This document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation on kidney stones. It recommends displaying blank slides to engage students by asking what they know about each topic before showing the content slide. Reviewing blank slides again at the end allows active learning through multiple revisions. The presentation covers topics like etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology of different stone types, clinical features including symptoms and complications, investigations and management options. QR codes are provided to access the full presentation on different platforms.

1. Tips on using my ppt.
1. You can freely download, edit, modify and put your
name etc.
2. Don’t be concerned about number of slides. Half the
slides are blanks except for the title.
3. First show the blank slides (eg. Aetiology ) > Ask
students what they already know about ethology of
today's topic. > Then show next slide which enumerates
aetiologies.
4. At the end rerun the show – show blank> ask questions >
show next slide.
5. This will be an ACTIVE LEARNING SESSION x
three revisions.
6. Good for self study also. Good for self study also.
Display blank slide> Think what you already know about
this > Read next slide.

2. Introduction & History.

3. Etiology
• Idiopathic
• Congenital
• Traumatic
• Infections /Infestation
• Autoimmune
• Neoplastic (Benign/Malignant)
• Degenerative

4. Etiology: Risk factors
• Dehydration
• Obesity
• High-protein, salt, or glucose diet
• Hyperparathyroid condition
• Gastric bypass surgery
• Inflammatory bowel diseases that increase
calcium absorption
• Taking medications such as diuretics, anti-
seizure drugs, and calcium-based antacids

5. Pathophysiology

6. Pathophysiology
Types of Kidney Stones
• Calcium
• Uric Acid
• Struvite
• Cystine

7. Calcium Stones
•

8. Calcium Stones
• Calcium stones are the most common
– Calcium oxalate (most common)
– Phosphate
– Maleate.
• Eating fewer oxalate-rich foods can reduce
your risk of developing this type of stone.
High-oxalate foods include potato chips,
peanuts, chocolate, beets, and spinach.

9. Uric Acid Stones
•

10. Uric Acid Stones
• More common in men than in women
• Gout or those going through chemotherapy.
• Uric Acid Stones develops when urine is
too acidic.
• A diet rich in purines can increase urine’s
acidic level.
• Purine is found in animal proteins, such as
fish, shellfish, and meats.

11. Struvite stones

12. Struvite stones
• Struvite stones are found mostly in women
with urinary tract infections

13. Cystine stones

14. Cystine stones
• Rare
• Genetic disorder cystinuria.

15. Clinical Features

16. Clinical Features
• Demography
• Symptoms
• Signs
• Prognosis
• Complications

17. Demography
•

18. Demography
• Ages of 20 and 40
• Typically, Caucasians are more likely to
have kidney stones than African Americans.
• more men than women
• A history of kidney stones
• Family history of kidney stones.

19. Symptoms

20. Symptoms
• The classic presentation for a patient with acute
renal colic is the sudden onset of severe pain
originating in the flank and radiating inferiorly
and anteriorly.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Hematuria.
• Urosepsis.
• Asymptomatic
• Irritative voiding symptoms (eg, frequency,
dysuria); suprapubic pain, urinary
frequency/urgency, dysuria, stranguria, bowel
symptoms

21. Complications

22. Complications
• Pyelonephritis
• Pyonephrosis.
• Urosepsis.
• Post renal renal stones.

23. Investigations

24. Investigations
• Laboratory Studies
– Routine
– Special
• Imaging Studies
• Tissue diagnosis
– Cytology
• FNAC
– Histlogy

25. Laboratory Studies

26. Laboratory Studies
• Urinary sediment/dipstick test: To demonstrate blood cells,
with a test for bacteriuria (nitrite) and urine culture in case
of a positive reaction
• Serum creatinine level: To measure renal function
• CBC with differential in febrile patients
• Serum electrolyte assessment in vomiting patients (eg,
sodium, potassium, calcium, PTH, phosphorus)
• Serum and urinary pH level: May provide insight
regarding patient’s renal function and type of calculus (eg,
calcium oxalate, uric acid, cystine), respectively
• Microscopic urinalysis
• 24-Hour urine profile

27. Diagnostic Studies

28. Diagnostic Studies
Imaging Studies
• X-Ray KUB, IVU, Plain renal tomography,
Retrograde pyelography
• USG
• CT Non contrast
• Angiography
• MRI
• Endoscopy
• Nuclear scan

29. Non Operative Therapy
• IV hydration
• Nonnarcotic analgesics (eg, APAP)
• PO/IV narcotic analgesics (eg, codeine,
butorphanol, morphine sulfate,
oxycodone/APAP, hydrocodone/APAP,
meperidine, nalbuphine)
• NSAIDS (eg, ketorolac, ketorolac
intranasal, ibuprofen)
• Uricosuric agents (eg, allopurinol)
• Antiemetics (eg, metoclopramide)

30. Non Operative Therapy

31. Non Operative Therapy
• Antidiuretics (eg, DDAVP)
• Antibiotics (eg, ampicillin, gentamicin,
ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin,
levofloxacin, ofloxacin)
• Alkalinizing agents (eg, potassium citrate,
sodium bicarbonate): For uric acid and
cysteine calculi
• Corticosteroids (eg, prednisone,
prednisolone)
• Calcium channel blockers (eg, nifedipine)
• Alpha blockers (eg, tamsulosin, terazosin)

32. Minimally invasive Therapy

33. Minimally invasive Therapy
• Stent placement
• Percutaneous nephrostomy
• Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
(ESWL)
• Ureteroscopy
• Percutaneous nephrostolithotomy
• Open nephrostomy
• Anatrophic nephrolithotomy

34. Operative Therapy

35. Operative Therapy
• Open Pyelolithotomy
• Anatrophic nephrolithotomy

36. Get this ppt in mobile
1. Download Microsoft
PowerPoint from play
store.
2. Open Google assistant
3. Open Google lens.
4. Scan qr code from
next slide.

39. Get my ppt collection
• https://www.slideshare.net/drpradeeppande/
edit_my_uploads
• https://www.dropbox.com/sh/x600md3cvj8
5woy/AACVMHuQtvHvl_K8ehc3ltkEa?dl
=0
• https://www.facebook.com/doctorpradeeppa
nde/?ref=pages_you_manage