The patient is a 54-year-old male who presented with a 2-month history of fever, fatigue, weight loss, and reduced appetite. Ultrasound revealed lesions in the pancreas and bilateral kidney tissues. A biopsy was consistent with diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Renal lymphoma can involve the kidneys primarily (primary renal lymphoma) or secondarily with widespread disease elsewhere (secondary renal lymphoma). It most commonly appears on imaging as multiple small masses but can also appear as a single large mass, retroperitoneal nodal invasion, diffuse infiltration, or perirenal involvement. Treatment involves chemotherapy such as R-CHOP which may improve renal function and survival rates.
This document outlines principles of supportive care for complications in acute leukemias. It discusses management of psychological issues, infections like febrile neutropenia, metabolic complications, nutritional support, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and more. Guidelines are provided for treatment of emergencies like hyperleukocytosis and differentiation syndrome. A multidisciplinary approach is emphasized to address medical, nursing, psychosocial and palliative needs of patients with acute leukemias.
A 60-year-old male presented with painless hematuria and an abdominal lump. On examination, a palpable lump was found. Differential diagnoses included renal cell carcinoma (RCC), given the patient's age and presenting symptoms of hematuria and abdominal lump. RCC is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults. It typically presents in individuals aged 40-60 years and is more common in males. Risk factors include smoking and occupational exposures like asbestos. On pathology, RCC appears as a homogenous yellow mass replacing the renal parenchyma, with microscopically visible clear and dark cells lining blood vessels - explaining its early metastatic potential.
Renal pathology lecture 4 Tumors of kidney and urinary tract. Sufia Husain 2020Sufia Husain
This document provides an overview of tumors of the kidney and urinary tract. It begins by outlining the objectives and key topics to be covered, which include benign kidney tumors, renal cell carcinoma, Wilms tumor, and transitional cell and squamous carcinomas of the bladder. The document then covers these topics in detail over several sections, describing the histology, risk factors, clinical features, and characteristics of each tumor type. The major tumor types discussed are renal oncocytoma, angiomyolipoma, renal cell carcinoma (clear cell and papillary subtypes), Wilms tumor, and transitional cell neoplasms of the bladder.
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the white blood cells characterized by excess lymphoblasts. It is most common in children aged 2-5 years old and causes damage by crowding out normal bone marrow cells. ALL is diagnosed through blood tests, bone marrow biopsies, and other exams. Risk factors include radiation, chemicals, viruses, and genetic syndromes. In the United States, about 4,000 people are diagnosed with ALL each year, with higher rates for whites and males. The 5-year survival rate is approximately 65% for Caucasians.
This document provides information about non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). It defines NHL as a group of blood cancers that includes all types of lymphomas except Hodgkin's lymphoma. Risk factors include older age, certain chemicals, viral infections like HIV and Epstein-Barr, and medications like immunosuppressants. Diagnosis involves tests of the lymph nodes, bone marrow, blood, and imaging scans. Treatment options include chemotherapy, bone marrow stimulants, and steroids.
This document discusses lymphoma, a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. It defines lymphoma as malignant neoplasms originating in bone marrow and lymphatic structures, causing abnormal lymphocyte proliferation. There are two main types: Hodgkin's lymphoma, originating from specific white blood cells, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a diverse group of lymphomas excluding Hodgkin's. The document outlines diagnostic tests, management including chemotherapy, radiation therapy and stem cell transplantation, as well as nursing considerations for lymphoma patients.
Renal lymphoma can involve the kidneys through either primary or secondary spread. Imaging findings on CT scans commonly demonstrate multiple renal masses, a solitary mass, renal invasion from adjacent retroperitoneal disease, perirenal involvement, or diffuse renal infiltration. MRI findings are generally similar to CT, with lymphoma appearing as low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and isointense or moderately hyperintense on T2-weighted images, often with minimal contrast enhancement.
This document outlines principles of supportive care for complications in acute leukemias. It discusses management of psychological issues, infections like febrile neutropenia, metabolic complications, nutritional support, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and more. Guidelines are provided for treatment of emergencies like hyperleukocytosis and differentiation syndrome. A multidisciplinary approach is emphasized to address medical, nursing, psychosocial and palliative needs of patients with acute leukemias.
A 60-year-old male presented with painless hematuria and an abdominal lump. On examination, a palpable lump was found. Differential diagnoses included renal cell carcinoma (RCC), given the patient's age and presenting symptoms of hematuria and abdominal lump. RCC is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults. It typically presents in individuals aged 40-60 years and is more common in males. Risk factors include smoking and occupational exposures like asbestos. On pathology, RCC appears as a homogenous yellow mass replacing the renal parenchyma, with microscopically visible clear and dark cells lining blood vessels - explaining its early metastatic potential.
Renal pathology lecture 4 Tumors of kidney and urinary tract. Sufia Husain 2020Sufia Husain
This document provides an overview of tumors of the kidney and urinary tract. It begins by outlining the objectives and key topics to be covered, which include benign kidney tumors, renal cell carcinoma, Wilms tumor, and transitional cell and squamous carcinomas of the bladder. The document then covers these topics in detail over several sections, describing the histology, risk factors, clinical features, and characteristics of each tumor type. The major tumor types discussed are renal oncocytoma, angiomyolipoma, renal cell carcinoma (clear cell and papillary subtypes), Wilms tumor, and transitional cell neoplasms of the bladder.
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the white blood cells characterized by excess lymphoblasts. It is most common in children aged 2-5 years old and causes damage by crowding out normal bone marrow cells. ALL is diagnosed through blood tests, bone marrow biopsies, and other exams. Risk factors include radiation, chemicals, viruses, and genetic syndromes. In the United States, about 4,000 people are diagnosed with ALL each year, with higher rates for whites and males. The 5-year survival rate is approximately 65% for Caucasians.
This document provides information about non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). It defines NHL as a group of blood cancers that includes all types of lymphomas except Hodgkin's lymphoma. Risk factors include older age, certain chemicals, viral infections like HIV and Epstein-Barr, and medications like immunosuppressants. Diagnosis involves tests of the lymph nodes, bone marrow, blood, and imaging scans. Treatment options include chemotherapy, bone marrow stimulants, and steroids.
This document discusses lymphoma, a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. It defines lymphoma as malignant neoplasms originating in bone marrow and lymphatic structures, causing abnormal lymphocyte proliferation. There are two main types: Hodgkin's lymphoma, originating from specific white blood cells, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a diverse group of lymphomas excluding Hodgkin's. The document outlines diagnostic tests, management including chemotherapy, radiation therapy and stem cell transplantation, as well as nursing considerations for lymphoma patients.
Renal lymphoma can involve the kidneys through either primary or secondary spread. Imaging findings on CT scans commonly demonstrate multiple renal masses, a solitary mass, renal invasion from adjacent retroperitoneal disease, perirenal involvement, or diffuse renal infiltration. MRI findings are generally similar to CT, with lymphoma appearing as low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and isointense or moderately hyperintense on T2-weighted images, often with minimal contrast enhancement.
Hodgkin's lymphoma is a cancer that affects the lymphatic system and lymph nodes. It is caused by abnormal reed-sternberg cells that create tumors. Symptoms include weight loss, fever, fatigue and night sweats. Treatment depends on the stage of cancer and may include chemotherapy, antibiotics, and monitoring for spread of the disease. Hodgkin's lymphoma is one of the most curable types of cancer if caught early.
This document discusses childhood Burkitt lymphoma. It begins by describing normal lymphoid tissues and cells. It then notes that Burkitt lymphoma is a highly aggressive B cell lymphoma characterized by a translocation involving the c-MYC gene. There are three clinical forms: endemic (African), sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated. The endemic form has the highest incidence in Africa and peaks in children ages 4-7 years. Diagnosis involves identifying a rapidly growing tumor with a "starry-sky" appearance under microscopy. Key investigations include blood work, imaging scans, and tissue biopsies.
The document discusses cystic lesions and tumors of the kidney and urinary bladder. It covers cystic kidney diseases including polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD and ARPKD), tumors of the kidney including renal cell carcinoma (clear cell and papillary subtypes), Wilms tumor, and transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and urinary bladder. It provides details on pathogenesis, morphology, clinical features, and prognosis of these conditions.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the accumulation of mature-appearing B lymphocytes in the blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen. It is considered a clonal B cell malignancy caused by a defect in apoptosis that allows long-lived, non-cycling lymphocytes to accumulate over time. CLL cells typically express CD5, CD19, and CD23 and have mutations that dysregulate pathways controlling cell survival and apoptosis. Prognosis depends on clinical features and genetic abnormalities - deletion of 13q or mutated IgVH correlate with better prognosis while deletion of 11q or 17p indicate poorer prognosis. CLL can transform into an aggressive lymphoma called Richter's syndrome over time.
Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system that can arise from either B-cells or T-cells. It is the fourth most common cancer in the UK, with incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma increasing. Various viruses and diseases can predispose individuals to developing lymphoma. Clinical manifestations vary between patients but commonly include lymphadenopathy, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Diagnosis requires a biopsy for examination under microscope. Staging involves CT, PET, or MRI scans to determine spread. The liver, spleen, and lymph nodes are most frequently involved organs. Sonography may reveal hypoechoic lesions in the liver or other organs.
Lymphoma is cancer that arises in the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system contains lymph nodes and vessels that help fight infection and disease. There are two main types of lymphoma - Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hodgkin's lymphoma is diagnosed using biopsies of swollen lymph nodes and contains abnormal B-cells called Reed-Sternberg cells. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can involve many types of abnormal white blood cells and can spread beyond lymph nodes. Both types are staged based on spread and tested using lymph node biopsies, imaging, and bone marrow samples. Treatment depends on type and stage but may include chemotherapy, radiation, and stem cell transplants
Hodgkin's lymphoma is a malignant tumor of the lymphatic system characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. Common symptoms include enlarged lymph nodes in the neck or above the collarbone, chest pain, cough, difficulty breathing, night sweats, fever, and weight loss of over 10% in six months. Hodgkin's lymphoma is diagnosed through lymph node biopsy and treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or stem cell transplantation.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer. Risk factors include cirrhosis of the liver, hepatitis B and C infections, and exposure to certain chemicals. HCC can be solitary or multifocal tumors that vary in appearance and may invade blood vessels. Diagnostic imaging tools like ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI are used to identify and characterize HCC lesions based on features like vascularity, enhancement patterns over time with contrast agents, and signal intensities on T1- and T2-weighted MRI sequences. These tools help determine if the tumors are confined to the liver or have spread.
This document discusses renal cell carcinoma in a 55-year-old male factory worker presenting with hematuria, loin pain, and a loin mass. It describes the patient's investigations, pathology findings of clear cell renal cell carcinoma, staging according to AJCC TNM classification, and treatment options including radical or partial nephrectomy depending on tumor size and extent. The prognosis is outlined with 5-year survival rates ranging from 65% for stage 1-2 disease to 10% for stage 4 metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a cause of nephrotic syndrome characterized by scarring of the glomeruli. It commonly affects children and adults and can lead to end-stage kidney disease. The pathology involves focal and segmental scarring within the glomeruli along with effacement of foot processes. While the exact cause is unknown, it is believed to involve injury to filtering structures in the kidney (podocytes) potentially from circulating permeability factors.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma is characterized by the accumulation of monomorphic, small B lymphocytes in the blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and other tissues. The lymphocytes typically express markers like CD5, CD19, and CD23 and have distinct clumped chromatin. Peripheral blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, liver and spleen are usually involved. Clinical features are variable but often include fatigue, infections, enlarged lymph nodes, spleen and liver. Over time the disease may progress with increased cell size and proliferation.
Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells and can be divided into several subtypes based on histology and clinical features. The most common subtype is nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's lymphoma, which typically affects adolescent and young adult males and females and has an excellent prognosis. Epstein-Barr virus plays a role in some subtypes and is present in Reed-Sternberg cells in approximately 50% of mixed cellularity Hodgkin's lymphoma cases. Staging and treatment response are the most important prognostic factors in Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Hodgkin's lymphoma, also known as Hodgkin's disease, is a cancer that originates in the lymphatic system. It is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in the lymph nodes and other tissues. The disease has four main subtypes - nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte depletion, and lymphocyte rich - which are distinguished based on the type of cells in the tissue around the Reed-Sternberg cells. The nodular sclerosis subtype, which involves bands of fibrosis dividing the lymph node tissue into nodules, accounts for about 40-70% of cases. Hodgkin's lymphoma most commonly presents with painless swelling of lymph nodes in the neck,
This slide presentation summarizes the case of a 50-year-old man with fatigue and weight loss who was found to have lymphocytosis, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy. Peripheral blood smear, bone marrow biopsy, flow cytometry and cytogenetic testing supported a diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) stage III. He was started on chemoimmunotherapy but did not improve, so he was considered for bone marrow transplantation. The presentation provides details on the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, prognostic factors, treatment approaches and histological transformation of CLL.
Hodgkin's lymphoma is a type of lymphoma characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. It most commonly involves the lymph nodes in the neck. The disease has variable symptoms but is typically diagnosed based on biopsy of enlarged lymph nodes and treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or both depending on the stage.
1. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer, accounting for 80-90% of primary malignant renal tumors in adults. RCC is typically diagnosed in patients between 50-70 years of age.
2. The main subtypes of RCC include clear cell RCC (70-80% of cases), papillary RCC (13-20% of cases), and chromophobe RCC (5% of cases). These subtypes have distinct histological features and imaging appearances.
3. Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and staging of RCC. On CT, clear cell RCC usually appears as a heterogeneous enhancing renal mass. Papillary R
This document discusses different types of hemoblastoses, which are abnormal proliferations of blood-forming tissues. It describes leukemias, which originate in bone marrow, and lymphomas, which are regional tumors of lymphoid tissue. Specifically, it summarizes the etiology, classification, clinical features, and morphological characteristics of both acute and chronic forms of leukemia and lymphoma.
This document discusses several types of hematologic malignancies including chronic leukemias, chronic myeloproliferative disorders, chronic lymphoproliferative disorders, and lymphomas. It provides details on chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, chronic myelofibrosis, and their characteristic features, phases or stages of disease progression, treatment approaches, and typical prognosis. The document is an educational reference on several chronic blood cancers and disorders.
RCC typically presents in the 6th and 7th decade of life and accounts for 2-3% of adult malignancies. Clear cell RCC arises from the proximal convoluted tubules and is associated with VHL gene mutations. Established risk factors include tobacco, obesity, and hypertension. CT scan is the preferred imaging modality and can identify enhancing renal masses. Surgical resection is the main treatment, with partial nephrectomy preferred for smaller tumors when possible to preserve renal function. Follow up involves history, exam, bloodwork and imaging depending on pathologic stage.
A 65-year-old male presented with red urine but no other symptoms. The differential diagnosis includes renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, and renal pelvic cancer. Renal cell carcinoma is the most common type of kidney cancer, accounting for 85% of cases. It typically presents in the 5th-6th decade and has a male predominance. Imaging such as CT scan is important for diagnosis and staging. Treatment of localized disease involves radical or partial nephrectomy, while advanced disease may be treated with chemotherapy or immunotherapy. Bladder cancer is the second most common genitourinary cancer and presents most commonly in the 8th decade.
Hodgkin's lymphoma is a cancer that affects the lymphatic system and lymph nodes. It is caused by abnormal reed-sternberg cells that create tumors. Symptoms include weight loss, fever, fatigue and night sweats. Treatment depends on the stage of cancer and may include chemotherapy, antibiotics, and monitoring for spread of the disease. Hodgkin's lymphoma is one of the most curable types of cancer if caught early.
This document discusses childhood Burkitt lymphoma. It begins by describing normal lymphoid tissues and cells. It then notes that Burkitt lymphoma is a highly aggressive B cell lymphoma characterized by a translocation involving the c-MYC gene. There are three clinical forms: endemic (African), sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated. The endemic form has the highest incidence in Africa and peaks in children ages 4-7 years. Diagnosis involves identifying a rapidly growing tumor with a "starry-sky" appearance under microscopy. Key investigations include blood work, imaging scans, and tissue biopsies.
The document discusses cystic lesions and tumors of the kidney and urinary bladder. It covers cystic kidney diseases including polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD and ARPKD), tumors of the kidney including renal cell carcinoma (clear cell and papillary subtypes), Wilms tumor, and transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and urinary bladder. It provides details on pathogenesis, morphology, clinical features, and prognosis of these conditions.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the accumulation of mature-appearing B lymphocytes in the blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen. It is considered a clonal B cell malignancy caused by a defect in apoptosis that allows long-lived, non-cycling lymphocytes to accumulate over time. CLL cells typically express CD5, CD19, and CD23 and have mutations that dysregulate pathways controlling cell survival and apoptosis. Prognosis depends on clinical features and genetic abnormalities - deletion of 13q or mutated IgVH correlate with better prognosis while deletion of 11q or 17p indicate poorer prognosis. CLL can transform into an aggressive lymphoma called Richter's syndrome over time.
Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system that can arise from either B-cells or T-cells. It is the fourth most common cancer in the UK, with incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma increasing. Various viruses and diseases can predispose individuals to developing lymphoma. Clinical manifestations vary between patients but commonly include lymphadenopathy, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Diagnosis requires a biopsy for examination under microscope. Staging involves CT, PET, or MRI scans to determine spread. The liver, spleen, and lymph nodes are most frequently involved organs. Sonography may reveal hypoechoic lesions in the liver or other organs.
Lymphoma is cancer that arises in the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system contains lymph nodes and vessels that help fight infection and disease. There are two main types of lymphoma - Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hodgkin's lymphoma is diagnosed using biopsies of swollen lymph nodes and contains abnormal B-cells called Reed-Sternberg cells. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can involve many types of abnormal white blood cells and can spread beyond lymph nodes. Both types are staged based on spread and tested using lymph node biopsies, imaging, and bone marrow samples. Treatment depends on type and stage but may include chemotherapy, radiation, and stem cell transplants
Hodgkin's lymphoma is a malignant tumor of the lymphatic system characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. Common symptoms include enlarged lymph nodes in the neck or above the collarbone, chest pain, cough, difficulty breathing, night sweats, fever, and weight loss of over 10% in six months. Hodgkin's lymphoma is diagnosed through lymph node biopsy and treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or stem cell transplantation.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer. Risk factors include cirrhosis of the liver, hepatitis B and C infections, and exposure to certain chemicals. HCC can be solitary or multifocal tumors that vary in appearance and may invade blood vessels. Diagnostic imaging tools like ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI are used to identify and characterize HCC lesions based on features like vascularity, enhancement patterns over time with contrast agents, and signal intensities on T1- and T2-weighted MRI sequences. These tools help determine if the tumors are confined to the liver or have spread.
This document discusses renal cell carcinoma in a 55-year-old male factory worker presenting with hematuria, loin pain, and a loin mass. It describes the patient's investigations, pathology findings of clear cell renal cell carcinoma, staging according to AJCC TNM classification, and treatment options including radical or partial nephrectomy depending on tumor size and extent. The prognosis is outlined with 5-year survival rates ranging from 65% for stage 1-2 disease to 10% for stage 4 metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a cause of nephrotic syndrome characterized by scarring of the glomeruli. It commonly affects children and adults and can lead to end-stage kidney disease. The pathology involves focal and segmental scarring within the glomeruli along with effacement of foot processes. While the exact cause is unknown, it is believed to involve injury to filtering structures in the kidney (podocytes) potentially from circulating permeability factors.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma is characterized by the accumulation of monomorphic, small B lymphocytes in the blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and other tissues. The lymphocytes typically express markers like CD5, CD19, and CD23 and have distinct clumped chromatin. Peripheral blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, liver and spleen are usually involved. Clinical features are variable but often include fatigue, infections, enlarged lymph nodes, spleen and liver. Over time the disease may progress with increased cell size and proliferation.
Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells and can be divided into several subtypes based on histology and clinical features. The most common subtype is nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's lymphoma, which typically affects adolescent and young adult males and females and has an excellent prognosis. Epstein-Barr virus plays a role in some subtypes and is present in Reed-Sternberg cells in approximately 50% of mixed cellularity Hodgkin's lymphoma cases. Staging and treatment response are the most important prognostic factors in Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Hodgkin's lymphoma, also known as Hodgkin's disease, is a cancer that originates in the lymphatic system. It is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in the lymph nodes and other tissues. The disease has four main subtypes - nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte depletion, and lymphocyte rich - which are distinguished based on the type of cells in the tissue around the Reed-Sternberg cells. The nodular sclerosis subtype, which involves bands of fibrosis dividing the lymph node tissue into nodules, accounts for about 40-70% of cases. Hodgkin's lymphoma most commonly presents with painless swelling of lymph nodes in the neck,
This slide presentation summarizes the case of a 50-year-old man with fatigue and weight loss who was found to have lymphocytosis, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy. Peripheral blood smear, bone marrow biopsy, flow cytometry and cytogenetic testing supported a diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) stage III. He was started on chemoimmunotherapy but did not improve, so he was considered for bone marrow transplantation. The presentation provides details on the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, prognostic factors, treatment approaches and histological transformation of CLL.
Hodgkin's lymphoma is a type of lymphoma characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. It most commonly involves the lymph nodes in the neck. The disease has variable symptoms but is typically diagnosed based on biopsy of enlarged lymph nodes and treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or both depending on the stage.
1. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer, accounting for 80-90% of primary malignant renal tumors in adults. RCC is typically diagnosed in patients between 50-70 years of age.
2. The main subtypes of RCC include clear cell RCC (70-80% of cases), papillary RCC (13-20% of cases), and chromophobe RCC (5% of cases). These subtypes have distinct histological features and imaging appearances.
3. Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and staging of RCC. On CT, clear cell RCC usually appears as a heterogeneous enhancing renal mass. Papillary R
This document discusses different types of hemoblastoses, which are abnormal proliferations of blood-forming tissues. It describes leukemias, which originate in bone marrow, and lymphomas, which are regional tumors of lymphoid tissue. Specifically, it summarizes the etiology, classification, clinical features, and morphological characteristics of both acute and chronic forms of leukemia and lymphoma.
This document discusses several types of hematologic malignancies including chronic leukemias, chronic myeloproliferative disorders, chronic lymphoproliferative disorders, and lymphomas. It provides details on chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, chronic myelofibrosis, and their characteristic features, phases or stages of disease progression, treatment approaches, and typical prognosis. The document is an educational reference on several chronic blood cancers and disorders.
RCC typically presents in the 6th and 7th decade of life and accounts for 2-3% of adult malignancies. Clear cell RCC arises from the proximal convoluted tubules and is associated with VHL gene mutations. Established risk factors include tobacco, obesity, and hypertension. CT scan is the preferred imaging modality and can identify enhancing renal masses. Surgical resection is the main treatment, with partial nephrectomy preferred for smaller tumors when possible to preserve renal function. Follow up involves history, exam, bloodwork and imaging depending on pathologic stage.
A 65-year-old male presented with red urine but no other symptoms. The differential diagnosis includes renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, and renal pelvic cancer. Renal cell carcinoma is the most common type of kidney cancer, accounting for 85% of cases. It typically presents in the 5th-6th decade and has a male predominance. Imaging such as CT scan is important for diagnosis and staging. Treatment of localized disease involves radical or partial nephrectomy, while advanced disease may be treated with chemotherapy or immunotherapy. Bladder cancer is the second most common genitourinary cancer and presents most commonly in the 8th decade.
1. Benign renal tumors are the majority of renal masses found, often incidentally. They include renal cysts, angiomyolipomas, oncocytomas, and papillary adenomas.
2. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 2-3% of adult cancers. Risk factors include tobacco, obesity, hypertension, and family history. The most common subtypes are clear cell and papillary RCC.
3. Certain hereditary syndromes increase RCC risk, like von Hippel-Lindau disease, hereditary papillary RCC, and Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. Genetic mutations contribute to tumor development in these conditions.
This document discusses renal parenchymal neoplasms, specifically renal cell carcinoma. Some key points:
- Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for about 70% of primary malignant renal tumors and occurs most commonly in the 6th-7th decades of life, with a male to female ratio of 2:1.
- Risk factors for RCC include smoking, obesity, acquired cystic kidney disease, and certain hereditary conditions like Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome.
- RCC is often asymptomatic until late stages but can present with hematuria, flank pain, or a palpable renal mass. Metastases most commonly occur in the lungs.
- Clear cell R
Multiple Hepatic and Osseous Focal Lesions without Splenomegaly and/or Lymph ...JohnJulie1
Hepatic involvement is a common extranodal manifestation of common and some rare hematologic malignancies. Although the imaging features of more common hepatic diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma, metastases, and infection may overlap with those of hepatic hematologic malignancies, combining the imaging features with clinical manifestations and laboratory findings can facilitate correct diagnosis. Imaging has an important role in diagnosis of hepatic focal lesions.
Renal cell carcinoma is the most common type of kidney cancer. It occurs most often in patients aged 50-70 years and is more common in males. Clear cell RCC is the most common subtype, accounting for 70-80% of cases. Imaging plays an important role in diagnosing and staging RCC. On CT, RCCs often appear as heterogeneous masses that demonstrate variable enhancement. MRI can also be used to further evaluate tumor extension. Understanding the imaging characteristics and subtypes of RCC aids in diagnosis.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the proliferation and accumulation of small, mature lymphocytes in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissues. CLL is diagnosed based on an absolute lymphocyte count over 5000 with immunophenotyping showing a clonal CD5+/CD19+/CD23+ B-cell population. Prognosis is based on factors like clinical stage, bone marrow histology, lymphocyte doubling time, genetic abnormalities, CD38 and ZAP-70 expression levels, and IgVH mutation status. Treatment options range from watchful waiting to chemotherapy, chemoimmunotherapy, monoclonal antibodies, and stem cell transplantation depending on prognostic factors and symptom severity.
This document discusses hematologic malignancies that involve the liver. Key points include:
1. Hematologic malignancies such as lymphoma are an increasingly common cause of liver lesions. Biopsy may be needed for accurate diagnosis over fine needle aspiration.
2. Primary treatment for hematologic malignancies of the liver is often chemotherapy and/or radiation rather than surgery. Imaging can help differentiate primary from secondary hepatic involvement which impacts treatment.
3. Lymphoma manifestations in the liver include discrete masses, diffuse infiltrating disease, or a mass at the hepatic hilum. Features on imaging can suggest a hematologic origin over other cancers.
This document summarizes the etiopathogenesis of renal tumors. It discusses benign renal tumors such as renal cysts, oncocytoma, angiomyolipoma and others. It describes genetic factors associated with various tumors. Risk factors for renal cell carcinoma include tobacco use, obesity, hypertension and familial syndromes like Von Hippel Lindau disease, hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma, Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome and more. Various familial syndromes are outlined along with their associated genes and tumor types.
Lymphoma is a collection of lymphoid malignancies in which malignant lymphocytes accumulate at lymph nodes and lymphoid tissues, leading to lymphadenopathy, extranodal disease, and constitutional symptoms. There are two main types: Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells and causes inflammation and fibrosis. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma encompasses a variety of subtypes of B-cell and T-cell lymphomas that present with widespread disease. Staging guides treatment for Hodgkin's lymphoma while it is less important for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
carcinoma de celulas renales y diferenciales en métodos diagnósticos de imagenKaren Meza
This document provides information about renal cell carcinoma (RCC), including its epidemiology, clinical presentation, risk factors, staging system, diagnostic imaging, and differential diagnosis. RCC is the most common malignant renal tumor, typically presenting in patients ages 50-70 years old with macroscopic hematuria, flank pain, or palpable flank mass. Imaging such as CT and MRI can be used to diagnose and stage RCCs based on characteristics such as enhancement patterns, necrosis, and tumor thrombus. The differential diagnosis for a renal mass includes renal oncocytoma, angiomyolipoma, and renal adenoma.
Staging and investigation of hepatobillary caAtulGupta369
This document provides an overview of cancers affecting the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. It discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and staging of liver cancer, gallbladder cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Diagnostic tests include blood tests, imaging like ultrasound, CT, MRI, and PET scans. Biopsy may be done for unresectable tumors. The document also provides details on noninvasive diagnosis criteria and treatment guidelines for liver cancer put forth by professional associations.
This document summarizes renal cell carcinoma (RCC), including its incidence, risk factors, pathology, subtypes, clinical presentation, and prognosis. RCC accounts for 2-3% of adult cancers and is the most lethal urologic cancer. Clear cell RCC is the most common subtype, accounting for 70-80% of cases. Other subtypes include papillary RCC, chromophobe RCC, collecting duct carcinoma, and unclassified RCC. Tumor size, grade, stage, and histologic subtype are important prognostic factors. Over 60% of RCCs are now detected incidentally with improved imaging techniques.
1. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a genetic disorder characterized by multiple bilateral renal cysts and cysts in other organs caused by mutations in PKD1 and PKD2 genes.
2. The renal cysts enlarge over time, ultimately leading to renal failure in half of patients by age 60.
3. Treatment focuses on controlling blood pressure, treating infections, reducing pain, and delaying renal failure through medications such as ACE inhibitors or ARBs.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common type of leukemia in adults. It is characterized by the accumulation of abnormal B lymphocytes that are immuno-incompetent. CLL typically presents insidiously and is often diagnosed incidentally on routine blood tests. The diagnosis is based on blood tests showing mature lymphocytosis with characteristic cell markers. Prognosis depends on disease stage - stage A patients have a normal life expectancy while stage C patients have a median survival of 2-3 years. Initial treatment typically involves oral chemotherapy such as chlorambucil for patients requiring treatment.
This document discusses gastric cancer, including its incidence, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, staging, and treatment approaches. Some key points include:
- Gastric cancer has a poor prognosis with only 20% 5-year survival. Early diagnosis is key.
- Risk factors include H. pylori infection, smoking, low socioeconomic status, and diets high in salt/preserved foods.
- Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy. Staging evaluates tumor invasion and metastasis using CT, PET, and laparoscopy.
- Surgery offering total or subtotal gastrectomy is the only curative option, while chemotherapy and radiation are palliative.
This document discusses various malignant liver lesions including primary and secondary tumors. For primary liver cancers, it describes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as the most common type, risk factors such as hepatitis, and imaging features. It also discusses cholangiocarcinoma, hepatoblastoma, and rare tumors such as fibrolamellar carcinoma. Secondary cancers and criteria for staging HCC are also summarized.
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
10. RENAL LYMPHOMA
10
Renal involvement in lymphoma
commonly occurs in the presence of
widespread nodal or extranodal
lymphoma and is classified as
secondary renal lymphoma (SRL).
However, lymphoma may rarely involve
the kidneys alone without evidence of
disease elsewhere; then, it is termed
“primary renal lymphoma” (PRL)
11. Epidemiology
While renal lymphoma has an autopsy incidence of ~45%
(range 30-60%) in lymphoma patients, the incidence by
CT evaluation is ~5%.
The kidneys are the most common abdominal organ
affected by lymphoma. Most instances are B-cell non
Hodgkin lymhoma ; primary renal lymphoma is rare
(<1%).
Involvement of kidneys in Hodgkin lypmphoma is rare
(<1%).
11
12. 12
Pathology
- On gross examination, lesions
are fleshy or firm yellow, tan, or
grey tumors of 1-20 cm size.
- Renal lymphoma occurs
commonly with non-Hodgkin
lymphoma. The majority have
intermediate or high-grade
lymphomas including Burkitt and
histiocytic varieties. Most are B-
cell lymphoma.
13. Clinical Presentation
- Patients present with flank pain, weight loss, hematuria, or
a palpable mass.
- Acute renal failure may be seen in infiltrative disease also
been described but is quite rare.
13
16. Radiographic features: CT- Scaner
multiple masses (up to 60%:
most common pattern)
typically 1-3 cm in size
associated with enlarged
retroperitoneal nodes (≥50%)
16
17. Radiographic features: CT- Scaner
17
single mass (over 20% of cases)
up to 15 cm
homogeneous, hypodense without cystic
change
calcium, bleed, or necrosis
18. Radiographic features: CT- Scaner
18
invasion from retroperitoneal
nodal mass (over 30% of
cases)
usually >10 cm
encasement of vessels without
thrombosis, +/- hydronephrosis
diffuse infiltration (up to 20%
of cases)
no discrete mass
usually bilateral
Seen with Burkitt lymphoma
19. Radiographic features: CT- Scaner
19
perirenal mass (less than 10% of cases)
perirenal stranding
thickening of Gerota fascia
perirenal nodules
atypical patterns:
spontaneous hemorrhage
necrosis
heterogenous lesion
cystic changes
calcification
30. MRI
30
Features include:
T1: hypointense to renal parenchyma
T2: iso or hyperintense to renal parenchyma
Renal lymphoma tends to show restricted diffusion
Gad (C+):
poor enhancement compared to renal parenchyma
delayed enhancement is seen in some lesions
34. Treatment and prognosis
34
Traditionally, PRL was reported to be associated with a poor prognosis
SRL can result in acute renal failure in 6–16% or impaired renal function
in nearly one fourth of patients.
Tumor size larger than 10 cm, involvement of the renal hilum, and diffuse
renal infiltration may be associated with a poorer prognosis
Early diagnosis and chemotherapy involving rituximab,
cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone (“R-
CHOP”) may improve renal function within 2–4 weeks of initiating therapy
and may improve 5-year survival rates
35. Conclusion
35
- Renal lymphomas are associated with various imaging
appearances on CT and MRI.
- The disease may be unilateral or bilateral and may present as
focal masses (solitary or multiple) or diffuse infiltrative lesions or
may manifest as enlarged kidneys without focal lesions.
- Knowledge of the imaging spectrum of PRL and SRL and the
potential confounding diagnoses will enable the radiologist to
suggest a renal biopsy when necessary, prevent an unnecessary
nephrectomy, and also avoid a delay in initiating the appropriate
therapy.
U lympho thận xảy ra phổ biến với u lympho không Hodgkin. Phần lớn có u lympho trung cấp hoặc cao cấp bao gồm các giống Burkitt và histiocytic. Hầu hết là u lympho tế bào B.
Multiple subtle hypoattenuating regions in both kidneys, most noticeable in the right upper pole posteriorly. Several prominent retroperitoneal lymph nodes are also present.
Biopsy was consistent with diffuse large B cell lymphoma.
Patient with several year history of lymphoma on and off chemotherapy. Fairly characteristic appearance of renal/perirenal disease with multiple ill defined masses and involvement of the cortex.
Multiple perirenal masses with ill-defined, strandy borders. Several masses likely invade or arise from renal cortex.
Moderate hydronephrosis due to strandy mass obstructing proximal pelvoureteral junction.
Renal lymphoma in a 69-year-old man. Contrast-enhanced helical CT scan shows a dominant 5-cm mass in the right kidney (arrow). There is no evidence of retroperitoneal adenopathy.
Follicular, mixed small cleaved and large cell lymphoma in a 74-year-old man. Contrast-enhanced helical CT scan shows a large mass located in the left kidney and extending into the perirenal space. Small nodes are seen in the retroperitoneum (arrow).
Diffuse lymphocytic lymphoma in a 65-year-old woman. Contrast-enhanced helical CT scan shows a large, homogeneous mass enveloping the retroperitoneum and invading the right kidney. Note how flow is maintained in the renal arteries (straight arrows) and left renal vein (curved arrow) despite the massive tumor burden. These findings are characteristic of retroperitoneal lymphoma.
Large cell lymphoma in a 51-year-old woman. Contrast-enhanced helical CT scan shows a large tumor mass invading and displacing the left kidney. The tumor also involves the right side of the retroperitoneum.
Sagittal multiplanar reconstruction image from a contrast-enhanced helical CT scan reveals a perirenal soft-tissue mass (arrows) enveloping the left kidney (K). Sp = spleen, St = stomach.
Large cell lymphoma in a 34-year-old man. Contrast-enhanced helical CT scan demonstrates perirenal masses bilaterally, especially on the right side. The resulting marked compression and deformity of the right kidney are somewhat unusual for perirenal involvement.
High-grade large cell lymphoma in a 35-year-old man. (a) Contrast-enhanced CT scan demonstrates patchy tumor infiltration within the kidneys. The kidneys have retained their normal contour, a finding that is characteristic of infiltrative lymphoma. (b) On an unenhanced CT scan, the infiltration is undetectable, which underscores the importance of contrast-enhanced CT for diagnosis.
Infiltrative renal lymphoma in a 44-year-old woman. Contrast-enhanced CT scan shows the kidneys as diffusely enlarged and replaced by tumor. The lobulated appearance of the tumor reflects the transition to a more focal expansile mass as it compresses and destroys renal parenchyma.
Adenocarcinoma of unknown primary origin in a 63-year-old man. Contrast-enhanced helical CT scan demonstrates a markedly enlarged, conglomerate nodal mass with homogeneous attenuation enveloping the retroperitoneum. Lymphoma was the most likely diagnosis, but biopsy revealed adenocarcinoma.
56-year-old man who presented with left flank pain.A, Axial T1-weighted MR image shows 7-cm mass (arrow) in interpolar region of left kidney that is isointense to kidney.
B, Axial T2-weighted MR image shows heterogeneous high signal intensity in mass (arrow)
C, Axial diffusion-weighted image shows restricted diffusion in mass (arrow).
D, Axial fused PET/CT image shows lesion (arrow) is markedly FDG-avid.
A, Hình ảnh MR có trọng lượng Axial T1 cho thấy khối lượng 7 cm (mũi tên) ở vùng giữa của thận trái được cân bằng với thận.
B, Hình ảnh MR có trọng lượng trục T2 cho thấy cường độ tín hiệu cao không đồng nhất về khối lượng (mũi tên)
C, hình ảnh có trọng lượng khuếch tán dọc trục cho thấy sự khuếch tán hạn chế về khối lượng (mũi tên).
D, Hình ảnh PET / CT hợp nhất trục cho thấy tổn thương (mũi tên) rõ ràng là FDG-avid.
PRL of left kidney in 60-year-old-man. (a) Unenhanced CT scan showed an unclearly-marginated mass (36.9HU), exhibited a lobulated appearance (white arrows). (b) Mild enhancement (78.6 HU) was noted during the cortical phase, displaced or wrapped around abdominal vessels (white arrows) with hydronephrosis (black arrow). (c) After four cycles of chemotherapy, the tumor size showed significantly reduced on T2W imaging (white arrows) and hydronephrosis was reduced (black arrow). (d) Renal biopsy revealed diffuse sheets of neoplastic lymphoid infiltrate (H&E staining sections, original magnification, 40×).
PRL của thận trái ở người đàn ông 60 tuổi. (a) Chụp CT không cản quang cho thấy một khối không rõ ràng (36,9HU), biểu hiện một hình dạng thùy (mũi tên trắng). (b) Tăng cường nhẹ (78,6 HU) đã được ghi nhận trong giai đoạn vỏ não, di chuyển hoặc quấn quanh các mạch máu bụng (mũi tên trắng) với hydronephrosis (mũi tên đen). (c) Sau bốn chu kỳ hóa trị, kích thước khối u đã giảm đáng kể trên hình ảnh T2W (mũi tên trắng) và hydronephrosis đã giảm (mũi tên đen). (d) Sinh thiết thận cho thấy các tấm khuếch tán của thâm nhiễm lympho neoplastic (phần nhuộm H & E, phóng đại ban đầu, 40 ×).
PRL of right kidney in 53-year-old-man. (a) Unenhanced CT scan showed an unclearly-marginated mass (37.4HU, white arrow), exhibited an infiltrative appearance and a lobulated appearance. (b) Mild enhancement (77.2 HU) was noted during the cortical phase. Tumors displaced or wrapped around abdominal vessels rather than encasing them (white arrow). Enlarged retroperitoneal node was also observed (black arrow). (c) The tumor was slightly hypointense on T2W imaging (black arrow) and (d) hyperintense on DWI (white arrow). (e) After four cycles of chemotherapy, the tumor size showed significantly reduced and enlarged lymph node was disappeared on T2W imaging (white arrows).
PRL của thận phải ở người đàn ông 53 tuổi. (a) Chụp CT không cản quang cho thấy một khối không rõ ràng (37,4HU, mũi tên trắng), cho thấy một diện mạo thâm nhập và xuất hiện thùy. (b) Tăng cường nhẹ (77,2 HU) đã được ghi nhận trong giai đoạn vỏ não. Các khối u di chuyển hoặc quấn quanh các mạch máu bụng hơn là bao bọc chúng (mũi tên trắng). Nút sau phúc mạc mở rộng cũng được quan sát (mũi tên đen). (c) Khối u hơi tăng huyết áp trên hình ảnh T2W (mũi tên đen) và (d) hyperintense trên DWI (mũi tên trắng). (e) Sau bốn chu kỳ hóa trị, kích thước khối u cho thấy giảm đáng kể và hạch to đã biến mất trên hình ảnh T2W (mũi tên trắng).
các báo cáo gần đây cho thấy chẩn đoán sớm và hóa trị liên quan đến rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, và prednisolone ( “R-CHOP”) có thể cải thiện chức năng thận trong vòng 2-4 tuần bắt đầu điều trị và có thể cải thiện tỷ lệ sống sót 5 năm
U lympho thận có liên quan đến sự xuất hiện hình ảnh khác nhau trên CT và MRI. Bệnh có thể là đơn phương hoặc song phương và có thể xuất hiện dưới dạng khối khu trú (đơn độc hoặc nhiều) hoặc tổn thương thâm nhiễm lan tỏa hoặc có thể biểu hiện dưới dạng thận mở rộng mà không có tổn thương khu trú.Kiến thức về phổ hình ảnh của PRL và SRL và các chẩn đoán gây nhiễu tiềm ẩn sẽ cho phép bác sĩ X quang đề nghị sinh thiết thận khi cần thiết, ngăn ngừa cắt bỏ thận không cần thiết và cũng tránh sự chậm trễ trong việc bắt đầu trị liệu thích hợp.