LCI datasets used in modelling the product systems.
Documentation for all non-project-specific datasets can be found at www.gabi-
software.com/support/gabi/gabi-6-lci-documentation. /GaBi/
19. 19
3.2 PRODUCT SYSTEM
3.2.1 Overview of Life Cycle
Figure 2: Life cycle flowchart of the product system
The life cycle of the product system considered in this study include the manufacturing of the cable
subcomponents. This entails quantifying all the impacts and emissions associated with the production
of the various cable parts such as the conductors, isolation sheathing etc.
For the use phase of the cables, this LCA includes the losses incurred per year of use of the cables in
each respective application case.
At the end of their serviceable lives, the cables are recovered and recycled. The rate of recovery and
efforts associated with the recycling of these products has been assessed in this study to estimate the
environmental credits to be accorded for the return of secondary material to the market (and
subsequent substitution of primary production.)
20. 20
3.2.2 Description of Process Flow
3.2.2.1 Manufacturing
Figure 3: Example GaBi plan for manufacturing of cables
As seen in the figure above, the GaBi model for the manufacturing of the cables used in the respective
application cases quantifies the inputs and outputs of the production of the various cable
subcomponents. This study does not account for the energy required for the assembly of these
individual components into the final cable but this energy impact is considered to be small in relation
to the overall impact of the production of all the materials.
21. 21
Table 3-3: Composition of the cables used in the scenarios small office, large office and large
industrial plant
Composition
[kg per m]
Small office
(low voltage cable)
Large office
(low voltage cable)
Large industrial plant
(medium voltage cable)
Copper 0.851 0.851 2.912
PE 0.000 0.000 0.505
Polyester 0.000 0.000 0.059
PVC 0.755 0.755 0.000
XLPE 0.052 0.052 0.569
3.2.2.2 Transport
No transport has been considered in the foreground system this life cycle assessment.
3.2.2.3 Use
The use phase losses associated with each cable system for each application case has been sourced
from the EGEMIN study. These losses have been simulated as an additional consumption of power
from the EU-27 Electricity Grid Mix.
3.2.2.4 End-of-Life
Figure 4: Example GaBi plan for end-of-life of cables
The figure above shows the GaBi plan for the end-of-life stage of the life cycle of a power cable. This
part of the model quantifies the collection rates (fraction of cables recovered from the ground after
cessation of service), the impacts from the recycling processes and associated material losses, and the
incineration and energy recovery during the recycling of the plastic fractions. Furthermore, the
22. 22
recovered material and energy is granted an environmental credit to acknowledge the fact that these
recycled quantities substitute primary production on the market and thereby offset impacts that
would have otherwise occurred.
4 LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA)
The software model described above enables the calculation of various environmental impact
categories. The impact categories describe potential effects of the life cycle stages on the
environment. As different resources and emissions are summed up per impact category the impacts
are normalised to a specific emission and reported in “equivalents”, e.g. Greenhouse gas emissions
are reported in kg CO2 equivalents.
Environmental impact categories are calculated from “elementary” material and energy flows.
Elementary flows describe the origin of resources from the environment as basis for the
manufacturing of the pre-products and generating energy, as well as emissions into the environment,
which are caused by a product system.
A set of impact assessment categories considered to be of high relevance to the goals of the project
has been chosen. The CML (Center voor Milieukunde at Leiden, NL) impact assessment methodology
framework was selected for this assessment. The CML characterization factors are applicable to the
European context and are widely used and respected within the LCA community. The most recently
published list of characterisation factors “CML 2001 – Apr. 2013” has been applied.
Global warming potential and primary energy were chosen because of their relevance to climate
change and to energy and resource efficiency, which are strongly interlinked, of high public and
institutional interest, and deemed to be some of the most pressing environmental issues of our times.
Eutrophication, acidification, and photochemical ozone creation potentials were chosen because they
are closely connected to air, soil, and water quality and capture the environmental burden associated
with commonly regulated emissions such as NOx, SO2, VOC, and others.
Toxicity impact categories have been excluded from this study for the following reasons:
- The application of general toxicity criteria within the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) of
metals, i.e. related to emissions of metal and metal compounds, currently poses significant
methodological and scientific problems as stated in the specific ILCD handbook. For metals,
the USEtox method does not consider some metal specificities (e.g. essentiality) or is highly
uncertain regarding the model parameters related to the long term behaviour, i.e. ageing, due
to their permanent character. Therefore, the USEtox characterization factors for metals are
rated as interim in the USEtox website and should then only be used with caution and not for
product comparison purposes.
- LCIA results for toxicity indicators are strongly impacted by the degree of development of the
LCI dataset since several thousands of substances are contributing to this impact
category. Therefore, the toxicity indicators are highly sensitive to the degree of completeness
of the LCI datasets not only for the foreground processes but also for all the background
processes. Hence, even if the quality of the LCIA methodologies is improving, the level of
completeness of the various LCI datasets is not sufficiently homogeneous to secure robust and
non-discriminatory results.
23. 23
- For toxicity indicators, the PEF normalisation factors based on domestic European production
is largely underestimated compared to normalisation factors based on the European
consumption. Such underestimation is particularly significant for the indicators related to
toxicity and resource depletion. Hence, the contribution of USEtox indicators is largely
overestimated due to this inadequate choice of PEF normalisation factors.
It shall be noted that the above impact categories represent impact potentials, i.e., they are
approximations of environmental impacts that could occur if the emitted molecules would (a) actually
follow the underlying impact pathway and (b) meet certain conditions in the receiving environment
while doing so.
LCIA results are therefore relative expressions only and do not predict actual impacts, the exceeding
of thresholds, safety margins, or risks.
In fact, the results from the impact assessment are only relative statements, which give no information
about the endpoint of the impact categories, exceeding of threshold values, safety margins or risk.
The following information on environmental impacts is expressed with the impact category
parameters of LCIA using characterisation factors. Used method is CML 2001 (latest updated in 2013)
and USEtox.
4.1.1 Acidification Potential (AP)
Table 4-1: Acidification Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of copper cables in a small office,
large office and large industrial plant
AP
[kg SO2-equiv.]
Small office Large office Large industrial plant
Baseline Economic Baseline Economic Baseline Economic
Total 1.85 2.51 5.01 8.04 61.62 131.29
Manufacturing 2.39 4.40 10.58 19.79 171.04 388.59
EoL -0.54 -1.89 -5.57 -11.76 -109.42 -257.30
4.1.1.1 Small office
Figure 4-1: Contributions to the Acidification Potential of the manufacturing of the copper cable
used in small offices
24. 24
In the Acidification Potential Category, 79% of the impacts from the manufacturing of raw materials is
associated with the production of the copper for the conductor. This stems mainly from the sulphur
dioxide emissions during the smelting and converting processes in the production of primary copper
cathode from ore. The plastic components of the cable (isolation, tape) contribute the remainder for
the AP impacts in manufacturing.
Figure 4-2: Acidification Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of copper cables in a small office
When looking at the manufacturing and end-of-life impacts together, it is seen that a significant
proportion of impacts are offset at EoL through credits. This is due to the fraction of copper that is
recovered and recycled and thereby ‘avoids the burden’ of production of primary copper when it re-
enters the market. To a smaller extent, these credits also account for the energy recovered from the
incineration of the plastic components from the recovered cables.
In the ‘Economic case’, with upsized copper cables, we see and larger impact from the production of
copper and a larger credit. The net value for the Economic Case is is higher than the Baseline when we
assess only the manufacturing and EoL stages. The chart below shows the life cycle impacts when we
take the effects of the use-phase losses into account as well.
25. 25
Figure 4-3: Acidification Potential for the life cycle including the use phase of copper cables in a
small office
In the chart above, the time-scale is plotted on the X-axis while the AP impacts are on the Y-axis. At
the start of its life, each cable system is represented only by the net (manufacturing+EoL) impacts
from the previous chart. As the cable systems are used, the losses from the Baseline scenario
contribute quickly to higher cumulative losses than the Economic scenario, where upsized cables lead
to lower loss rates.
The high AP impact from the use-phase losses makes the manufacturing and EoL impacts almost
negligible. The greater net manufacturing impact of upsized cables in the Economic scenario is offset
in under 1 year of use, seen in the intersection of the orange and blue lines.
4.1.1.2 Large office
Figure 4-4: Contributions to the Acidification Potential of the manufacturing of the copper cable
used in large offices
26. 26
Since both small and large offices use low voltage cables, albeit in different quantities, the relative
contribution from the different components remains the same as in the previous application case –
79% from the production of the copper conductor and 21% from the plastic components of the cable.
Figure 4-5: Acidification Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of copper cables in a large office
Figure 4-6: Acidification Potential for the life cycle including the use phase of copper cables in a
large office
27. 27
Similar to the application case for small offices, the net manufacturing impact (manufacturing+EoL) in
negligible to the scale of impact associated with the use phase losses. When comparing the Baseline
and Economic (upsized cables) scenario, the latter quickly offsets the greater production impact in
under a year.
4.1.1.3 Large industrial plant
Figure 4-7: Contributions to the Acidification Potential of the manufacturing of the copper cable
used in large industrial plants
For industrial plants, larger medium voltage cables have been taken into consideration in this LCA.
With this bigger cables, the copper conductor has a higher share of the manufacturing stage impacts.
88% of total manufacturing impact comes from the conductor while 12% is from the plastic
components.
28. 28
Figure 4-8: Acidification Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of copper cables in a large
industrial plant
Figure 4-9: Acidification Potential for the life cycle including the use phase of copper cables in a
large industrial plant
The large difference in loss rates between regular cables in the Baseline scenario and the upsized
cables in the Economics scenario ensure that the larger manufacturing impact is offset in a couple of
month and diverges greatly there on wards.
29. 29
4.1.2 Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Table 4-2: Eutrophication Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of copper cables in a small office,
large office and large industrial plant
EP
[kg PO4
3-
-equiv.]
Small office Large office Large industrial plant
Baseline Economic Baseline Economic Baseline Economic
Total 0.12 0.19 0.41 0.71 5.00 10.95
Manufacturing 0.17 0.35 0.88 1.71 14.50 33.29
EoL -0.05 -0.16 -0.47 -1.00 -9.50 -22.34
4.1.2.1 Small office
Figure 4-10: Contributions to the Eutrophication Potential of the manufacturing of the copper
cable used in small offices
75% of the manufacturing phase EP impacts stem from the production of the copper conductor in the
cable systems. The plastic components contribute 25%.
These impacts are mostly associated with nitrogenous emissions from the production of the copper
conductor and the aluminium sheathing required for the low voltage cables.
30. 30
Figure 4-11: Eutrophication Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of copper cables in a small
office
Figure 4-12: Eutrophication Potential for the life cycle including the use phase of copper cables in a
small office
The net manufacturing impacts are offset in under 1 year for the upsized cables due to the large
savings in use phase impacts.
31. 31
4.1.2.2 Large office
Figure 4-13: Contributions to the Eutrophication Potential of the manufacturing of the copper
cable used in large offices
Figure 4-14: Eutrophication Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of copper cables in a large
office
32. 32
Figure 4-15: Eutrophication Potential for the life cycle including the use phase of copper cables in a
large office
For large offices, the duration for the offset of manufacturing phase impacts is longer than that for
small offices but still under 1 year. Beyond that threshold the Economic scenario upsized cables are
advantageous in the EP category.
4.1.2.3 Large industrial plant
Figure 4-16: Contributions to the Eutrophication Potential of the manufacturing of the copper
cable used in large industrial plants
For industrial plants, a greater share of the manufacturing stage impacts comes from the greater
copper conductor required for medium voltage cables. In this application case, 87% of the EP
33. 33
contribution stems from the production of the copper while 13% is associated with the production of
plastics used in the cable construction.
Figure 4-17: Eutrophication Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of copper cables in a large
industrial plant
Figure 4-18: Eutrophication Potential for the life cycle including the use phase of copper cables in a
large industrial plant
The payback of greater EP impacts for the upsized Economic case, through lower impacts for the use
phase, is less than 1 year for the industrial plant application case.
34. 34
4.1.3 Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Table 4-3: Global Warming Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of copper cables in a small office,
large office and large industrial plant
GWP
[kg CO2-equiv.]
Small office Large office Large industrial plant
Baseline Economic Baseline Economic Baseline Economic
Total 547 921 2113 3822 21313 46702
Manufacturing 600 1107 2662 4980 37203 84068
EoL -53 -186 -549 -1159 -15890 -37366
4.1.3.1 Small office
Figure 4-19: Contributions to the Global Warming Potential of the manufacturing of the copper
cable used in small offices
In the GWP category, over 90% of the impacts for this category are associated with carbon dioxide
emissions at various stages of the life cycle.
These carbon dioxide emissions for low voltage cables are mostly through the production of the
copper conductor and through the production of the PVC isolation used.
35. 35
Figure 4-20: Global Warming Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of copper cables in a small
office
Figure 4-21: Global Warming Potential for the life cycle including the use phase of copper cables in
a small office
The carbon dioxide emissions associate with the electricity losses are far higher than that associated
with the manufacturing of the upsized cables. As a result, the greater manufacturing phase impacts
due to upsizing the copper cables are offset in half a year. From that point onwards, all use of upsized
cables leads to a lower GWP over the life cycle compared to the regular cables of the baseline scenario.
36. 36
4.1.3.2 Large office
Figure 4-22: Contributions to the Global Warming Potential of the manufacturing of the copper
cable used in large offices
The low voltage cables used for large offices have the same component contribution to GWP as in the
small offices application case.
Figure 4-23: Global Warming Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of copper cables in a large
office
37. 37
Figure 4-24: Global Warming Potential for the life cycle including the use phase of copper cables in
a large office
The greater amount of cables required for large offices requires a longer payback period for GWP
impacts than in the case for small offices. In 1 year, the greater manufacturing GWp impact of upsized
low voltage cables in large offices is offset by use phase savings.
4.1.3.3 Large industrial plant
Figure 4-25: Contributions to the Global Warming Potential of the manufacturing of the copper
cable used in large industrial plants
For the medium voltage cables used in aluminium plants, copper is the largest contributor to the GWP
impacts during the manufacturing phase, through the carbon dioxide emissions, followed by the
sheathing used.
38. 38
Figure 4-26: Global Warming Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of copper cables in a large
industrial plant
Figure 4-27: Global Warming Potential for the life cycle including the use phase of copper cables in
a large industrial plant
The payback period for the larger GWP impacts for upsized cables in the Economic scenario is less
than half a year.
39. 39
4.1.4 Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP)
Table 4-4: Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of copper cables
in a small office, large office and large industrial plant
POCP
[kg Ethene-
equiv.]
Small office Large office Large industrial plant
Baseline Economic Baseline Economic Baseline Economic
Total 0.15 0.28 0.66 1.22 5.80 12.75
Manufacturing 0.18 0.39 0.99 1.92 12.02 27.39
EoL -0.03 -0.11 -0.33 -0.70 -6.22 -14.63
4.1.4.1 Small office
Figure 4-28: Contributions to the Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential of the manufacturing of
the copper cable used in small offices
In terms of POCP impacts, it is not the copper but rather the PVC production that is the dominant
source of impacts with 56% of total contribution. It is chiefly the sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
emission associated with the production processes that contribute to this category.
40. 40
Figure 4-29: Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of
copper cables in a small office
Figure 4-30: Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential Potential for the life cycle including the use
phase of copper cables in a small office
41. 41
4.1.4.2 Large office
Figure 4-31: Contributions to the Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential of the manufacturing of
the copper cable used in large offices
Figure 4-32: Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of
copper cables in a large office
42. 42
Figure 4-33: Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential Potential for the life cycle including the use
phase of copper cables in a large office
As in the previous categories, the greater impact from upsized cables is offset within a year of their
use. Beyond this time frame of use, the upsized cables have a lower life cycle impact to this impact
category.
4.1.4.3 Large industrial plant
Figure 4-34: Contributions to the Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential of the manufacturing of
the copper cable used in large industrial plant
43. 43
Figure 4-35: Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential Potential for the manufacturing and EoL of
copper cables in a large industrial plant
Figure 4-36: Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential Potential for the life cycle including the use
phase of copper cables in a large industrial plant
4.1.5 Primary Energy Demand (renewable and non-renewable)
Table 4-5: Primary Energy Demand (renewable and non-renewable) for the manufacturing and EoL
of copper cables in a small office, large office and large industrial plant
PED
[MJ]
Small office Large office Large industrial plant
Baseline Economic Baseline Economic Baseline Economic
Total 9870 14471 30546 51600 349553 753084
44. 44
Manufacturing 11367 19722 46013 84248 593005 1325582
EoL -1497 -5251 -15467 -32648 -243452 -572497
4.1.5.1 Small office
Figure 4-37: Contributions to the Primary Energy Demand of the manufacturing of the copper
cable used in small offices
For the production of low voltage cables used in offices, the copper is the dominant consumer of
primary energy in the manufacturing of the cable. The plastic isolation for these cables contributes
about 44% of the total manufacturing impact.
45. 45
Figure 4-38: Primary Energy Demand (renewable and non-renewable) for the manufacturing and
EoL of copper cables in a small office
Figure 4-39: Primary Energy Demand (renewable and non-renewable) for the manufacturing and
EoL of copper cables in a small office
46. 46
4.1.5.2 Large office
Figure 4-40: Contributions to the Primary Energy Demand of the manufacturing of the copper
cable used in large offices
Figure 4-41: Primary Energy Demand (renewable and non-renewable) for the life cycle including
the use phase of copper cables in a small office
47. 47
Figure 4-42: Primary Energy Demand (renewable and non-renewable) for the life cycle including
the use phase of copper cables in a large office
4.1.5.3 Large industrial plants
Figure 4-43: Contributions to the Primary Energy Demand of the manufacturing of the copper
cable used in large industrial plants
48. 48
Figure 4-44: Primary Energy Demand (renewable and non-renewable) for the manufacturing and
EoL of copper cables in a large industrial plant
Figure 4-45: Primary Energy Demand (renewable and non-renewable) for the life cycle including
the use phase of copper cables in a large industrial plant
For all three application cases studied above, under the Primary Energy Demand impact category, the
payback of the greater net manufacturing impact from upsizing is offset within a year of use of the
upsized cables.
49. 49
5 INTERPRETATION
5.1 IDENTIFICATION OF RELEVANT FINDINGS
Upsized cables have a higher impact during manufacturing stage but these impacts are offset
by reductions in electricity losses
For acidification, eutrophication, global warming, ozone creation and primary energy impact
categories, upsized cables result in lower net life cycle impact after 1 year of their use
Following the 1 year mark, the upsized cables result in lower net impact level for the
aforementioned impact categories for each successive year of their use
5.2 DATA QUALITY ASSESSMENT
Inventory data quality is judged by its precision (measured, calculated or estimated), completeness
(e.g., unreported emissions), consistency (degree of uniformity of the methodology applied on a study
serving as a data source) and representativeness (geographical, temporal, and technological).
To cover these requirements and to ensure reliable results, first-hand industry data in combination
with consistent background LCA information from the GaBi LCI database were used. The LCI data sets
from the GaBi LCI database are widely distributed and used with the GaBi 6 Software. The datasets
have been used in LCA models worldwide in industrial and scientific applications in internal as well as
in many critically reviewed and published studies. In the process of providing these datasets they are
cross-checked with other databases and values from industry and science.
5.2.1 Precision and completeness
Precision: As the relevant foreground data are primary data or modelled based on primary
information sources of the owner of the technology, no better precision is reachable within
this project.
Completeness: Each unit process was checked for mass balance and completeness of the
emission inventory. See Section 2.5 for any omissions.
5.2.2 Consistency and reproducibility
Consistency: All background data were sourced from the GaBi databases. Allocation and
other methodological choices were made consistently throughout the model. The sources
for the foreground data are the same for the Baseline and Economic scenarios studied here.
Reproducibility: Reproducibility is warranted as much as possible through the disclosure of
input-output data, dataset choices, and modelling approaches in this report. Based on this
information, any third party should be able to approximate the results of this study using the
same data and modelling approaches.
5.2.3 Representativeness
Temporal: The primary data were based on DNV-GL bill of materials compiled in 2014,
market research on recycling from 2014, and the EGEMIN study published in 2011. All
secondary data come from the GaBi 6 2013 databases. As the study intended to compare
the product systems for the reference year 2014, temporal representativeness is warranted.
50. 50
Geographical: As far as possible, primary and secondary data were collected specific to the
EU-27 region under study. Geographical representativeness is considered to be high.
Technological: All primary and secondary data were modelled to be specific to the
technologies or technology mixes under study. Technological representativeness is
considered to be good.
5.3 COMPLETENESS, SENSITIVITY, AND CONSISTENCY
5.3.1 Completeness
All relevant process steps for each product system were considered and modelled to represent each
specific situation. The process chain is considered sufficiently complete with regard to the goal and
scope of this study.
5.3.2 Consistency
All assumption, methods, and data were found to be consistent with the study’s goal and scope.
Differences in background data quality were minimized by using LCI data from the GaBi 6 2013
databases. System boundaries, allocation rules, and impact assessment methods have been applied
consistently throughout the study.
5.4 CONCLUSIONS, LIMITATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.4.1 Conclusions
This study examines the environmental implications upsizing the copper cables used in three
application cases: small offices, large offices, and industrial plants.
These environmental impacts have been measured according to selected indicators that are
representative of environmental and health hazards.
This study finds that for the environmental impact categories of acidification, eutrophication, global
warming, ozone creation, and primary energy demand, the upsizing of copper cables is
environmentally advantageous. There is a greater impact associated with the production of these
larger cables but these are offset through the reduction in electricity losses. Since electricity
production based on the selected grid mix EU27 also contributes to the same impact categories,
reduced losses translates to environmental benefits. The longer the use of cables with lower loss rates,
the greater the environmental advantage in these impact categories tends to be. The difference in net
manufacturing impact (manufacturing + end of life) between regular cables in the Baseline scenario
and upsized cables in the Economic scenario is offset within 1 year of use for these impact categories.
Considering the widely accepted nature of the AP, EP, GWP, POCP and primary energy demand as well
as the high margin for error and instability in the toxicity evaluation methodologies, this study
concludes that, within the aforementioned scope of use and impact assessment, the upsized copper
cables (represented in the economic scenario) afford significant environmental benefits over the life
cycle of the cables.
51. 51
6 REFERENCES
DNV-GL Typical Cables for Input LCA, DN-GL (on behalf of ECI), 2014
GUINÉE 2001 Guinée et al, An operational guide to the ISO-standards, Centre for Milieukunde
(CML), Leiden, the Netherlands, 2001
GABI GaBi Databases 2013 (http://www.gabi-software.com/support/gabi/gabi-database-
2013-lci-documentation/)
EGEMIN Modified Cable Sizing Strategies, Egemin Automation, 2011
ISO 14040 : 2006 ISO 14040 Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and
Framework, 2006
ISO 14044 : 2006 ISO 14044 Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Requirements and
guidelines, 2006
PE INTERNATIONAL
2012
GaBi 6 dataset documentation, PE INTERNATIONAL AG, Leinfelden-Echterdingen,
2012
SCHNEIDER Market Research Report on recycling of cables in Europe, Mr. Volker Schneider (on
bahlf of ECI), 2014
VAN OERS 2002 van Oers et al, Abiotic resource depletion in LCA: Improving characterisation factors
abiotic resource depletion as recommended in the new Dutch LCA handbook, 2002