This document describes the design of a battery-backup photovoltaic system for an apartment gym in Mumbai, India. It will provide backup power to the gym and help reduce electricity costs over the long term. An 11.76 kW PV array is estimated to power the gym for 8 months per year, with excess electricity fed back to the grid. The system includes 280W polycrystalline modules, lithium-ion phosphate batteries, microinverters, and inverter/chargers. The total cost is $52,598.70 after incentives. The levelized cost of energy is $0.46/kWh and payback period is 16 years.
This document presents a case study of a proposed rooftop solar PV system for a residential colony in Navi Mumbai. It discusses the design and economics of the system. The document includes a certificate of approval, project report approval, declaration, acknowledgements, abstract and table of contents. It was submitted by 5 students in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree.
Human Powered Dc Micro Grid ElectrificationIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system to generate electricity from human power using a bicycle. The system would utilize the motion of pedaling to spin a generator and charge a battery pack. The battery could then power a small DC microgrid. Simulations were conducted of the electrical components like a buck-boost converter and lithium-ion battery charging. The mechanical design includes a gear and sprocket system to increase the generator speed for optimal output. The goal is to develop a low-cost way to capture wasted human pedaling energy and put it to use.
Optimal design and static simulation of a hybrid solar vehicleIRJASH
This paper deals with the design and simulation analysis of the hybrid solar vehicle under static conditions. The solar hybrid vehicle is effective in our everyday lives because many people have petrol cars and the emissions and fuel cost is now a serious problem. In addition to controlling vehicles pollution in the city, reduced fuel consumption and hybrid solar car use is used in vehicles to effectively reduce global warming and the environmental challenge in large-scale applications. In the last ten years, research has taken place on a large quantity of solar, hybrid solar and electrically operated cars, which is originating from several independent developments that all resulted in the idea of hybrid solar car and electric operated car. A hybrid solar vehicle was successfully designed, analyzed and fabricated at the end of this research.
Key words: Hybrid Vehicle, Solar vehicle, Fuel Efficiency, Static analysis
Design and Cost Evaluation of a Distribution Feeder Connected Solar System ecij
A distribution grid connected photovoltaic (PV) system faces the problem of reactive power imbalance. In view of this problem, a three-phase single-stage distribution grid connected with PV inverter can be incorporated with Var compensation. To obtain the accurate amount of real power insertion, as well as the
voltage and var control. This paper proposes an improved structure of a distribution feeder of UET Taxila for the grid integration of PV solar systems with static var compensation (SVC). The employed scheme consists of a 3 phase bridge
inverter which allows the efficient, flexible and reliable generation of PV array. Cost evaluation of project is also carried out on basic level. The validation of proposed models is carried out through digital simulations using the MATLAB/Simulink.
IRJET- Design and Manufacturing of Hybrid BicycleIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and manufacturing of a hybrid bicycle. The hybrid bicycle uses both human power and electric power to charge its batteries. It includes an alternator that converts human pedaling power into electrical energy to charge the batteries. Additional alternators attached to the front and rear wheels charge the batteries during travel. This allows the batteries to be charged anywhere without an external power supply. The hybrid bicycle is more efficient than electric bikes as it can charge batteries using human power or while traveling. It provides a pollution-free transportation option.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Electric Scooter with Two Way Power SourceIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of an electric scooter with two-way power sources. The scooter uses a 24V 250W brushless DC hub motor and lithium-ion battery. It can be charged through a DC generator while riding, solar panels when stopped, or a main power supply charger. The solar panels absorb sunlight to generate electricity for charging. Key components include the motor, motor controller, chain and sprocket system, and lithium-ion battery. Calculations are shown for no-load speed, required power to drive the bicycle, and other specifications. The two-way charging ability eliminates dependencies on the main power supply charging and reduces pollution compared to gas scooters.
This technical report provides an analysis of a proposed 5 MW solar photovoltaic power plant in Charanka, Gujarat, India. It describes the site location and solar resource, gives an overview of the plant design including the modules, mounting structure, inverters and layout, and analyzes the expected plant performance and yearly energy generation. The analysis finds that the plant is expected to generate over 7,000 MWh in the first year with some losses accounted for, and provides conclusions on the viability and expected output of the project.
This document presents a case study of a proposed rooftop solar PV system for a residential colony in Navi Mumbai. It discusses the design and economics of the system. The document includes a certificate of approval, project report approval, declaration, acknowledgements, abstract and table of contents. It was submitted by 5 students in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree.
Human Powered Dc Micro Grid ElectrificationIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system to generate electricity from human power using a bicycle. The system would utilize the motion of pedaling to spin a generator and charge a battery pack. The battery could then power a small DC microgrid. Simulations were conducted of the electrical components like a buck-boost converter and lithium-ion battery charging. The mechanical design includes a gear and sprocket system to increase the generator speed for optimal output. The goal is to develop a low-cost way to capture wasted human pedaling energy and put it to use.
Optimal design and static simulation of a hybrid solar vehicleIRJASH
This paper deals with the design and simulation analysis of the hybrid solar vehicle under static conditions. The solar hybrid vehicle is effective in our everyday lives because many people have petrol cars and the emissions and fuel cost is now a serious problem. In addition to controlling vehicles pollution in the city, reduced fuel consumption and hybrid solar car use is used in vehicles to effectively reduce global warming and the environmental challenge in large-scale applications. In the last ten years, research has taken place on a large quantity of solar, hybrid solar and electrically operated cars, which is originating from several independent developments that all resulted in the idea of hybrid solar car and electric operated car. A hybrid solar vehicle was successfully designed, analyzed and fabricated at the end of this research.
Key words: Hybrid Vehicle, Solar vehicle, Fuel Efficiency, Static analysis
Design and Cost Evaluation of a Distribution Feeder Connected Solar System ecij
A distribution grid connected photovoltaic (PV) system faces the problem of reactive power imbalance. In view of this problem, a three-phase single-stage distribution grid connected with PV inverter can be incorporated with Var compensation. To obtain the accurate amount of real power insertion, as well as the
voltage and var control. This paper proposes an improved structure of a distribution feeder of UET Taxila for the grid integration of PV solar systems with static var compensation (SVC). The employed scheme consists of a 3 phase bridge
inverter which allows the efficient, flexible and reliable generation of PV array. Cost evaluation of project is also carried out on basic level. The validation of proposed models is carried out through digital simulations using the MATLAB/Simulink.
IRJET- Design and Manufacturing of Hybrid BicycleIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and manufacturing of a hybrid bicycle. The hybrid bicycle uses both human power and electric power to charge its batteries. It includes an alternator that converts human pedaling power into electrical energy to charge the batteries. Additional alternators attached to the front and rear wheels charge the batteries during travel. This allows the batteries to be charged anywhere without an external power supply. The hybrid bicycle is more efficient than electric bikes as it can charge batteries using human power or while traveling. It provides a pollution-free transportation option.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Electric Scooter with Two Way Power SourceIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of an electric scooter with two-way power sources. The scooter uses a 24V 250W brushless DC hub motor and lithium-ion battery. It can be charged through a DC generator while riding, solar panels when stopped, or a main power supply charger. The solar panels absorb sunlight to generate electricity for charging. Key components include the motor, motor controller, chain and sprocket system, and lithium-ion battery. Calculations are shown for no-load speed, required power to drive the bicycle, and other specifications. The two-way charging ability eliminates dependencies on the main power supply charging and reduces pollution compared to gas scooters.
This technical report provides an analysis of a proposed 5 MW solar photovoltaic power plant in Charanka, Gujarat, India. It describes the site location and solar resource, gives an overview of the plant design including the modules, mounting structure, inverters and layout, and analyzes the expected plant performance and yearly energy generation. The analysis finds that the plant is expected to generate over 7,000 MWh in the first year with some losses accounted for, and provides conclusions on the viability and expected output of the project.
This document is a 50-page internship report submitted by Naveen Bhati on solar power plants and solar energy. It provides an introduction to the company where the internship took place, Prime Vision Automation Solutions Pvt. Ltd., which provides industrial automation services and solar PV systems. The report includes sections on renewable energy sources like solar energy, the working of solar energy, solar thermal power plants, heat measurement, solar PV systems, SCADA systems, and PLC systems. It also contains diagrams of solar panel configurations, inverters, and solar pumping systems.
Solar News from India for week 1 July 2021- Solar Policy change, Minister app...Rohit Arora
This video Compiles all the BIG NEWS in Indian Solar Market for Week 1 of July 2021.
Welcome to SolarOcta, our weekly & Monthly news series on the latest megaprojects in Solar Industry, New Policies, New Tenders, New startups, New announcements, and a lot more.
#SolarWeekly
A Solar System to reduce the Power Crisis in Bangladesh through Electric Vehi...IOSR Journals
This document proposes a solar photovoltaic system to power electric vehicle charging stations in Bangladesh to help address the country's power crisis. It details the design of an 8 kW solar system using 63 solar panels and 8 batteries to provide up to 71.2 kWh of daily energy. The monthly and annual energy generation is calculated, showing a maximum of 21,360 kWh in December. The payback period is estimated at 14-24 years depending on the price per kWh. Benefits include reducing dependence on fossil fuels and providing a new revenue stream for fuel station owners, while challenges include the high upfront cost and need for proper maintenance knowledge.
Gate 2020 Electrical Engineering (29 years solution)IES Master
Oder now - https://iesmasterpublications.com/gate-books/
The door to GATE exam is through previous year question papers. If you are able to solve question papers in access of 10 years, you are sure to clear the GATE exam, and open new vistas of career and learning. IES Master’s Electrical Engineering GATE 2020 gives detailed solutions for the past 29 years question papers. Unlike other GATE solution books published by some of the leading institutes/publishers, the solution books offered by IES Master include topic-wise descriptions. The emphasis is clearly on the understanding of concepts and building upon a holistic picture. So as you finish a topic, say Power System Stability, you will find all the previous years’ question papers with detailed explanation under one topic.
IRJET- Advanced Footstep Power Generation System using RFID for ChargingIRJET Journal
The document proposes an advanced footstep power generation system that uses piezoelectric sensors mounted below a platform to generate voltage from footsteps and charge a battery. A microcontroller-based monitoring circuit allows users to monitor the battery charge level on an LCD display and charge mobile phones via USB. The system utilizes RFID cards to authorize charging and distribute power only to authorized users of the footstep-powered generator.
This document discusses electric vehicle mechanisms. It begins by defining electric vehicles and noting they use electric motors powered by batteries or solar panels rather than gasoline. It then covers the history of electric vehicles dating back to 1827 and discusses how they gained more popularity in the early 1900s but declined due to battery limitations. The main sections summarize the working of electric vehicle components like induction motors, inverters, and lithium-ion batteries. It compares electric vehicles favorably to internal combustion engines in aspects like direct rotational motion, uniform power output, and higher power-to-weight ratios. The conclusion discusses the need to improve batteries and charging to make electric vehicles more viable and reduce pollution from gasoline vehicles.
1. For the electricity price from the PV system to be comparable to conventional electricity at €0.10/kWh, the levelized cost of electricity over the 20 year lifetime must be €0.10/kWh or less.
2. Assuming a 14% efficient PV module and 1000 kWh/m2/year of sunlight, the module area required to produce 1 kWh/year is 0.07 m2. For a 20 year lifetime, the module area required per kWh is 1.4 m2. At a production cost of €X per Wattpeak, and assuming each Wattpeak of module produces 1000 kWh/20 years = 50 kWh, the levelized cost of electricity works out to
The document summarizes a proposed solar power system for a newly constructed girls' school in Loungani, Shikarpur, Sindh, Pakistan. The load for the school was estimated to be 5.136 kWh per day to power fans, LED lights, and a motor. Based on the load estimate and specifications for the solar panels, 27 panels totaling 189,000 rupees would be needed to provide off-grid power to the school. The total cost of the proposed solar system and other electrical components was estimated to be 251,000 rupees. Benefits included reduced electricity bills, clean renewable energy, and no load shedding, while disadvantages included high initial costs and weather dependence.
This document describes a 100KW grid-connected solar roof top plant installed on the roof of an administrative building in RKDF University, Bhopal, India. The plant consists of 339 solar panels that generate an average of 500kWh per day and 1.5 lakh units annually. Excess power is exported to the local grid through a net metering system. Performance data from May and June 2015 show daily generation ranging from 255kWh to 550kWh depending on weather conditions. The roof top plant provides clean energy, reduces the university's energy costs, and supports the local power grid.
For direct download link, visit:
http://solarreference.com/what-you-need-to-design-rural-mini-grids/
The “Mini Grid Design Manual” would be useful to anyone wanting to design generation-to-house wiring systems for simple village level grids. With detailed theory as well as practical advice, it is very much relevant today as it was when published back in 2000.
IRJET - Solar Inverter using Super CapacitorIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on a solar inverter that uses a super capacitor. It begins by introducing the concepts of solar inverters, which convert the variable DC output of solar panels into usable AC power, and super capacitors, which can store and release large amounts of electricity quickly. It then describes the key components of the proposed solar inverter system, which includes solar panels, a super capacitor, battery, charging circuitry, inverter circuitry with an IC, MOSFETs, an LC filter, and step-up transformer. The document explains how the solar energy would be stored in both the super capacitor and battery before being fed to the inverter and transformer to produce 230V AC power for loads
IRJET - Hybrid Power Generation and Power Station for Electric VehicleIRJET Journal
This document discusses a hybrid power generation system that combines wind and solar energy to provide electricity. It proposes using vertical-axis wind turbines and self-cleaning solar panels to harness wind and solar power. The generated electricity would be stored in batteries and used to power a power station for electric vehicles. The hybrid system aims to provide uninterrupted power by integrating two renewable energy sources that produce peak power at different times. It could help meet the large electricity demand expected for electric vehicles in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way.
IRJET- Railway Track based Electrical Power GenerationIRJET Journal
This document proposes a system to generate electrical power from railway tracks. As trains move over tracks, the vertical displacement of the tracks can be captured using a vibration energy harvester connected to a rack and pinion gear system. This system drives a DC generator to produce electricity, which is stored in a battery. The key components are a railway track, rack and pinion gears, chain drive, flywheel, DC generator, and battery. As a train passes, the track vibrates and turns the gears which rotate the flywheel and generator, producing electrical power from the movement of the train without using fuel. This provides a renewable source of energy capture from existing railway infrastructure.
IRJET- Performance Evaluation of Micro GridIRJET Journal
The document discusses the performance evaluation of a microgrid system combining photovoltaic (PV) arrays and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). The microgrid is designed to operate autonomously to meet load demand. It uses a voltage source converter (VSC) controller and phase locked loop (PLL) based on DQ transformation to control voltage, current and frequency. A DC-DC converter connects the PV and PEMFC, with the fuel cell providing backup power when the PV state of charge falls. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) using a perturb and observe algorithm maintains output voltage. Simulation results show the system improves power quality by reducing total harmonic distortion compared to using a VSC controller alone.
IRJET - Efficient Energy Harvesting and Reusing SystemIRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed system to efficiently harvest and reuse energy from human footfalls. Piezoelectric sensors placed under walking surfaces like floors or pavements would convert the kinetic energy of footsteps into electrical energy. This energy would be stored using a boost converter to increase the voltage before storing it in batteries. An inverter would then convert the stored DC energy into AC power that can be used to power devices. The system aims to address rising energy demands by utilizing wasted kinetic energy from walking. It could be implemented in populated areas to passively generate electricity from human foot traffic.
This document discusses key topics related to electric vehicles including batteries, costs, charging, battery swapping, battery life, materials, converting internal combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles, and the future of electric vehicle technology. It addresses common problems with electric vehicle adoption such as battery weight, costs, and energy density. It also provides information on lithium-ion battery chemistry and performance, how to calculate the cost per kWh of energy usage, factors that influence battery life, and considerations for battery charging standardization.
The document provides information on India's renewable energy targets and progress towards achieving 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022, including:
- The national target of 175 GW by 2022 was announced in the 2015 union budget, which would require quintupling existing renewable capacity.
- State-level targets have also been set, with solar targets showing some inconsistencies across policies, plans and regulations.
- Between 2006-07 to 2015-16, renewable energy generation grew significantly from 18 billion units to over 350 billion units, accounting for 17% of total generation.
- Achieving the targets would require investments of around Rs. 7-8 lakh crore during 2016-22 for solar and wind projects alone.
Performance investigation and blade analysis of a small horizontal axis wind ...Petronillo Peligro
This document discusses a study on the performance of whale-inspired wind turbine blades. It begins by providing background on wind turbines, horizontal axis wind turbines, and conventional wind turbine blades. It then discusses humpback whale flippers, noting that their unique tubercles allow them to operate at higher angles of attack with less drag and more lift than conventional smooth surfaces. The document proposes designing and testing a small wind turbine with blades inspired by humpback whale flippers to investigate their potential aerodynamic benefits for wind energy applications.
IRJET- Internally Charging E-Bike using PedallingIRJET Journal
This document describes a concept for an electric bicycle that can charge its own battery through human pedaling. The pedals are connected to an alternator via a gear system to multiply the pedaling rpm. This allows the alternator to generate enough power to charge the onboard battery pack. By harnessing the energy from pedaling, the bicycle does not require external charging and can serve as both transportation and exercise. The gearing system takes the 50 rpm input from pedaling and increases it to around 6,000 rpm to meet the alternator's power generation needs. This internally charging system could make electric bicycles more affordable and practical for everyday use.
This proposal outlines a 1 MWp solar power plant in Vadodara, Gujarat, India. The key details include:
1) The plant will be grid-connected and use poly-crystalline solar modules covering an area of 5.5-6 acres (1.25 lac sq feet).
2) The main components will be the solar PV array, inverters, monitoring systems, and a substation.
3) A maintenance contract is proposed to include performance monitoring, preventative maintenance, corrective maintenance and other services.
4) An implementation schedule and project management approach is outlined, along with procurement, integration plans and budgets.
In this paper we study how to establish photovoltaic solar power plant Design as well as calculation of power production, base on that to further we find recommendation and techniques to optimized cost of PV solar power plant. To establishment of green and sustainable development of solar PV power plant to reduce a burden of state electricity board.
This document is a 50-page internship report submitted by Naveen Bhati on solar power plants and solar energy. It provides an introduction to the company where the internship took place, Prime Vision Automation Solutions Pvt. Ltd., which provides industrial automation services and solar PV systems. The report includes sections on renewable energy sources like solar energy, the working of solar energy, solar thermal power plants, heat measurement, solar PV systems, SCADA systems, and PLC systems. It also contains diagrams of solar panel configurations, inverters, and solar pumping systems.
Solar News from India for week 1 July 2021- Solar Policy change, Minister app...Rohit Arora
This video Compiles all the BIG NEWS in Indian Solar Market for Week 1 of July 2021.
Welcome to SolarOcta, our weekly & Monthly news series on the latest megaprojects in Solar Industry, New Policies, New Tenders, New startups, New announcements, and a lot more.
#SolarWeekly
A Solar System to reduce the Power Crisis in Bangladesh through Electric Vehi...IOSR Journals
This document proposes a solar photovoltaic system to power electric vehicle charging stations in Bangladesh to help address the country's power crisis. It details the design of an 8 kW solar system using 63 solar panels and 8 batteries to provide up to 71.2 kWh of daily energy. The monthly and annual energy generation is calculated, showing a maximum of 21,360 kWh in December. The payback period is estimated at 14-24 years depending on the price per kWh. Benefits include reducing dependence on fossil fuels and providing a new revenue stream for fuel station owners, while challenges include the high upfront cost and need for proper maintenance knowledge.
Gate 2020 Electrical Engineering (29 years solution)IES Master
Oder now - https://iesmasterpublications.com/gate-books/
The door to GATE exam is through previous year question papers. If you are able to solve question papers in access of 10 years, you are sure to clear the GATE exam, and open new vistas of career and learning. IES Master’s Electrical Engineering GATE 2020 gives detailed solutions for the past 29 years question papers. Unlike other GATE solution books published by some of the leading institutes/publishers, the solution books offered by IES Master include topic-wise descriptions. The emphasis is clearly on the understanding of concepts and building upon a holistic picture. So as you finish a topic, say Power System Stability, you will find all the previous years’ question papers with detailed explanation under one topic.
IRJET- Advanced Footstep Power Generation System using RFID for ChargingIRJET Journal
The document proposes an advanced footstep power generation system that uses piezoelectric sensors mounted below a platform to generate voltage from footsteps and charge a battery. A microcontroller-based monitoring circuit allows users to monitor the battery charge level on an LCD display and charge mobile phones via USB. The system utilizes RFID cards to authorize charging and distribute power only to authorized users of the footstep-powered generator.
This document discusses electric vehicle mechanisms. It begins by defining electric vehicles and noting they use electric motors powered by batteries or solar panels rather than gasoline. It then covers the history of electric vehicles dating back to 1827 and discusses how they gained more popularity in the early 1900s but declined due to battery limitations. The main sections summarize the working of electric vehicle components like induction motors, inverters, and lithium-ion batteries. It compares electric vehicles favorably to internal combustion engines in aspects like direct rotational motion, uniform power output, and higher power-to-weight ratios. The conclusion discusses the need to improve batteries and charging to make electric vehicles more viable and reduce pollution from gasoline vehicles.
1. For the electricity price from the PV system to be comparable to conventional electricity at €0.10/kWh, the levelized cost of electricity over the 20 year lifetime must be €0.10/kWh or less.
2. Assuming a 14% efficient PV module and 1000 kWh/m2/year of sunlight, the module area required to produce 1 kWh/year is 0.07 m2. For a 20 year lifetime, the module area required per kWh is 1.4 m2. At a production cost of €X per Wattpeak, and assuming each Wattpeak of module produces 1000 kWh/20 years = 50 kWh, the levelized cost of electricity works out to
The document summarizes a proposed solar power system for a newly constructed girls' school in Loungani, Shikarpur, Sindh, Pakistan. The load for the school was estimated to be 5.136 kWh per day to power fans, LED lights, and a motor. Based on the load estimate and specifications for the solar panels, 27 panels totaling 189,000 rupees would be needed to provide off-grid power to the school. The total cost of the proposed solar system and other electrical components was estimated to be 251,000 rupees. Benefits included reduced electricity bills, clean renewable energy, and no load shedding, while disadvantages included high initial costs and weather dependence.
This document describes a 100KW grid-connected solar roof top plant installed on the roof of an administrative building in RKDF University, Bhopal, India. The plant consists of 339 solar panels that generate an average of 500kWh per day and 1.5 lakh units annually. Excess power is exported to the local grid through a net metering system. Performance data from May and June 2015 show daily generation ranging from 255kWh to 550kWh depending on weather conditions. The roof top plant provides clean energy, reduces the university's energy costs, and supports the local power grid.
For direct download link, visit:
http://solarreference.com/what-you-need-to-design-rural-mini-grids/
The “Mini Grid Design Manual” would be useful to anyone wanting to design generation-to-house wiring systems for simple village level grids. With detailed theory as well as practical advice, it is very much relevant today as it was when published back in 2000.
IRJET - Solar Inverter using Super CapacitorIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on a solar inverter that uses a super capacitor. It begins by introducing the concepts of solar inverters, which convert the variable DC output of solar panels into usable AC power, and super capacitors, which can store and release large amounts of electricity quickly. It then describes the key components of the proposed solar inverter system, which includes solar panels, a super capacitor, battery, charging circuitry, inverter circuitry with an IC, MOSFETs, an LC filter, and step-up transformer. The document explains how the solar energy would be stored in both the super capacitor and battery before being fed to the inverter and transformer to produce 230V AC power for loads
IRJET - Hybrid Power Generation and Power Station for Electric VehicleIRJET Journal
This document discusses a hybrid power generation system that combines wind and solar energy to provide electricity. It proposes using vertical-axis wind turbines and self-cleaning solar panels to harness wind and solar power. The generated electricity would be stored in batteries and used to power a power station for electric vehicles. The hybrid system aims to provide uninterrupted power by integrating two renewable energy sources that produce peak power at different times. It could help meet the large electricity demand expected for electric vehicles in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way.
IRJET- Railway Track based Electrical Power GenerationIRJET Journal
This document proposes a system to generate electrical power from railway tracks. As trains move over tracks, the vertical displacement of the tracks can be captured using a vibration energy harvester connected to a rack and pinion gear system. This system drives a DC generator to produce electricity, which is stored in a battery. The key components are a railway track, rack and pinion gears, chain drive, flywheel, DC generator, and battery. As a train passes, the track vibrates and turns the gears which rotate the flywheel and generator, producing electrical power from the movement of the train without using fuel. This provides a renewable source of energy capture from existing railway infrastructure.
IRJET- Performance Evaluation of Micro GridIRJET Journal
The document discusses the performance evaluation of a microgrid system combining photovoltaic (PV) arrays and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). The microgrid is designed to operate autonomously to meet load demand. It uses a voltage source converter (VSC) controller and phase locked loop (PLL) based on DQ transformation to control voltage, current and frequency. A DC-DC converter connects the PV and PEMFC, with the fuel cell providing backup power when the PV state of charge falls. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) using a perturb and observe algorithm maintains output voltage. Simulation results show the system improves power quality by reducing total harmonic distortion compared to using a VSC controller alone.
IRJET - Efficient Energy Harvesting and Reusing SystemIRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed system to efficiently harvest and reuse energy from human footfalls. Piezoelectric sensors placed under walking surfaces like floors or pavements would convert the kinetic energy of footsteps into electrical energy. This energy would be stored using a boost converter to increase the voltage before storing it in batteries. An inverter would then convert the stored DC energy into AC power that can be used to power devices. The system aims to address rising energy demands by utilizing wasted kinetic energy from walking. It could be implemented in populated areas to passively generate electricity from human foot traffic.
This document discusses key topics related to electric vehicles including batteries, costs, charging, battery swapping, battery life, materials, converting internal combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles, and the future of electric vehicle technology. It addresses common problems with electric vehicle adoption such as battery weight, costs, and energy density. It also provides information on lithium-ion battery chemistry and performance, how to calculate the cost per kWh of energy usage, factors that influence battery life, and considerations for battery charging standardization.
The document provides information on India's renewable energy targets and progress towards achieving 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022, including:
- The national target of 175 GW by 2022 was announced in the 2015 union budget, which would require quintupling existing renewable capacity.
- State-level targets have also been set, with solar targets showing some inconsistencies across policies, plans and regulations.
- Between 2006-07 to 2015-16, renewable energy generation grew significantly from 18 billion units to over 350 billion units, accounting for 17% of total generation.
- Achieving the targets would require investments of around Rs. 7-8 lakh crore during 2016-22 for solar and wind projects alone.
Performance investigation and blade analysis of a small horizontal axis wind ...Petronillo Peligro
This document discusses a study on the performance of whale-inspired wind turbine blades. It begins by providing background on wind turbines, horizontal axis wind turbines, and conventional wind turbine blades. It then discusses humpback whale flippers, noting that their unique tubercles allow them to operate at higher angles of attack with less drag and more lift than conventional smooth surfaces. The document proposes designing and testing a small wind turbine with blades inspired by humpback whale flippers to investigate their potential aerodynamic benefits for wind energy applications.
IRJET- Internally Charging E-Bike using PedallingIRJET Journal
This document describes a concept for an electric bicycle that can charge its own battery through human pedaling. The pedals are connected to an alternator via a gear system to multiply the pedaling rpm. This allows the alternator to generate enough power to charge the onboard battery pack. By harnessing the energy from pedaling, the bicycle does not require external charging and can serve as both transportation and exercise. The gearing system takes the 50 rpm input from pedaling and increases it to around 6,000 rpm to meet the alternator's power generation needs. This internally charging system could make electric bicycles more affordable and practical for everyday use.
This proposal outlines a 1 MWp solar power plant in Vadodara, Gujarat, India. The key details include:
1) The plant will be grid-connected and use poly-crystalline solar modules covering an area of 5.5-6 acres (1.25 lac sq feet).
2) The main components will be the solar PV array, inverters, monitoring systems, and a substation.
3) A maintenance contract is proposed to include performance monitoring, preventative maintenance, corrective maintenance and other services.
4) An implementation schedule and project management approach is outlined, along with procurement, integration plans and budgets.
In this paper we study how to establish photovoltaic solar power plant Design as well as calculation of power production, base on that to further we find recommendation and techniques to optimized cost of PV solar power plant. To establishment of green and sustainable development of solar PV power plant to reduce a burden of state electricity board.
Implementation on Regenerative Braking System Electric VehicleIRJET Journal
This document discusses the implementation of a regenerative braking system for electric vehicles. It begins with an abstract that describes regenerative braking systems and how they recover kinetic energy and convert it to electrical energy for storage in the vehicle's batteries. It then provides background on regenerative braking and how it differs from conventional braking. The proposed system and working principle are described, involving using a motor as a generator during braking to produce electricity that is stored. Benefits include improved braking efficiency and reduced emissions. Future work may focus on capturing more braking energy. In conclusion, regenerative braking improves electric vehicle efficiency and is useful for advancing energy concepts.
Optimization towards cost effective solar mini grids in bangladeshDipta Majumder
People living in remote rural areas e.g. islands of Bangladesh don’t have access to electricity due to financial and technical challenges. Solar Photovoltaic (PV)-Diesel based hybrid mini grids can be a way to electrify remote rural areas of Bangladesh. However, solar energy is costly compared to conventional energy sources. Hence, optimization is essential to ensure success of solar mini grids in remote rural areas. Optimization of mini grid plant capacity based on demand is discussed. Diesel consumption and excess electricity from plant are the key optimization parameters. A case at Paratoli, Narsingdi, Bangladesh is taken into consideration to validate the optimization. Data is further analyzed to find out the future requirements and effects after optimization.
FICCI strongly believes that the creation of a strong and secure supply chain in India for the solar sector will enable creation of jobs, reduce foreign exchange outflow and lead to increase in investments and sustainable growth of the sector in the long run. There is a strong need to incentivize investments in creating the domestic supply chain with help from both domestic and global players, and to facilitate collaborative arrangements towards enhancing research and development efforts. There is also a strong case for international companies with extensive technology and experience globally to participate in building a strong supply chain in India and be part of India's solar growth story.
This Report on Securing the Solar Supply Chain highlights demand opportunities and key issues for the solar manufacturing supply chain and provides policy recommendations to enable creation of a strong supply chain for solar energy in India.
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SEC Final
1. Design Project -2
Battery-Backup PV System in Mumbai
Team 05
Ajay Renganathan, Aakash Bhansali,
Naveen Kadimcherla
SEC 598 – Photovoltaic systems
engineering
Date: 12/10/2015
2. ii
Table of Contents
Executive Summary........................................................................................................................ v
Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 1
Work Description............................................................................................................................ 2
1) Design process.................................................................................................................. 2
(a) Site selection:..................................................................................................................... 2
(b) Evaluation of the solar resource:....................................................................................... 4
(c) Load analysis:.................................................................................................................... 5
(d) Inverter sizing:................................................................................................................... 5
(e) Battery sizing:.................................................................................................................... 6
(f) Array sizing and determination of annual output: ............................................................. 6
2) System Design.................................................................................................................. 8
(a) Description of system........................................................................................................ 8
(b) Block diagram ................................................................................................................. 10
(c) Wiring diagram................................................................................................................ 10
(d) Details of selected components (for data sheets see Appendix C).................................. 11
(e) Compliance with Indian NEC ......................................................................................... 22
3) Costs............................................................................................................................... 23
(a) Bill of materials ............................................................................................................... 23
(b) LCOE .............................................................................................................................. 24
(c) Annual and cumulative return ......................................................................................... 26
Conclusions................................................................................................................................... 29
Appendices.................................................................................................................................... 31
Appendix A – Battery sizing calculations .................................................................................... 31
Appendix B- Array sizing calculations......................................................................................... 32
Appendix C- Manufacturer’s Data sheets..................................................................................... 32
Appendix D – Overall system efficiency calculation ................................................................... 38
3. iii
List of Figures
Figure 1: Rooftop area 1 ................................................................................................................. 2
Figure 2: Rooftop area 2 ................................................................................................................. 3
Figure 3: Rooftop area 3 ................................................................................................................. 3
Figure 4: India Solar resource NREL ............................................................................................. 4
Figure 5: PVWatts results............................................................................................................... 7
Figure 6: Rooftop area 2 ................................................................................................................. 8
Figure 7: PV system diagram (Source: Enphase) ........................................................................ 10
Figure 8: Wiring Diagram............................................................................................................. 10
Figure 9: REC Twin peak string comparison ............................................................................... 12
Figure 10: Enphase module compatibility.................................................................................... 12
Figure 11: Lead acid vs Lithium Iron Phosphate (Source: Iron Edison) ...................................... 15
Figure 12: Wire selection chart..................................................................................................... 17
Figure 13: Voltage drop between Junction Box and Sub Panel ................................................... 18
Figure 14: Voltage drop between Sub Panel to Inverter charger and between Inverter charger and
Main Panel .................................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 15: Pergola structure.......................................................................................................... 19
Figure 16: Top view...................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 17: Side view..................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 18: Front view.................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 19: Overall system............................................................................................................. 21
Figure 20: Annual Return ............................................................................................................. 27
Figure 21: Cumulative return........................................................................................................ 28
4. iv
List of Tables
Table Caption Page number
Table 1 Load analysis 5
Table 2 Balance of system list 21
Table 3 Bill of materials 23
Table 4
Tata Power Utility tariff
rates
24
Table 5 Annual Return 26
5. v
Executive Summary
A battery backup photovoltaic system is one of the possible solutions to ensure
uninterrupted availability of the power to the customer, especially in countries experiencing
frequent power cuts like India. During the day, the PV array produces power which is used to
operate essential loads, charge a battery, or feed excess power back into the electric grid. When
the grid goes down, the energy stored in the battery is used to run the critical loads.
This project is about designing an AC coupled battery backup grid tied PV system for an
apartment in Mumbai, India with a gym facility that operates between the hours of 6 am -10 am
and 6 pm – 10 pm. It will provide backup power to the gym facility through batteries and help in
reducing the electricity costs of running this gym over the long term. To provide enough AC
energy to entirely power the gym for 8 months out of 12, it is estimated that an 11.76 kW PV array
was required and any excess power produced, if any, shall be fed into the grid via net metering.
The system consists of 280W polycrystalline modules, Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries,
Inverter/Chargers and microinverters.
The total cost of the system after applying 30% incentive is $52,598.7. The installed cost
per watt is $4.48/W. The levelized cost of energy is $0.46/kWh and the payback period was 16
years.
6. 1
Introduction
India is rapidly moving towards becoming one of the leading nations in the cause of
reduced carbon emissions. India has recently initiated work on the Global Solar Alliance and is
aiming for research in solar technologies and helping developing nations to equip with solar. The
Central Government of India has recently reinstated its 30% tax credit thus placing itself as a
lucrative market. The residential complexes now a days have various amenities like gym, air
conditioned lounges, pools, multiple elevators etc. However, certain complexes experience
frequent power cuts, with power not being available for long periods of time.
One solution to this, is the improvement of the grid infrastructure by the electric utility.
However, this is not an easy solution, and neither are the utilities currently making progress on
this in a timely manner. There is another solution, and that is, a battery backup photovoltaic system.
During the day, the PV array produces power which is used to operate essential loads, charge a
battery, or feed excess power back into the electric grid. When the grid goes down, the energy
stored in the battery is used to run the critical loads.
In this project, we decided to design a battery backup PV system to sustain the loads in a
gym in a residential complex in the city of Mumbai. A few key reasons for choosing this city
include: presence of a net metering policy, over 300 days of sunlight per year, and a renewable
energy policy aimed at creating 14,400 MW of fresh grid-connected installed capacity by 2019-
20[1].
This apartment has a gym facility which incurs a major portion of its total monthly
electricity bill. The gym loads operate between the hours of 6 am -10 am and 6 pm – 10 pm. The
objectives of this project are to provide backup power to the gym facility through batteries and to
reduce the electricity costs of running this gym over the long term. Based on our load analysis and
PVWatts results, we determined that an 11.76 kW PV array was required. This system provides
enough AC energy to entirely power the gym for 8 months out of 12. The excess power produced
is fed into the grid via net metering.
7. 2
In this report, we first describe our design process, system design, and the rationale behind
it. Following this, we discuss the components in our system and why we chose them. Finally, we
describe the economic analysis, payback period, and future scope.
Work Description
1) Design process
Designing a battery backup grid connected PV system involves a series of steps:
(a) Site selection:
The apartment rooftop was inspected to determine the available space. PVWatts was used to
draw the system on the satellite image of the location. Based on this, PVWatts displayed the
available space and maximum array size. Here, three different areas were considered. The final
selection of one of the options was done after load and shading analysis
Option 1:
Figure 1: Rooftop area 1
9. 4
(b) Evaluation of the solar resource:
Based on historical data from the national renewable energy laboratories, we analyzed the solar
resource, or the peak sun hours. Here, it can be observed that Mumbai has an average of 5 - 5.5
peak sun hours.
Figure 4: India Solar resource NREL
10. 5
(c) Load analysis:
In this step, the total daily power consumption of all the gym equipment was calculated. The
kW rating of each gym appliance was multiplied by the number of hours of usage to get the daily
kWh. Using this, the monthly kWh was calculated.
Table 1 : Load analysis
Appliance Power rating
(a)
Quantity
(b)
Hours on
(c)
Power consumed
(a) x (b) x (c)
Treadmill 1.5 kW 2 8 24 kWh/day
Cycle 0.75 kW 2 8 12 kWh/day
Fluorescent Lights 0.04 kW 18 8 5.76 kWh/day
Standing Fan 0.1 kW 6 8 4.8 kWh/day
Ceiling Fan 0.07 kW 1 8 0.56 kWh/day
Total = 47.12 kWh/day
Maximum monthly kWh = 47.12 x 30 = 1413.6 kWh/month
Maximum annual kWh = 1413.6 x 12 = 16,963.2 kWh/year
(d) Inverter sizing:
Before going into inverter selection, we would like to point out that battery backup grid
tied PV systems are of two types: DC coupled and AC coupled. A DC coupled system consists of
a charge controller and only one grid tied inverter, whereas an AC coupled system consists of two
inverters, one for the PV array, and another which is grid tied and used to charge to battery.
We chose to go with an AC coupled system with a microinverter to convert the PV array
output and an inverter/charger to charge the battery. The voltage and frequency in India are 240V
and 50Hz. Each of the gym appliances were rated between 220-240V. The inverter and
microinverter were chosen keeping these points in mind. The process of inverter selection and the
reasons for choosing AC coupling will be explained in detail under the “System design” section.
11. 6
(e) Battery sizing:
Based on the daily kWh consumption (47.12 kWh/day), we calculated the minimum required Ah
of the battery. The procedure to determine the Ah is shown below.
Step 1: kWh/day (battery) = kWh/day (loads) ÷ inverter/charger efficiency ÷ microinverter
efficiency ÷ wiring efficiency.
Step 2: Wh/day = kWh/day x 1000
Step 3: Ah/day = Wh/day ÷ nominal battery voltage
Step 4: Finally, considering a depth of discharge (DoD) of 80%:
Minimum required Ah/day = Ah/day ÷ 0.8
Based on these calculations, the minimum required Ah was 1400 Ah/day. For details of these
calculations, please see Appendix A.
(f) Array sizing and determination of annual output:
In this step, the battery to load Ah (step 3 value from previous section) was used to determine the
PV array size. The steps involved in this are shown below.
Step 1: Assuming the battery charging and discharging losses to be 10%, this Ah value was divided
by 0.9.
Step 2: The value obtained in step 1 is multiplied by the nominal battery voltage to get Wh/day.
Step 3: The Wh/day is divided by the peak sun hours in Mumbai to get the array size in watts.
Note: See Appendix B for the details of these calculations
From these steps, the array size determined was 11.7 kW. This value was entered into PVWatts,
which estimated the monthly AC energy production (kWh) for Mumbai, India. The values for each
month were compared to the monthly power requirements (1413.6 kWh). The tilt angle chosen
was 20°, in order to focus on maximizing annual production.
12. 7
Figure 5: PVWatts results
Note: Under system losses, the mismatch and shading loss % was changed due to the use of
microinverters (see Inverter)
As seen from the figure, the array produces enough power to run the loads on all months except
for June, July, August, and September.
13. 8
2) System Design
(a) Description of system
Based on the total area occupied by all of the modules (including spacing to avoid shading), we
decided to choose option 2 as our location. Here, the maximum area available was 190 𝑚2
.
Figure 6: Rooftop area 2
To install the PV system, a pergola will be constructed on the parking lot. The mounting system
will be installed on the pergola at a tilt angle of 20ᵒ due South.
In this apartment, the designed system will power the gym loads which operate between
the hours of 6 am -10 am and 6 pm – 10 pm. We decided to design an AC coupled battery backup
PV system. At the PV array side, we used micro-inverters instead of string inverters, and at the
battery side we used an inverter/charger. The system is single phase 240V and 50Hz.
In AC-coupled systems, the DC power from the array is first converted to AC by a
batteryless inverter, to be used by the AC loads through an AC load panel. Any unused energy is
used by a separate battery-based inverter/charger that either converts the AC to DC to charge the
14. 9
batteries, or, if it is a grid-tied system, it can also pass through to additional AC loads and/or the
grid. Also, if there isn’t enough PV energy to supply all the critical loads, the inverter-charger adds
grid energy.
The reason it is called “coupled” is that when the grid power is out, the battery inverter
“tricks” the batteryless inverter into feeding power. In simple terms, the battery based inverter
provides a “grid tied AC waveform” even when the grid isn’t present, which ensures that the
batteryless inverter syncs with it and stays ON in the absence of the grid.
The reasons for choosing an AC coupled system over DC coupled are as follows:
It is more efficient, as the batteryless inverter (the microinverter in our case) does the
majority of the power conversion. The efficiency of this inverter ranges from 96-98%, as
compared to the battery based inverter with 90-95% [2].
It allows adding battery backup to an existing batteryless grid tied PV system without
changing the existing wiring.
Low voltage, high current DC connections are minimized. This leads to cheaper and easier
installation [3].
Improved array-to-grid efficiency due to the removal of a conversion step.
In an AC-Coupled system, the array is connected to the grid through a PV inverter:
DC (array) PV Inverter AC (grid/load)
In a DC-coupled system, the array is connected to the grid first through a charge controller
and then through a battery grid-tie inverter/charger:
DC (array) Charge Controller DC bus Battery Grid-tie Inverter AC (grid)
The dual conversion results in reduced conversion efficiency [3].
16. 11
(d) Details of selected components (for data sheets see Appendix C)
(i) Module: REC 280TP
The module selected was the REC Twin Peak 280W Polycrystalline module. In order to
obtain an 11.76 kW system we required 42 of these modules (42 x 280 = 11760W).
The total space occupied by all the modules = 42 x 1.64 m2
= 68.8 m2
The modules were arranged in landscape mode with 2 rows of 21 modules each. However,
electrically, there are 3 series circuits of 14 modules each. The arrangement is such that there won’t
be any shading from adjacent modules. Due to this, we don’t require any minimal spacing between
the modules (see mounting for more details).
Reasons for choosing:
This was one of the few polycrystalline modules of 280W, which was compatible with the
Enphase M250 microinverter.
As compared to other 280W modules, the REC 280TP was much cheaper, costing only as
much as a 260W module. The price per module was $248.
The REC module uses unique half-cut cells that lead to a lower fall in power output when
shaded, as compared to the all other manufacturer’s modules.
High efficiency of 17%.
17. 12
Figure 9: REC Twin peak string comparison
REC TwinPeak modules are split into two twin sections which generate electricity
independent to each other, but combine again before the current exits the module. This helps them
to continue producing electricity in the non-shaded section even at times of reduced irradiance on
the module, increasing overall energy yield and installation profitability.
(ii) Inverter: Enphase M250
The inverter chosen was the Enphase M250 microinverter. This is compatible with 60 cell
modules only and gives a maximum output of 250W. After entering the REC module details, it
was found that the M250 was compatible with the REC module (60 cells).
Figure 10: Enphase module compatibility
19. 14
(iii) Battery: Iron Edison Lithium Iron Phosphate
The batteries chosen were Iron Edison Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries. The battery
voltage chosen was 48V. In order to meet our Ah requirement of 1402 Ah/day, we connected two
batteries in parallel. One was 48V, 1000Ah and the other was 48V, 400Ah.
These batteries also come with overcurrent protection, a battery disconnect, and a battery
management system. The battery management system monitors cell voltage and system voltage,
which is critical for Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries.
These batteries have an actual voltage of 52V and a maximum charging voltage of 56.8V.
Reasons for choosing Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries:
Low-Temperature Capacity: The storage capacity of Lead Acid (LA) batteries drop by
50% at -4°F, compared to 8% with LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate). Keeping lead-acid
batteries warm so that they maintain reasonable capacity in cold climates can be
challenging, giving LFPs an advantage [6].
LFPs have about one-quarter the internal resistance (impedance) of LA batteries, which
reduces battery energy lost to heat [6].
Self-Discharge: At room temperature, idle (stored or disconnected) LA batteries lose 5%
to 15% of their electrical capacity per month, compared to 1% to 3% for LFPs [6].
Lifetime: Regularly used and properly maintained common deep-cycle LA batteries have
an average lifespan of about five years; LFP batteries have an estimated longevity of 10
years—half the frequency of LA battery replacement [6].
Even though Lead acid batteries have a low up front cost, than LFPs, their lifetime kWh
can be higher.
20. 15
Figure 11: Lead acid vs Lithium Iron Phosphate (Source: Iron Edison)
(iv) Inverter/charger: Schneider XW+
An Inverter/charger plays the role of a battery charger as well as an inverter. The Schneider
XW+ was chosen as the inverter/charger. One reason was because it was one out of only two
inverter/chargers compatible with LFP batteries at present. Furthermore, the inverter can be used
in AC coupled systems. It is compatible with India’s voltage and frequency of 240V, 50Hz, and
can handle the maximum current of 57.22A (see wires).
As the Schneider XW+ does not come with a single inverter/charger capable of handling
11.76kW, we connect two inverter/chargers in parallel. The inverters connected in parallel are the
XW+ 5548NA and the XW+ 6848NA. This allows the combination of the both to produce a
maximum array power of 12,300 kW (5500 + 6800 = 12,300).
The inverter/charger is programmed to charge the 48V battery at 54V and the sell voltage
of 54.5V. This is within the voltage limits of the battery (57V max) and the inverter/charger (64V
max).
21. 16
When the battery terminal voltage reaches the bulk voltage limit (programmable), then charging
enters the absorption stage. The inverter/charger bulk voltage is set just below the sell voltage so
that the inverter will only charge the batteries if their voltage drops below the sell voltage.
Working:
As the battery reaches sell voltage, current from the PV array shifts to the inverter for
inversion and powering the loads. The excess is sold to the utility. If the terminal voltage of the
battery falls below the sell voltage, then current from the PV array flows to the battery, to raise it
above the sell voltage again.
(v) Wiring:
Figure 12: Wiring lengths
22. 17
According to India’s NEC, the current handling capability of the wires should be 125% of the total
output current. The total output current from the microinverters was determined in the inverter
section to be 45.78A. Therefore, all of the wires should be able to handle 45.78 x 1.25= 57.22 A.
The electrical system in India supports 230V, 50Hz. The table shown below allows us to choose
the number of inverters per circuit and then select a length, which in the end leads us to the wire
size.
So, according to our design we chose the following parameters:
# of inverters/circuit = 14
Length of one way wire in feet = 168
Thus, the required wire size is #6.
Based on the wire size, we calculated the overall %VD for the wiring throughout the system. We
used a reliable calculator [8] and input the details such as the voltage and current.
Maximum voltage to be handled by all the systems is 240Volts
Maximum Current to be handled by all the systems is 57.22 Amperes.
Figure 12: Wire selection chart [7]
23. 18
1. Voltage drop between Junction box and Sub Panel
2. Voltage drop between Sub Panel to Inverter charger and between Inverter charger and Main
Panel
Figure 13: Voltage drop between Junction Box and Sub Panel [8]
Figure 14: Voltage drop between Sub Panel to Inverter charger and between Inverter charger and Main Panel [8]
24. 19
Since the distance between the Inverter charger and the main panel is the same as that between the
sub panel and the inverter charger, the voltage drop is the same. The total voltage drop of the
system was 2.1%. So, after all the considerations we decided to go ahead with a #6 Copper wire
made by Cerrowire.
(vi) Mounting:
To install the PV system, a pergola will be constructed on the parking lot. The mounting
system will be installed on the pergola at a tilt angle of 20ᵒ due South. This type of arrangement
avoids self-shading by the modules. The mounting selected was Nuevosol Energy’s Nuevo-fix.
The PV mounting system components require no field welding, drilling or other on-site fabrication,
which leads to faster solar panel installation.
An initial visualization of the system is shown in the images below.
Figure 15: Pergola structure
26. 21
Figure 19: Overall system
(vii) Balance of system:
Table 2: Balance of system list
Material Company and Model No
PV system performance meter ABB CDD
Combiner box Midnite Solar MNPV6
Sub Panel Murray LC002GS
Communications Gateway Enphase Envoy
Bi-Directional meter Analog Electric meter
Microinverter cable Enphase engage cable
Wiring Cerrowire THHN
Conduit SOUTHWIRE FO3750050M ALUMINUM FLEX CONDUIT
27. 22
As determined in the wires section, the balance of system components should be able to handle
57.22A.
A subpanel is used wherein critical loads are connected.
Reason for using the subpanel:
If the PV array output of the batteryless inverter is connected to the main distribution panel
instead of the sub panel, the energy from the array and batteryless inverter cannot be used by the
backed-up power system because during a grid outage it becomes isolated and will not have AC
line-voltage present, which it needs to work. So, when retrofitting to an AC-coupled system with
battery backup, the batteryless inverter output circuit will have to be moved to a new specific
backed-up load panel (sub panel), along with the household circuits that you want to operate during
an outage. Relocating those household circuits to a subpanel needs to happen in any retrofit,
regardless if the system is AC- or DC-coupled. The inverter–charger can charge batteries from
either the PV array or the utility if available.
(e) Compliance with Indian NEC
Annual total solar electricity produced = 17,231 KWh
Annual total electricity used = 16,963.2 KWh
Ratio = 17,231 / 16,963.2 = 1.01
This is within the 15% regulation (≤1.15) set by the state of Maharashtra.
Furthermore, the total voltage drop is within the 3% limit specified by the Indian NEC.
28. 23
3) Costs
(a) Bill of materials
Table 3: Bill of materials
Material Company and Model No
Price per
unit ($/unit)
No. Of
Units
Total
Price
(a) (b) (a)x(b)
PV Module REC 280TP 248 42 10416
Microinverter Enphase M250 155 42 6510
PV system
performance meter
ABB CDD 319.99 2 639.98
Combiner box Midnite Solar MNPV6 169.94 1 169.94
Sub Panel Murray LC002GS 13.77 1 13.77
Communications
Gateway
Enphase Envoy 485 1 485
Inverter Charger-1
Schneider Electric CONEXT XW+
6848 INVERTER/CHARGER
4564 1 4564
Inverter Charger-2
Schneider Electric CONEXT XW+
5548 INVERTER/CHARGER
3875 1 3875
Battery-1 Iron Edison LiFePO4 48V, 1000Ah 31344 1 31344
Battery-2 Iron Edison LiFePO4 48V, 400Ah 15150 1 15150
Bi-Directional meter Analog Electric meter 40 1 40
Microinverter cable Enphase engage cable 30 3 90
Wiring Cerrowire THHN 65.97 5 329.85
Conduit
SOUTHWIRE FO3750050M
ALUMINUM FLEX CONDUIT
26.26 4 105.04
Mounting Nuevesol NuevoFix 13.12 42 551
Total cost of the system* = $75,283.8
Incentive from Central Government of India (30%) = $22,585.1
Costs after incentives = $52,598.7
*These costs are tentative.
29. 24
(b) LCOE
Annual production = 17,231 kWh
Installed cost per Watt = 4.48$/W
Tata Power utility is the responsible entity to provide the power to the apartments where the gym
is located. They have different slabs of tariff rates.
Table 4: Tata Power Utility Tariff rates
We lack the information about the overall billing structure of the apartment. Since we know
that our load has a demand of more than 1000 units we would go with the highlighted slab rate and
the excess units will be carried on to the next billing period. Also our system annually produces
more units than required, but again due to lack of information regarding the billing structure we
assume that those units would account for other load demands (apart from gym). So we have
decided to take the tariff rate to be Rs12.5 per unit and escalating at 14.71%.
Since all our calculations have been in dollars we decided to convert the selected tariff rate to
dollars at $1 is equal to Rs 67. This conversion rate will remain constant throughout the system
lifetime period for easiness of analysis.
30. 25
Average tariff rate = $0.19/unit
Per watt (W) installed cost = $4.48/W
System size = 11.6kW
Investment in installed system cost = 11.6*1000*4.5 = $52,920
Annual Production = 17,231 kWh
Year 1 Revenue (based on the savings) from the system = 0.13*17231 = $2263.176
The system would require maintenance. So we have decided to take the maintenance cost to be
1% of the system cost. Thus the O&M cost comes to $753.
Since the batteries are for emergency we are unable to determine the actual life cycle of
the batteries, so we go with the warranty of the batteries i.e. 7 years for timely replacement. Every
7 years an amount of $46,494 has to be invested into the system. This cost is not eligible for central
government incentive.
In the LCOE and payback period analysis we are ignoring accelerated depreciation,
depreciation of dollar exchange rate and the salvage value of batteries after their replacement. The
system owner i.e. the apartment community is investing the amount after deduction of government
incentive from the actual system cost.
The lifetime for the system is 20 years. The lifetime cost of the system is initial investment
plus O&M cost for 20 years plus $92,998 for 2 time battery replacement. The overall lifetime cost
of the system is $159,990. The lifetime production by the system is 344,620kWh.
Levelized cost of energy is
$𝟏𝟓𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟎
𝟑𝟒𝟒𝟔𝟐𝟎𝐤𝐖𝐡
= $0.46/kWh.
33. 28
Figure 21: Cumulative return
The total battery cost accounts for approximately 62% of the initial system cost. Moreover these
costs recur every 7 years thus accounting for 185% of the overall system lifetime cost. That is the
primary reason for the system to pay itself around 16th
year.
-100000
-50000
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Balance
Year
Cummulative return
34. 29
Conclusions
The team successfully designed an 11.76kW grid tied battery backup system to power a
Gym for 8 hours in an apartment in Mumbai. The loads require 16,963 kWh annually. The
designed system produces 17,231 kWh per year (as per PVwatts). The PV system consists of 42
REC 280W PV modules (efficiency 17%) with a microinverter connected to each module. The use
of microinverters reduces shading power losses, eliminates mismatch losses and provides the
option of adding on more modules. Furthermore, the Enphase envoy communications gateway
allows individual monitoring of each module, allowing power monitoring as well as fault
detection.
Due to the simple design of the module arrangement there is no need for minimum spacing
between each row, thus terminating shading loss by the neighboring module. Also, there is no
potential shade from the surrounding environment. The soiling loss has been accounted at 3%.
This loss percentage includes all potential threats like soil, bird waste and leaves. The Lithium Iron
Phosphate batteries are ac coupled by means of inverter chargers. The arrangement consists of a
parallel combination of a 1000 Ah and 400 Ah battery, which is charged by a parallel combination
of a 6.8kW and 5.5kW Schneider XW+ inverter/charger. After accounting all the losses the system
has an overall annual efficiency of 13% (see Appendix D).
The levelized cost of energy is $0.46/kWh. The system pays itself in the 16th year. The
reason for late payback is because of high battery cost. The batteries are the priciest items in our
system. They account for more than 60% of the total system installed cost. Also they have to be
replaced every 7 years thus accounting for a recurring investment of around $46,500. This
recurring investment slows down the payback period.
The team would recommend reducing the battery backup hours from 8 hours to 3 hours.
This would negate the need for 2 batteries and two inverter chargers. Also an on-site evaluation
has to be done. Till now the site evaluation was based on Google images. The wring length was
estimated. Thus if we can get the correct site details we can design an accurate pergola and
mounting system and determine the accurate construction cost and wiring loss.
35. 30
References
[1] dna, 'Maharashtra: Soon, solar water heaters on new buildings mandatory | Latest News & Updates at
Daily News & Analysis', 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-
maharashtra-soon-solar-water-heaters-on-new-buildings-mandatory-2149322.
[2] Z. Yewdall, 'AC Coupling - Methods', Home Power, no. 162, 2014.
[3] Schneider Electric, 'AC Coupling of Inverters: Forming an AC-Coupled system with Conext™
XW+/SW Inverter/Chargers and Conext CL/RL/TL/TX PV Inverters', Schneider Electric, 2015.
[4] M. Feinstein, 'Smart moves: pv-magazine', Pv-magazine.com, 2014. [Online]. Available:
http://www.pv-magazine.com/archive/articles/beitrag/smart-moves _100014710/618/#axzz3rzVsxk6s.
[5] S. MacAlpine and C. Deline, 'Modeling Microinverters and DC Power Optimizers in PVWatts',
NREL, 2015.
[6] R. Richmond, 'Lithium-Ion Batteries for Off-Grid Systems', Home Power, no. 153, 2013.
[7] Enphase Energy, 'Circuit Calculations for the M250 Microinverter', 2013.
[8] Nooutage.com, 'Voltage Drop Calculator - for single and 3 phase ac systems and dc systems'.
[Online]. Available: http://www.nooutage.com/vdrop.htm.
37. 32
Appendix B- Array sizing calculations
Step 1: Assuming the battery charging and discharging losses to be 10%, this Ah value was divided
by 0.9.
1121.9 ÷ 0.9 = 1246.55 Ah/day
Step 2: The value obtained in step 1 is multiplied by the nominal battery voltage to get Wh/day.
1246.55 x 48 = 59834.6 Wh/day
Step 3: The Wh/day is divided by the peak sun hours in Mumbai to get the array size in watts.
Array size (W) = 59834.6 ÷ 5.1 = 11732 W
Appendix C- Manufacturer’s Data sheets
(i) Module – REC 280TP